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Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology examines the influence of _____ _____ on the way people ____, ____ and _____.

A

social processes, think, feel and behave

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2
Q

Thoughts (_____)
Feelings (_____)
Behaviour (_____)

A

cognition, emotions, actions

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3
Q

Social Psychology is the study of the mutual influences between the _____ and _____.

A

individual, others

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4
Q

Social Psychology considers individual behaviour, feelings and thoughts but in the context of:

A

a) interactions with others, and

b) the influences of others

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5
Q

The influence of others includes the _____, imagined or implied _____, feelings and actions of others.

A

perceived, thoughts

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6
Q

An ____ is an association between an act or object and an evaluation.

A

attitude

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7
Q

Attitudes

Are a fundamental concept of social psychology involved in all areas of social _____ from political decisions to _____ and prejudice

A

behaviour, stereotyping

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8
Q

Attitudes

An attitude is a tendency to to evaluate a person, concept or group either _____ or _____

A

positively or negatively

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9
Q

Attitudes

Some Psychologists distinguish three components of the evaluation:

A

cognitive (thoughts),
emotional (feelings)
behavioural.

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10
Q

Components of Attitudes can vary along a number of dimensions (6)

A 
Strength
Importance
Accessibility
Complexity
Ambivalence
Coherence
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11
Q

Components of Attitudes

Attitude _____ – the durability and impact of an attitude. An attitude is durable if it tends to persist over time and is resistant to change. An attitude has impact if it affects _____ and influences the way the person thinks and feels.

A

strength, behaviour

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12
Q

Components of Attitudes

Two variables that can affect an attitude’s strength are attitude _____ and _____

A

importance and accessibility.

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13
Q

Components of Attitudes

Attitude _____ – refers to the personal relevance of an attitude and the psychological significance of that attitude for an individual. The more importance of personal relevance assigned to an attitude the greater its strength.

A

importance,

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14
Q

Dimensions of Attitudes

_____ attitudes – refers to associations between attitude objects and feelings about them that regulate thought and behaviour _____ and automatically.

A

Implicit, , unconsciously

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15
Q

Dimensions of Attitudes

Psychologists are increasingly recognising the importance of distinguishing ____(conscious) attitudes from _____ attitudes.

A

explicit , implicit

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16
Q

Dimensions of Attitudes

The attitudes that someone may express _____ to allow him to make a desirable impression on others (explicit attitudes) may differ markedly from those that he holds _____ or that are revealed when he fails to devote conscious attention to the attitudes being expressed.

A

publicly, privately

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17
Q

Components of Attitudes

Cognitive _____ – attitudes may vary in their level of intricacy of thoughts about different attitude objects. Although two people may evaluate the same attitude objective similarly (positively or negatively) the complexity of their evaluation may vary markedly.

A

complexity,

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18
Q

Components of Attitudes

Attitudinal _____ –the extent to which a given attitude object is associated with conflicting evaluative responses.

A

ambivalence,

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19
Q

Components of Attitudes

Determining the degree to which a person holds _____ attitudes is important in assessing the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

A

ambivalent,

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20
Q

Components of Attitudes

Non-ambivalent attitudes are more ____ of behavioural intentions, which in turn predicts actual behaviour. Behaviour change programs often work with participant ambivalence

A

predictive

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21
Q

Components of Attitudes

Attitudinal _____ – the extent to which an attitude is internally consistent. Logically, the cognitive (how we think about it) and emotional (feeling) aspects of attitudes should be congruent.

A

coherence,

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22
Q

Attitudes are likely to predict behaviour when:

A

1) The attitude and behaviour are specific
2) Environmental reinforcement matches attitude
3) Important others share the same attitude
4) Attitudes are implicit (unconscious)
5) Attitude is strong
6) Attitude has developed from personal experience

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23
Q

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions

  1. People’s attitudes _____ predict their actions if the attitude and action are both relatively _____ (for example, attitude to the environment does not predict recycling, but attitude to recycling does).
A

do, specific

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24
Q

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions

  1. Possibly most importantly, people’s attitude are only one of many influences on what they do. From a behaviourist perspective, behaviour is under the control of _____ consequences. Thus, if the attitude is _____ in the environment, the behaviour is more _____.
A

environmental, reinforced, predictable.

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25
Q

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions

  1. Consistent with _____ identity theory, the consistency between people’s attitudes and their behaviour is _____ if members of important groups appear to _____ and endorse similar attitudes.
A

social, higher, share

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26
Q

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions

  1. A lot of behaviour is controlled by _____ procedures or habits that people learn through _____, rather than their explicit attitude.
A

implicit, experience

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27
Q

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions

  1. _____ attitudes are more predictive of behaviour than weaker attitudes. Attitudes are typically composed of evaluative components that predict whether behavioural action will follow. That is, when attitudes are strong, then there is a greater likelihood that behaviour will follow. When attitudes are weak, however, then there is a lower likelihood of high behavioural effort being expended.
A

Stronger, ,

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28
Q

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions

  1. The way attitudes are acquired influences their impact on behaviour. Attitudes shaped by _____ _____ are especially likely to influence action.
A

personal experience

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29
Q

Refers to the deliberate attempt to change an attitude held by another

A

Persuasion

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30
Q

Persuasion

There are 5 Components of Effective Persuasion — attending to each is crucial to the success of a persuasive appeal

A 
Sources
Messages
Channels
Context
Receiver
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31
Q

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion -

speakers tend to be more persuasive when they appear credible (expert and trustworthy), attractive, likeable, powerful and similar to the recipient of the message.

