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EPPP Audio > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative theories of developmental change?

A

Qualitative developmental theories see development as discontinuous, with there being specific times of significant developmental growth and change. According to qualitative theorists, if you don’t master a stage-specific issue, you become at risk of future developmental failures. Quantitative theorists view development as continuous and gradual. The only difference between children and adult abilities is the amount of things they are able to do. There are no qualitative differences.

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2
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach proposes which 5 systems?

A 
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
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3
Q 
Which approach proposes the following 5 systems:
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
A

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach

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4
Q

Microsystem

A

Bidirectional relationships caused by everyday encounters

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5
Q

Mesosystem

A

Links between mesosystems

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6
Q

Exosystem

A

Relationship between a setting that influences a person in the microsystem

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7
Q

Macrosystem

A

Culture
Economy
Politics

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8
Q

Chronosystem

A

Passage of Time

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9
Q

What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?

A

A critical period requires that something occur during that time, or it will never occur. A sensitive period is a time in which something will have the greatest impact if it occurs, but can still occur at other times.

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10
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does everybody have?

A

23

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11
Q

How many pairs of autosomes does a person have?

A

22

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12
Q

Genotype

A

What exists in a person’s genes

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable part of a person’s genes

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14
Q

What are some examples of autosomal abnormalities?

A 
Down's Syndrome
PKU
Hemophilia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Klinefelter's
Turner's Syndrome
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15
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down’s Syndrome

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16
Q

Hemophilia occurs most commonly in which sex?

A

Males

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17
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia occurs most commonly in what group?

A

African Americans

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18
Q

Klinefelter’s

A

XXY

Only occurs in men

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19
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

XO

Only occurs in women

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20
Q

What are the 3 stages of pre-natal development?

A

Germinal Stage
Embryonic Period
Fetal Period

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21
Q

During which pre-natal stage is a child most vulnerable to teratogens?

A

Embryonic Period

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22
Q

What are some inborn reflexes?

A

Moro Reflex
Rooting Reflex
Babinski Reflex
Grasping Reflex

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23
Q

Which sense is least developed at birth?

A

Vision

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24
Q

At what age is a child most likely to begin standing independently?

A

11 months

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25
Q

At what age is an infant most likely to take their first steps?

A

11-13 months

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26
Q

At what age does a child usually learn to walk up stairs?

A

16 months

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27
Q

At what age is a child most likely to be successful potty training?

A

After 24 months

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28
Q

Plasticity

A

Flexibility in Brain Functioning

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29
Q

What is the brain most plastic?

A

Before age 7 or 8

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30
Q

How can early puberty affect children?

A

Girls who mature earlier have lower self-esteem and more parental conflict. Boys who mature earlier have better academic adjustment. These differences even out around age 18.

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31
Q

How does aging affect physical abilities?

A

Increased blood pressure
Vision and hearing decrease
Loss of neurons in the CNS

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32
Q

Theory of Primary Aging

A

Aging is genetically controlled; over time our body wears out

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33
Q

Theory of Secondary Aging

A

Effects of aging occur as a result of disease, disuse, and neglect

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34
Q

Health Beliefs Model

A

Looks at beliefs about illness and perception of personal vulnerability. Our beliefs about our health are most likely to influence our health behavior

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35
Q

What are some psychosocial factors considered by the health beliefs model?

A

Demographics
Peer Pressure
Perceived susceptibility to disease
Perceived seriousness of disease

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36
Q

What is the most preventable source of premature death?

A

Cigarette Smoking

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37
Q

What demographic group is likely to live the longest?

A

White women

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38
Q

Social Buffer Theory

A

Social support can reduce the risk of emotional distress; however, perceived support is more important than actual support

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39
Q

Holophrasic speech

A

Single words or syllables that express a complete thoughts

Occurs around 12-18 months

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40
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Two words put together to express a thought

Occurs around 18-24 months

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41
Q

When is the most rapid period of language development for children?

A

2.5-3 years

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42
Q

What are nativistic theories of language development?

A

Chomsky proposed that there is a language acquisition device within all of us

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43
Q

Nurturist Theories of language development

A

Language is about interacting with one’s environment and receives reinforcement for language sounds

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44
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

Speakers of different languages actually think differently because of the way language is structured

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45
Q

Types of Dyslexia

A

Deep dyslexia
Surface dyslexia
Phonological dyslexia

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46
Q

What group is most likely to have dyslexia?

