Developmental Psychology Flashcards
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative theories of developmental change?
Qualitative developmental theories see development as discontinuous, with there being specific times of significant developmental growth and change. According to qualitative theorists, if you don’t master a stage-specific issue, you become at risk of future developmental failures. Quantitative theorists view development as continuous and gradual. The only difference between children and adult abilities is the amount of things they are able to do. There are no qualitative differences.
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach proposes which 5 systems?
Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem
Which approach proposes the following 5 systems: Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach
Microsystem
Bidirectional relationships caused by everyday encounters
Mesosystem
Links between mesosystems
Exosystem
Relationship between a setting that influences a person in the microsystem
Macrosystem
Culture
Economy
Politics
Chronosystem
Passage of Time
What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?
A critical period requires that something occur during that time, or it will never occur. A sensitive period is a time in which something will have the greatest impact if it occurs, but can still occur at other times.
How many pairs of chromosomes does everybody have?
23
How many pairs of autosomes does a person have?
22
Genotype
What exists in a person’s genes
Phenotype
The observable part of a person’s genes
What are some examples of autosomal abnormalities?
Down's Syndrome PKU Hemophilia Sickle Cell Anemia Klinefelter's Turner's Syndrome
Trisomy 21
Down’s Syndrome
Hemophilia occurs most commonly in which sex?
Males
Sickle Cell Anemia occurs most commonly in what group?
African Americans
Klinefelter’s
XXY
Only occurs in men
Turner’s Syndrome
XO
Only occurs in women
What are the 3 stages of pre-natal development?
Germinal Stage
Embryonic Period
Fetal Period
During which pre-natal stage is a child most vulnerable to teratogens?
Embryonic Period
What are some inborn reflexes?
Moro Reflex
Rooting Reflex
Babinski Reflex
Grasping Reflex
Which sense is least developed at birth?
Vision
At what age is a child most likely to begin standing independently?
11 months
At what age is an infant most likely to take their first steps?
11-13 months
At what age does a child usually learn to walk up stairs?
16 months
At what age is a child most likely to be successful potty training?
After 24 months
Plasticity
Flexibility in Brain Functioning
What is the brain most plastic?
Before age 7 or 8
How can early puberty affect children?
Girls who mature earlier have lower self-esteem and more parental conflict. Boys who mature earlier have better academic adjustment. These differences even out around age 18.
How does aging affect physical abilities?
Increased blood pressure
Vision and hearing decrease
Loss of neurons in the CNS
Theory of Primary Aging
Aging is genetically controlled; over time our body wears out
Theory of Secondary Aging
Effects of aging occur as a result of disease, disuse, and neglect
Health Beliefs Model
Looks at beliefs about illness and perception of personal vulnerability. Our beliefs about our health are most likely to influence our health behavior
What are some psychosocial factors considered by the health beliefs model?
Demographics
Peer Pressure
Perceived susceptibility to disease
Perceived seriousness of disease
What is the most preventable source of premature death?
Cigarette Smoking
What demographic group is likely to live the longest?
White women
Social Buffer Theory
Social support can reduce the risk of emotional distress; however, perceived support is more important than actual support
Holophrasic speech
Single words or syllables that express a complete thoughts
Occurs around 12-18 months
Telegraphic Speech
Two words put together to express a thought
Occurs around 18-24 months
When is the most rapid period of language development for children?
2.5-3 years
What are nativistic theories of language development?
Chomsky proposed that there is a language acquisition device within all of us
Nurturist Theories of language development
Language is about interacting with one’s environment and receives reinforcement for language sounds
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Speakers of different languages actually think differently because of the way language is structured
Types of Dyslexia
Deep dyslexia
Surface dyslexia
Phonological dyslexia
What group is most likely to have dyslexia?
