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EPPP Audio > Biological Basis of Behavior-Cognitive Disorders > Flashcards

Biological Basis of Behavior-Cognitive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered to be the master endocrine gland?

A

Pituitary Gland

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2
Q

What does the hormone released by the pituitary gland do?

A

It stimulates all other endocrine hormones

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3
Q

Which brain structure regulates the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

What does the thyroid control?

A

Metabolism

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5
Q

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Weight loss, increased appetite, heat sensitivity, diarrhea, tremor, fatigue, insomnia, impaired memory

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6
Q

Grave’s Disease is a type of which thyroid disorder?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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7
Q

What mental health disorders does hyperthyroidism mimic?

A

Anxiety or mania

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8
Q

What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Weight gain, sluggishness, fatigue, sensitivity to cold, problems with memory

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9
Q

What mental health disorder does hypothyroidism mimic?

A

Depression

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10
Q

What is Type I Diabetes?

A

Insulin-dependent diabetes, because the pancreas does not secrete insulin. It typically occurs before the age of 30

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11
Q

What is Type II Diabetes

A

When the body becomes resistant to insulin

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12
Q

Who is most at risk for Type II diabetes?

A

African Americans, Hispanics, and those who are obese

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of diabetes?

A

Type I
Type II
Gestational Diabetes

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14
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Excess Blood Sugar

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15
Q

What are the 3 main symptoms of Hyperclycemia

A

Polyuria, polyphasia, polydipsia

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16
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased Urination

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17
Q

Polyphasia

A

Increased Appetite

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18
Q

Polydipsia

A

Increased Thirst

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19
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Too little Blood Sugar

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20
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia include?

A

Jittery, irritability, trembling, fatigue, rapid heart rate, confusion

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21
Q

Too little pituitary hormone results in?

A

Dwarfism

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22
Q

Too much pituitary hormone results in?

A

Gigantism

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23
Q

Too little cortico-steroids results in?

A

Addison’s Disease

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24
Q

Too much cortico-steroids results in?

A

Cushing’s Disease

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25
Q

What psychological symptoms can accompany Cushing’s Disease?

A

Depression and Irritability

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26
Q

What must be present to diagnose dementia

A

Impairment in memory PLUS one of the following:
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Disturbance in Executive Functioning
Must interfere with work or social activities
Must be a decline from previous functioning
Must be due to a medical Process

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27
Q

Is dementia more common in men or women?

A

It’s equally common in men and women

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28
Q

What are some types of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s
Vascular Dementia
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Mixed Dementia

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29
Q

What is the prevalence of Alzheimer’s?

A

1 out of 8 people have dementia, increasing with age. ~30% of individuals over the age of 90 have Alzheimer’s.

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30
Q

What are some early symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

A

Forgetting names and recent events
Misplacing items
Apathy/Depression

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31
Q

As Alzheimer’s progresses past the early stages, symptoms include:

A 
Disorientation
Confusion
Problems with Judgment
Impaired Behavior
Gait and Motor Problems
Eventually leading to needing help with ADL's
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32
Q

What are the symptoms of the final stages of Alzheimer’s?

A

Lose the ability to community
Don’t recognize loved ones
Bedridden

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33
Q

What is the neurological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (used to diagnose the disease)?

A

Presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibroid tangles

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34
Q

Neuronal damage as a result of Alzheimer’s affects which brain structures?

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cortex

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35
Q

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in Alzheimer’s?

A

Acetylcholine (deficits)

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36
Q

New diagnostic criteria was developed for Alzheimer’s. This criteria explained 3 stages of the disease. What are those 3 stages?

A

Pre-Clinical Alzheimer’s
Mild Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s
Dementia due to Alzheimer’s

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37
Q

Alzheimer’s is what type of dementia?

A

Cortical Dementia

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38
Q

What functions are most affected for those with Alzheimer’s?

A

Memory
Language
Praxis

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39
Q

How do you treat Alzheimer’s?

A

Alzheimer’s does not have a treatment. You treat the symptoms you are able to and provide support to caregivers.

40
Q

What is the 2nd most common form of dementia?

A

Vascular Dementia

41
Q

What causes vascular dementia?

A

A series of numerous small strokes.

42
Q

What location of the brain is impacted by Vascular Dementia?

A

Depends on the location of the strokes

43
Q

What are some general symptoms of Vascular Dementia?

A

Impaired Judgment

Difficulty Making Plans

44
Q

What is the course of Vascular Dementia?

A

Step-wise

45
Q

Which dementia involves the proteins also found in those with Parkinson’s?

A

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

46
Q

What are Lewy Bodies?

A

Abnormal clumps of a particular types of protein (also seen in those with Parkinson’s)

47
Q

Which dementia looks similar to Alzheimer’s?

A

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

48
Q

How is Dementia with Lewy Bodies different than Alzheimer’s?

A

Individuals with Dementia with Lewy Bodies also are likely to experience the following symptoms:
Visual Hallucinations
Sleep Problems
Muscle Rigidity

49
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

Tremor
Rigidity
Bradykinesia (Difficulty Initiating Movement)
Shuffling Gait

50
Q

What mental health symptoms often precede Parkinson’s?

A

Depression

51
Q

What type of dementia is Parkinson’s?

A

Subcortical Dementia

52
Q

What brain functions are most affected by Parkinson’s?