A

Boys and girls are equally likely to have dyslexia

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47
Q

Deep dyslexia

A

Read a word as one having a similar meaning

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48
Q

Surface dyslexia

A

Inability to recognize words so they need to be sounded out

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49
Q

Phonological dyslexia

A

Can read words but cannot pronounce non-words

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50
Q

Epigenesis

A

Growth and development occurs in stages and is built on successful mastery of the previous stages

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51
Q

Schemata

A

Organized ways of making sense of a situation

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52
Q

Adaptation

A

How we deal with new information

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53
Q

Assimilation

A

Involves taking in a new experience and forcing it into existing cognitive schemas

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54
Q

Accomodation

A

Adjusting schemas to account for new information

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55
Q

Decollage

A

Unevenness in growth

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56
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor
Pre-Operational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

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57
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Birth-Language Acquisition (about age 2)
Cognitive learning occurs through sensory, observation, and motor behaviors
Develop Object Permanence (around 1 year)
Develop Symbolic Representation (about 2 years)

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58
Q

Object Permanence

A

Something exists even when it’s out of sight
Individual must be able to develop a mental representation of the object when it’s not present
Can explain separation and stranger anxiety

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59
Q

Symbolic Representation

A

Idea that symbols or words can be used to represent things

60
Q

Pre-Operational Stage

A 
2-7 years
Intuitive Thinking
Egocentric
Phenomenalistic Causality
Animism
Irreversibility
Centration
61
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to take another’s perspective

62
Q

Phenomenalistic Causality

A

One event causes another

63
Q

Animism

A

Endowing physical objects with feelings and intentions

64
Q

Irreversibility

A

Actions cannot be undone

65
Q

Centration

A

Focused on one thing and cannot look at two things at one time

66
Q

Concrete Operational

A

7-11 years
Logical Thought Processes
Follows Reasoning
Develops the Capacity to Conserve, Reversibility, and Decentration

67
Q

Formal Operational

A

11+ years
Abstract Thinking
Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning
Capacity for Metacognition

68
Q

Who did Piaget believe had the greatest impact on children’s cognitive development?

A

Their peers

69
Q

Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory of Cognition

A

Cognitive development results from social interaction
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
Reciprocal Teaching

70
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

The difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with guidance

71
Q

Who did Vygotsky believe had the greatest impact on a child’s cognitive development?

A

Adults

72
Q

Scaffolding

A

Teachers adjust the level of help based on where the child is at and what they are capable of

73
Q

Reciprocal Teaching

A

Involves the student and teacher working interdependently to solve a problem

74
Q

Elkind’s Ideas about Adolescence

A

Personal Fable

Imaginary Audience

75
Q

Personal Fable

A

The belief that one is special and the rules of the world don’t apply to you; you are invulnerable

76
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

Belief that people are constantly looking at and judging you

77
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

What we know based on overlearned skills

Predominantly verbal skills

78
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Capacity for problem solving in novel situations

79
Q

How does aging affect crystallized and fluid intelligence?

A

Crystallized intelligence remains stable over time while fluid intelligence decreases after adolescence

80
Q

What is the classic aging pattern?

A

Decline in performance skills with verbal skills remaining intact
Processing speed declines
Visual acuity declines

81
Q

How does aging affect memory?

A

Primary memory remains intact while working memory and episodic memory decline

82
Q

What type of memory declines most with age?

A

Episodic memory

83
Q

What accounts for memory decline over the lifespan?

A

Hippocampus atrophy

Decrease in memory-related neurotransmitters

84
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A 
Preconventional Morality
    Punishment/Obedience
    Instrumental Hedonism
Conventional Morality
    Good Boy/Good Girl
    Law and Order
Postconventional Morality
    Morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted laws
    Morality of individual principles of conscience
85
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

Compliance with rules to avoid punishment and receive rewards
4-10 years old

86
Q

Conventional Morality

A

Focus on Social Approval

10-13 years old

87
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

There may be conflict between morals and social standards. You make decisions base don what’s right, fair, and just.
13+ years old

88
Q

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

A

Morality of Constraint (Heteronomous Morality)

Cooperation (Autonomous Morality)

89
Q

Heteronomous Morality

A

5-10 years old

Rules cannot be changed and should be followed without question

90
Q

Autonomous Morality

A

10+ years old
Flexible thinking
Recognize rules are flexible

91
Q

Gilligan’s Theory of Female Moral Development

A

Orientation of Individual Survival
Self-Sacrifice
Morality of non-Violence

92
Q

According to Prochanska et al, how do children develop a conscience?

A

They develop inhibitory control and have mothers with positive affect, low need for power, and those who give empathy

93
Q

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

A 
Oral (Birth-1 year)
Anal (1-3 years)
Phallic (3-5 years)
Latency (5 years - adolescence)
Genital (adolescence - adulthood)
94
Q

Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

A 
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
95
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

Birth-1 year

Strength=Hope

96
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

1-3 years

Strength=Will

97
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

3-6 years

Strength=Purpose

98
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

6-12 years

Strength=Competence

99
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

12-18 years

Strength=Fidelity

100
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

18-35 years

Strength=Love

101
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

35-60 years

Strength=Care

102
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

60+ years

Strength=Wisdom

103
Q

Mahler’s Theory

A 
Normal Infantile Optism
Symbiosis
Differentiation
Practicing
Rapproachment
Object Constancy
104
Q

Symbiosis

A

2-4 Months

Infant sees self as part of the mother

105
Q

Differentiation

A

5-10 months
Develop a sense of self as separate from others
Development of stranger anxiety

106
Q

Practicing

A

10-16 months
Physically able to separate oneself from others
Development of separation anxiety

107
Q

Object Constancy

A

24+ months
Learn object permanence
Able to unify the good and the bad into a single whole

108
Q

According to Levinson, at what age does a person’s perspective change from time since birth to time until death?