Boys and girls are equally likely to have dyslexia
Deep dyslexia
Read a word as one having a similar meaning
Surface dyslexia
Inability to recognize words so they need to be sounded out
Phonological dyslexia
Can read words but cannot pronounce non-words
Epigenesis
Growth and development occurs in stages and is built on successful mastery of the previous stages
Schemata
Organized ways of making sense of a situation
Adaptation
How we deal with new information
Assimilation
Involves taking in a new experience and forcing it into existing cognitive schemas
Accomodation
Adjusting schemas to account for new information
Decollage
Unevenness in growth
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Pre-Operational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth-Language Acquisition (about age 2)
Cognitive learning occurs through sensory, observation, and motor behaviors
Develop Object Permanence (around 1 year)
Develop Symbolic Representation (about 2 years)
Object Permanence
Something exists even when it’s out of sight
Individual must be able to develop a mental representation of the object when it’s not present
Can explain separation and stranger anxiety
Symbolic Representation
Idea that symbols or words can be used to represent things
Pre-Operational Stage
2-7 years Intuitive Thinking Egocentric Phenomenalistic Causality Animism Irreversibility Centration
Egocentrism
Inability to take another’s perspective
Phenomenalistic Causality
One event causes another
Animism
Endowing physical objects with feelings and intentions
Irreversibility
Actions cannot be undone
Centration
Focused on one thing and cannot look at two things at one time
Concrete Operational
7-11 years
Logical Thought Processes
Follows Reasoning
Develops the Capacity to Conserve, Reversibility, and Decentration
Formal Operational
11+ years
Abstract Thinking
Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning
Capacity for Metacognition
Who did Piaget believe had the greatest impact on children’s cognitive development?
Their peers
Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory of Cognition
Cognitive development results from social interaction
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
Reciprocal Teaching
Zone of Proximal Development
The difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with guidance
Who did Vygotsky believe had the greatest impact on a child’s cognitive development?
Adults
Scaffolding
Teachers adjust the level of help based on where the child is at and what they are capable of
Reciprocal Teaching
Involves the student and teacher working interdependently to solve a problem
Elkind’s Ideas about Adolescence
Personal Fable
Imaginary Audience
Personal Fable
The belief that one is special and the rules of the world don’t apply to you; you are invulnerable
Imaginary Audience
Belief that people are constantly looking at and judging you
Crystallized Intelligence
What we know based on overlearned skills
Predominantly verbal skills
Fluid Intelligence
Capacity for problem solving in novel situations
How does aging affect crystallized and fluid intelligence?
Crystallized intelligence remains stable over time while fluid intelligence decreases after adolescence
What is the classic aging pattern?
Decline in performance skills with verbal skills remaining intact
Processing speed declines
Visual acuity declines
How does aging affect memory?
Primary memory remains intact while working memory and episodic memory decline
What type of memory declines most with age?
Episodic memory
What accounts for memory decline over the lifespan?
Hippocampus atrophy
Decrease in memory-related neurotransmitters
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Preconventional Morality
Punishment/Obedience
Instrumental Hedonism
Conventional Morality
Good Boy/Good Girl
Law and Order
Postconventional Morality
Morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted laws
Morality of individual principles of consciencePreconventional Morality
Compliance with rules to avoid punishment and receive rewards
4-10 years old
Conventional Morality
Focus on Social Approval
10-13 years old
Postconventional Morality
There may be conflict between morals and social standards. You make decisions base don what’s right, fair, and just.
13+ years old
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
Morality of Constraint (Heteronomous Morality)
Cooperation (Autonomous Morality)
Heteronomous Morality
5-10 years old
Rules cannot be changed and should be followed without question
Autonomous Morality
10+ years old
Flexible thinking
Recognize rules are flexible
Gilligan’s Theory of Female Moral Development
Orientation of Individual Survival
Self-Sacrifice
Morality of non-Violence
According to Prochanska et al, how do children develop a conscience?
They develop inhibitory control and have mothers with positive affect, low need for power, and those who give empathy
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Oral (Birth-1 year) Anal (1-3 years) Phallic (3-5 years) Latency (5 years - adolescence) Genital (adolescence - adulthood)
Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair
Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth-1 year
Strength=Hope
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
1-3 years
Strength=Will
Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6 years
Strength=Purpose
Industry vs. Inferiority
6-12 years
Strength=Competence
Identity vs. Role Confusion
12-18 years
Strength=Fidelity
Intimacy vs. Isolation
18-35 years
Strength=Love
Generativity vs. Stagnation
35-60 years
Strength=Care
Integrity vs. Despair
60+ years
Strength=Wisdom
Mahler’s Theory
Normal Infantile Optism Symbiosis Differentiation Practicing Rapproachment Object Constancy
Symbiosis
2-4 Months
Infant sees self as part of the mother
Differentiation
5-10 months
Develop a sense of self as separate from others
Development of stranger anxiety
Practicing
10-16 months
Physically able to separate oneself from others
Development of separation anxiety
Object Constancy
24+ months
Learn object permanence
Able to unify the good and the bad into a single whole
According to Levinson, at what age does a person’s perspective change from time since birth to time until death?