A

Source –

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32
Q

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion

– A match between the recipient’s willingness and ability to think about the message and the way the message is delivered is crucial for persuasion. Fear appeals (efforts to induce fear to try to change attitudes) can sometimes be effective, but they can backfire if they induce too much fear and lead people to stop attending to the message.

A

Message

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33
Q

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion

This refers to the means by which a message is sent, (for example in words, images, face-to-face, email). Choosing the right channel can be as important as selecting the right message.

A

Channel –

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34
Q

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion

The context in which a message is presented can also influence attitude to change, as it the presence of competing messages.

A

Context –

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35
Q

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion

the message in the right place at the right time increases persuasion.

A

Receiving

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36
Q

People vary in: the _____ of their existing attitude, existing _____ and the extent to which they will reflect of the argument.

A

strength, bias

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37
Q

Processes of Persuasion - Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

It has been suggested that there are two routes to persuasion:

A

the central routes

the peripheral routes:

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38
Q

Processes of Persuasion - Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

The_____ route is one based on presenting _____-_____ arguments for or against something., inducing the message recipient to think carefully about the argument to change attitudes.

A

central, well-reasoned,

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39
Q

Processes of Persuasion - Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

The _____ route is visceral, less rational, appealing to the emotions of the recipients rather than the thoughts.

A

peripheral,

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40
Q

_____ _____ Refers to a perceived discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour that results in a state of psychological tension similar to anxiety.

A

Cognitive Dissonance

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41
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

Motivates the individual to reduce tension by:

A
  • Changing the behaviour
  • Changing the attitude
  • Changing the perception of the inconsistent information
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42
Q

Cognitive dissonance

e.g.. a person holds the belief that smoking is dangerous (_____) but does not smoke (_____), she does not experience dissonance: the two elements are consistent.

A

thought, behaviour

43
Q

Cognitive dissonance

Is a powerful method of altering behaviour by creating tension when a response is _____ with expectations.

A

inconsistent ,

44
Q

Cognitive Dissonance – an example:

An individual knows that speeding increases the risk of car accidents (attitude) — yet speeds on a daily basis (behaviour). This results in _____ _____. In order to reduce the tension the individual may (3)

A

cognitive dissonance,
Change behaviour
Change attitude
Change perception

45
Q

The processes by which people make sense of themselves, others, social interactions, and relationships is known as

A

Social Cognition

46
Q

Social Cognition

Cognitive models are used to understand social ______.

A

phenomena

47
Q

Social Cognition Models

_____ models and _____ processing view representations as patterns of activation of networks of neurons operating in parallel. The neural network systems somehow weed out less likely hypotheses about what the object is and settle on a solution. It does this by taking into account the multiply constraints imposed on the data.

A

Connectionist, parallel,

48
Q

Social Cognition Models

Schemas as a way of _____ principles

A

organising

49
Q

_____ _____

Is largely concerned with how one _____ others are thinking or feeling, that is, thinking about other people thinking.

A

Social cognition, believes

50
Q

Perceiving other people

Social processes of used to understand other people

A 
First Impressions -Halo Effect
Schema
Stereotypes
Prejudice
Attribution
51
Q

Perceiving other people

Schemas are patterns of thought that organise our experiences/knowledge: (4)

A

Person Schema
Situation Schema
Role Schema
Relationship Schema

52
Q

Perceiving other people

Person Schema

A

Represent specific types of people (librarians, extroverts, students)

53
Q

Perceiving other people

Situation schemas:

A

Represent different social situations (formal vs. informal)

54
Q

Perceiving other people

Role schemas:

A

Represent expectations for social roles (student, professor, parent)

55
Q

Perceiving other people

Relationship schemas

A

Represent expectations about self and others in unique relationships (siblings, couples)

56
Q

Perceiving other people

_____ allow us to enter new situations with an idea of how we and others are to act.

A

Schemas

57
Q

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice

Schemas can be rigid and prone to these errors: (3)

A

Stereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination

58
Q

Perceiving other people -Stereotypes and Prejudice

Stereotypes represent

A

Represent characteristics assigned to persons based on their membership in a specific group

59
Q

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice

Prejudice involves

A

judging others based on a stereotype.

60
Q

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice

Discrimination is acting

A

negatively towards a person

61
Q

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice

_____ are necessary — we do not have the cognitive resources necessary to analyse every new situation we encounter

A

Stereotypes

62
Q

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice

Racism reflects a _____ attitude toward members of a racial group.