A

40-45

109
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Did research on attachment in primates. Determined that patterns of attachment are instinctual. Studied imprinting and critical periods.

110
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Studied attachment with monkeys. Proposed the idea of contact comfort and the importance of tactile sensory stimulation.

111
Q

Bowlby

A

Studied attachment in humans using the infant studies with a suddenly non-responsive mother. Proposed the stages of protest, despair, and detachment.

112
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Studied attachment between infants and caregivers using the strange situation

113
Q

According to Ainsworth, what are the types of attachment?

A

Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent/Resistant

114
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Infant wants closeness and contact
They become distressed when mom leaves
They are happy when mom returns
2/3 of babies are securely attached

115
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Avoid close contact with mother
Not upset when mom leaves
Doesn’t care when mom returns
These mothers are usually detached or overly intrusive

116
Q

Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment

A

Upset when mom leaves
Happy when mom returns, but then storm away from here
These caregivers are usually inconsistent

117
Q

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

A

No clear strategy for responding to mom
Look afraid and confused with both their mother and the situation
Associated with infants who have been abused or the caregiver was abused and did not resolve their own issues of abuse

118
Q

Baumrind

A

Proposed three parenting patterns:
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative

119
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

Demanding, Controlling, Expect Obedience

Kids are irritable, moody, and mistrustful

120
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

Don’t regulate children
Permissive Indifferent or Permissive Indulgent
Kids have a poor ability to self-regulate, they’re impulsive and immature

121
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

Caring, emotionally available, firm, and fair

Children are confident and competent

122
Q

Research on mothers working outside the home

A 
Kids have more egalitarian views of sex roles
Middle class boys have slightly lower academic performance
Lower class boys and girls have better academic performance
123
Q

What does social learning theory suggest about gender role development?

A

Children learn social roles by observing others

124
Q

What does cognitive theory suggest about gender role development?

A

Children possess inborn cognitive concepts of boy and girl

125
Q

What does gender schema theory suggest about gender role development?

A

This is a combination of social learning theory and cognitive theory. It suggests we create cognitive schemas of gender through learning and cognitions

126
Q

At what age does racial awareness begin to develop?

A

Around age 3 or 4

127
Q

Stages of play development

A

Solitary Play
Parallel Play
Associative Play
Cooperative Play

128
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of play development?

A

Repetitive play
Constructive/Creative Play
Imaginative Play
Formal Games with Rules

129
Q

What do we know about bullying?

A

Aggressive behavior in childhood tends to predict future violent behavior. Even victims of bullying are at risk of future violent behavior. Victims tend to be socially rejected by peers.

130
Q

Patterson’s Coercion Model of Aggression

A

Step 1: children observe coercive/antisocial behaviors in parents
Step 2: Parents respond to kids’ aggression with further aggression
Step 3: Children begin to fail academically, they are rejected by their peers, become depression, are more likely to join deviant peer groups

131
Q

What students receive more attention from teachers?

A

Males

132
Q

Stages of identity formation in adolescence

A

Foreclosure
Moratorium
Identity Diffusion
Identity Achievement

133
Q

What are the two theories of successful aging?

A

Activity Theory

Disengagement Theory

134
Q

Activity Theory of successful aging

A

The more active you are for as long as possible, the more successfully you will age

135
Q

Disengagement Theory of successful aging

A

Those who age successfully gracefully withdraw from roles they are no longer able to fulfill

136
Q

Kubler Ross’s Stages of Grief

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression 
Acceptance
137
Q

Alternate Model of Grief

A

Numbness
Yearning
Disorganization and Despair
Resolution and Reorganization

138
Q

What does emotional temperament become observable?

A

After 6 months

139
Q

Styles of Infant Temperament

A

Easy
Difficult
Slow to Warm Up

140
Q

What 3 emotions are immediately observable in infants?

A

Stressed
Content
Interested

141
Q

When do children begin exhibiting a broader range of emotions?

A

6 months

142
Q

When does social referencing in infants begin?

A

Around age 1

143
Q

Risk Factors for Developmental Psychopathology

A 
Low IQ
Difficult Temperament
Parental Mental Illness
Parental Substance Abuse
Abuse
Low SES
Discrimination
144
Q

Protective Factors for Developmental Psychopathology

A

Physical Health
Average/High IQ
High SES

145
Q

How is developmental psychopathology affected by gender?

A

Boys are more vulnerable to risk factors from the prenatal period until age 10, but girls become more vulnerable during adolescence

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