A 
Processing Speed
Executive Functioning (Planning, Organizing, Sequencing)
53
Q

Brain abnormalities in Parkinson’s begin in which brain structure?

A

Substantia Nigra

54
Q

How does Parkinson’s affect the brain?

A

It causes the degeneration of nerve cells that create dopamine

55
Q

What causes Huntington’s Disease?

A

Autosomal Dominant Gene

56
Q

When do people with Huntington’s often begin to develop symptoms?

A

Between the ages of 30 and 50

57
Q

What are the early symptoms of Huntington’s?

A

Changes in personality and mood including irritability, apathy, and disinhibition

58
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s?

A

Choreiform Movements including brisk jerking movements of the waist and pelvis, facial grimaces, apoptosis (writhing movements)

59
Q

How soon after the onset of Huntington’s do movement symptoms begin to display?

A

10 or more years typically

60
Q

Which brain structures are affected by Huntington’s?

A

Caudate Nucleus and Putamen (in the Basal Ganglia)

61
Q

Which neurotransmitters are implicated in Huntington’s?

A

Acetylcholine and GABA (results in too much dopamine in the system)

62
Q

If a child has one parent with Huntington’s, what is the likelihood that they will develop Huntington’s?

A

50%

63
Q

What is the most effective intervention for Huntington’s?

A

Genetic counseling

64
Q

What are the symptoms of Frontal-Temporal Dementias?

A 
Changes in Personality and Behavior
Disinhibition
Poor Impulse Control
Change in Judgment
Impaired Insight
Difficulty with Language
Explosive Temper
65
Q

What are two types of Frontal-Temporal Dementias?

A

Pic’s Disease and Progressive Supernuclear Palsy

66
Q

Which autoimmune disorder is known to lead to dementia?

A

HIV

67
Q

What has typically been a common cause of death for individuals with AIDS?

A

Dementia

68
Q

What are some symptoms of dementia caused by HIV?

A 
Cognitive Symptoms (memory, attention, concentration, language)
Motor Symptoms (Weakness, Coordination, Gait)
Behavioral/Mood Changes (Apathy, Withdrawal, Mood Swings, Change in Personality)
69
Q

What is the life expectancy for someone diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?

A

4-6 Months

70
Q

What are some symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A 
Problems with Coordination
Significant Personality Changes
Disorientation
Memory Problems
Problems with Thinking
Judgment Problems
71
Q

Mad Cow disease is also known to cause what?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob’s disease.

72
Q

What are some symptoms of Hydrocephalus?

A

Urinary Incontinence
Gait Problems
Can lead to dementia

73
Q

What is the treatment for Hydrocephalus?

A

Can sometimes be corrected through the use of a shunt to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid

74
Q

What is post-traumatic amnesia?

A

Amnesia for right after the trauma or the trauma itself

75
Q

What are symptoms of dementia due to head trauma?

A 
Persistent Memory Problems
Problems with Executive Functioning and Attention
Depression
Apathy
Anxiety
Irritability
76
Q

What type of head injury is unlikely to lead to loss of consciousness?

A

Open head injury

77
Q

Microscopic Widespread Brain Injuries are often a result of?

A

Concussion

78
Q

What are the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome?

A

Fatigue
Headache
Dizziness
Irritability

79
Q

Bleeding and bruising of the brain is called what?

A

Contusion

80
Q

Which lobes are typically damaged in contusions?

A

Frontal and Temporal Lobes

81
Q

What are Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Syndrome?

A

Lack of Foresight
Irresponsibility
Lack of Insight

82
Q

What is the cause of Frontal Lobe Syndrome?

A

Brain Contusion

83
Q

What is the cause of Temporal Lobe Syndrome?

A

Brain Contusion

84
Q

Explain retrograde memory after head trauma

A

You usually regain memory of more remote events first. Eventually you regain memories leading up to the event. Typically you will never remember what happened immediately preceding the trauma or the trauma itself

85
Q

What type of cognitive functioning returns more quickly when recovering from head trauma?

A

Recovery of general intellectual functioning occurs before recovery of memory

86
Q

What is another name for Dementia of Depression?

A

Pseudodementia

87
Q

Who is most likely to suffer from pseudodementia?

A

Elderly individuals

88
Q

What are are some differences between pseudodementia and true dementia?

A

Patients with psuedodementia often self-refer for memory problems and are likely to regain cognitive functioning when their depression is treated

89
Q

What is delirium?

A

An acute state of confusion

90
Q

What are symptoms of delirium?

A 
Problems of Consciousness
Problems Focusing
Problems Gaining or Shifting Attention
Cognitive Problems with Memory, Language, and Orientation
Perceptual Disturbances
91
Q

What are the most common causes of delirium?

A

Drugs
Medication
Infection

92
Q

How do you treat delirium?

A 
Diagnose and Treat the Underlying Cause
Reorienting Techniques
Antipsychotics
Benzodiazepines (if related to withdrawal)
Well-Lit Environments
93
Q

What are Amnestic Disorders

A

Problems with memory due to medical conditions or persisting effects of a substance

94
Q

What causes Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Chronic Thiamin/B1 deficiency as a result of long-term alcohol abuse

95
Q

What are symptoms of Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A 
Anterograde Amnesia
Some Retrograde Amnesia (with recent memories most impaired)
Inability to create new Memories
Confabulation
Lack of Insight
Difficulties with Spontaneous Conversation
Apathy
Problems with Executive Functioning
Disorientation

EPPP Audio (10 decks)

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