40-45
Konrad Lorenz
Did research on attachment in primates. Determined that patterns of attachment are instinctual. Studied imprinting and critical periods.
Harry Harlow
Studied attachment with monkeys. Proposed the idea of contact comfort and the importance of tactile sensory stimulation.
Bowlby
Studied attachment in humans using the infant studies with a suddenly non-responsive mother. Proposed the stages of protest, despair, and detachment.
Mary Ainsworth
Studied attachment between infants and caregivers using the strange situation
According to Ainsworth, what are the types of attachment?
Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent/Resistant
Secure Attachment
Infant wants closeness and contact
They become distressed when mom leaves
They are happy when mom returns
2/3 of babies are securely attached
Avoidant Attachment
Avoid close contact with mother
Not upset when mom leaves
Doesn’t care when mom returns
These mothers are usually detached or overly intrusive
Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment
Upset when mom leaves
Happy when mom returns, but then storm away from here
These caregivers are usually inconsistent
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
No clear strategy for responding to mom
Look afraid and confused with both their mother and the situation
Associated with infants who have been abused or the caregiver was abused and did not resolve their own issues of abuse
Baumrind
Proposed three parenting patterns:
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Authoritarian Parenting
Demanding, Controlling, Expect Obedience
Kids are irritable, moody, and mistrustful
Permissive Parenting
Don’t regulate children
Permissive Indifferent or Permissive Indulgent
Kids have a poor ability to self-regulate, they’re impulsive and immature
Authoritative Parenting
Caring, emotionally available, firm, and fair
Children are confident and competent
Research on mothers working outside the home
Kids have more egalitarian views of sex roles Middle class boys have slightly lower academic performance Lower class boys and girls have better academic performance
What does social learning theory suggest about gender role development?
Children learn social roles by observing others
What does cognitive theory suggest about gender role development?
Children possess inborn cognitive concepts of boy and girl
What does gender schema theory suggest about gender role development?
This is a combination of social learning theory and cognitive theory. It suggests we create cognitive schemas of gender through learning and cognitions
At what age does racial awareness begin to develop?
Around age 3 or 4
Stages of play development
Solitary Play
Parallel Play
Associative Play
Cooperative Play
What are Piaget’s stages of play development?
Repetitive play
Constructive/Creative Play
Imaginative Play
Formal Games with Rules
What do we know about bullying?
Aggressive behavior in childhood tends to predict future violent behavior. Even victims of bullying are at risk of future violent behavior. Victims tend to be socially rejected by peers.
Patterson’s Coercion Model of Aggression
Step 1: children observe coercive/antisocial behaviors in parents
Step 2: Parents respond to kids’ aggression with further aggression
Step 3: Children begin to fail academically, they are rejected by their peers, become depression, are more likely to join deviant peer groups
What students receive more attention from teachers?
Males
Stages of identity formation in adolescence
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Identity Diffusion
Identity Achievement
What are the two theories of successful aging?
Activity Theory
Disengagement Theory
Activity Theory of successful aging
The more active you are for as long as possible, the more successfully you will age
Disengagement Theory of successful aging
Those who age successfully gracefully withdraw from roles they are no longer able to fulfill
Kubler Ross’s Stages of Grief
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Alternate Model of Grief
Numbness
Yearning
Disorganization and Despair
Resolution and Reorganization
What does emotional temperament become observable?
After 6 months
Styles of Infant Temperament
Easy
Difficult
Slow to Warm Up
What 3 emotions are immediately observable in infants?
Stressed
Content
Interested
When do children begin exhibiting a broader range of emotions?
6 months
When does social referencing in infants begin?
Around age 1
Risk Factors for Developmental Psychopathology
Low IQ Difficult Temperament Parental Mental Illness Parental Substance Abuse Abuse Low SES Discrimination
Protective Factors for Developmental Psychopathology
Physical Health
Average/High IQ
High SES
How is developmental psychopathology affected by gender?
Boys are more vulnerable to risk factors from the prenatal period until age 10, but girls become more vulnerable during adolescence