A

negative

63
Q

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice

Stereotype is the _____ component

A

cognitive

64
Q

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice

Prejudice is the _____ component

A

emotional

65
Q

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice

Discrimination is the _____ component

A

behavioural

66
Q

Roots of racism may lie in _____

A

personality

67
Q

Roots of racism

The _____ personality includes the tendency to hate people who are different. This personality type is associated with a _____, stern father and a _____ mother.

A

Authoritarian, dominant, submissive

68
Q

Roots of racism

_____ racism involves the _____ use of stereotypes and the expression of _____

A

Explicit, conscious, prejudice

69
Q

Roots of racism

_____ racism is the _____ influence of stereotypes toward members of a racial group.

A

Implicit, unconscious

70
Q

Roots of racism

In ambiguous situations, whites tend to

A

Be less helpful toward blacks than other whites

Believe in stiffer legal penalties for black criminals

71
Q

Stereotypes and Prejudice

Fighting a stereotype can _____ the expression of the stereotype

A

intensify

72
Q

Stereotypes and Prejudice

_____ reflects socialisation processes from parent to child

A

Prejudice

73
Q

Stereotypes and Prejudice

In Australia children from minority and majority _____ express preferences toward the _____ culture by the preschool years

A

subcultures, majority

74
Q

Stereotypes and Prejudice

______ is transmitted from one generation to the next and it takes hold from a young age.

A

Prejudice,

75
Q

Stereotypes and Prejudice

Prejudice requires a distinction between ___groups and ___ groups

A

in, out (us and them)

76
Q

Stereotypes and Prejudice

Once process that intensifies _____ is that people tend to perceive members of out groups as much more _______ than they really are and to emphasise the individuality of __group members

A

stereotyping, homogenous, in.

77
Q

Stereotypes and Prejudice

In group and outgroup distinctions probably reflect both ______ and ______ factors.

A

motivational, cognitive

78
Q

_____

Refers to the process of inferring the causes of mental states and behaviours of yourself and others

A

Attribution

79
Q

Attribution

Weiner (1992, 1995) proposed a model that has three elements:

A

People seek to understand why certain event happened
People attribute the outcome to a cause
People base their future behaviour on the attributions that they make

80
Q

Attribution

When situations arise, people typically behave using _____ science.

A

intuitive (intuitive judgements)

81
Q

Attribution

Intuitive judgements make external _____ (situation or environment) and internal (person).

A

attributions

82
Q

Issues in Attribution

Internal vs. External attributions depend on:

A

Consensus
Consistency
Distinctiveness

83
Q

Issues in Attribution

The extent to which a behaviour is operative in a group or the way most people respond

A

Consensus - If many people behave the same way, you are likely to make an external attribution.

84
Q

Issues in Attribution

The extent to which a person responds reliably to stimulus or the extent to which a person always responds in the same way to the same stimulus

A

Consistency - If behaviour is consistent, you are likely to make an internal attribution.

85
Q

Issues in Attribution

The extent to which a person responds to different stimuli or the individual’s likelihood t respond this way to many different stimuli

A

Distinctiveness - If behaviour is distinctive, you are likely to make an external attribution.

86
Q

Processes that Modulate Attribution

A

Discounting
Augmentation
Attribution Style

87
Q

Processes that Modulate Attribution

Occurs when a person downplays the role of a variable because of the influence of another variable is

A

Discounting

88
Q

Processes that Modulate Attribution

Occurs with an increase in an internal attribution for certain behaviours is

A

Augmentation

89
Q

Processes that Modulate Attribution

Person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours or events is known as

A

Attributional Style

90
Q

Errors of Attributions

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

Self-serving Bias

91
Q

Errors of Attributions
The Tendency for observers, when analysing another’s behaviour, to underestimate the impact of external factors and to overestimate the impact of internal factors

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

92
Q

Errors of Attributions

The Tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
Tend to see ourselves in a more positive light than others see us

A

Self-serving Bias

93
Q

The _____ is the person, including mental processes, body, and personality characteristics.

A

self

94
Q

The Self

____-____ is a schema that guides thinking and memory relevant to the self (cognitive component).

A

Self-concept

95
Q

The Self

____-____ is an individual’s evaluation of the self and how much he/she likes and respects the self (affective component).

A

Self-esteem

96
Q

The Self and Culture

The self is viewed differently in _____ and _____ cultures.

A

collectivist

Individualist

97
Q

Motives that Guide Perception of Self

A

Self-esteem
Self-consistency
Self-presentation

98
Q

Motives that Guide Perception of Self

The way individuals feel about themselves

A

Self Esteem

99
Q

Motives that Guide Perception of Self

The motive to interpret information to fit the way one already sees oneself

A

Self Consistency

100
Q

Motives that Guide Perception of Self

The process by which people try to control the impressions that others form of them

A

Self Presentation

101
Q

Attitudes

An _____ is an association between an object and an ___ usually including cognitive, evaluative and behavioural components.

A

attitude, evaluation

102
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

occurs when a person experiences a discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour or new information.

A

dissonance

103
Q

Social Cognition

Refers to the processes by which people make sense of others

A

Social

104
Q

The Self

Self-____ refers to an individuals concept of the self

A

concept

Psych 101 (11 decks)

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