Relationships Flashcards
Interpersonal attraction is dependent upon a number of factors including; _____, _____, _____ and physical attractiveness
proximity, similarity, rewards,
Two kinds of love; _____ and _____
Passionate and Companionate
_____ theorists view love in terms of reproductive success
Evolutionary
Factors that contribute to interpersonal attraction
Proximity Interpersonal Rewards Similarity Physical Attractiveness Warmth and Competence
Factors of Interpersonal Attraction
_____ allows people to get to know one another. It also sets the stage for _____, and familiarity tends to breed _____.
Proximity, familiarity, affection
Proximity
Environmental spoiling
Having negative feelings for someone we initially liked.
Proximity
If the bad outweighs the good, _____ _____ can occur as a result from being in close _____ to others, as their _____ habits and behaviours are exposed, as well as their good,
Environmental spoiling, proximity, bad
Proximity
Research has found that ______ accessibility rather than close physical _____ is what really determines attraction.
interaction, proximity
Interpersonal Rewards
Interpersonal _____ influence interpersonal attraction
Rewards, attraction
Interpersonal Rewards
Rewarding interactions
Enjoy their physical attractiveness, wit, charm, intelligence, material good
We like people who like us.
Interpersonal Rewards - Social exchange
_____ _____ theories, based on behaviourist principles, suggest that people have resources (products available to invest) in social relationships , these are personal assets such as physical attractiveness, wit, charm, intelligence, material good.
Social exchange
Interpersonal Rewards - Social exchange
Research by _____ and _____ (1974), who tested a classical conditioning theory of attraction, found that children prefer other children they meet under enjoyable conditions.
Lott and Lott
Interpersonal Rewards - Social exchange
Social exchange theories propose that _____ rewards are the foundation of relationships, and that people try to _____ their return on your resources available, and that people tend to choose others of similar value, as _____ defined
reciprocal, maximise, culturally
Similarities
Influence interpersonal attraction as surrounding oneself with like-minded others seems to be _____, leading to the kind of interpersonal _____ described by social _____ theorists
rewarding, reinforcement, exchange .
Similarities
What about _____ attracting? This can be explained as looking for someone with similar values but a different set of needs / resources to complement our own.
opposites
Physical Attractiveness
The _____ hypothesis suggests that people choose partners they perceive to be equally _____ to themselves, not necessarily the most beautiful or handsome
matching, attractive,
Physical Attractiveness
Research had found that mate selection criteria is to _____ physical attractiveness, but minimise rejection.
maximise
Physical Attractiveness
Physical attractiveness seems to be most important in late _____ and early _____.
teens, twenties
Physical Attractiveness
Standards of physical attractiveness vary tremendously arose _____ and _____.
cultures and individuals
Desirable Personal Attributes
There are personal and cultural differences for what is considered a _____ personal attribute. But overall, we feel _____ for people who show interpersonal warmth, and we _____ people we view as competent.
desirable, affection, respect
Desirable Personal Attributes
Norman _____ (1968) compiled a list of 555 _____ traits that are used to describe people. He asked students to rate how much they would like people with this trait. There was general _____ among the students as to which traits were desirable and which were not.
Anderson, personality, agreement
Desirable Personal Attributes
Research found that traits related to _____ were at the top of the list. Warmth and competence were _____ regarded, but _____ was not. Lowest rated were _____ and phoniness. Warmth was viewed as having a positive outlook and communicated by smiling, watching attentively and expressing emotion. The value of _____ may depend on the nature of the relationship.
trust, highly, perfectionism, dishonesty, competence
Who do we love and how?
When it comes to an _____ relationship, the ability to resolve _____ is the biggest predictor of staying together. It appears that romantic love IS a _____ construct.
enduring, conflict, social
Who do we love and how?
_____ may in part explain romantic love. Contemporary Western culture is unique in its focus on individual _____ as a valued end. This orientation extends into relationships, which are viewed as vehicles for personal _____. Chinese culture has historically expected couples to consider their obligations to family in choosing a marriage partner. Where a Westerner may ask, “How does my heart feel?”, Chinese ask “What will other people say?”
Individualism, satisfaction, gratification
Classifying Love Relationships
Hatfield, Lee and Sternberg all worked towards classifying _____ _____
Love relationships
Classifying Love Relationships
Hatfield (1988) – ____ and ______ love
passionate & companionate
Classifying Love Relationships
Lee’s (1973) - _____ _____ Hendrick & Hendrick (1986) - _____ _____ scale
Love Styles / Love attitudes
Classifying Love Relationships
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love (1987)- _____, _____ and _____
intimacy, passion and commitment
Classifying Love Relationships
Walster and Walster (1978) argued that love is either of two types:
Passionate love
Compassionate Love
Characteristics of _____ love: intensely emotional and physical
Passionate love
Characteristics of _____ love: deep affection, friendship and emotional intimacy.
Companionate
It is now thought that the two kinds coexist at _____ levels throughout a long term relationship (Baumeister & Bratslavsky, 1999), rather than as a dichotomy as first described by Walster and Walster (1978).
different
_____ love does not last whereas _____ love develops.
Passionate, compassionate
Lee’s (1973) described 6 Love Styles
Eros Ludos Storge Pragma Mania Agape
Love Styles
Lee’s Love Styles formed the self report _____ _____ scale
Love attitudes
Classifying love
Who founded the Triangular Theory of Love(1987)
Sternberg.
Classifying love - Triangular Theory of Love
The Triangular Theory of Love suggested that there are 3 components:
Intimacy
Passion
Commitment
Classifying love - Triangular Theory of Love
What component of Love theory encompasses the feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness experienced in loving relationships;
Intimacy
Classifying love - Triangular Theory of Love
What component of Love theory encompasses the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation;
Passion
Classifying love - Triangular Theory of Love
What component of Love theory encompasses in the short term, the decision that one loves another, and in the long term, the commitment to maintain that love.
Commitment
Classifying love - Triangular Theory of Love
The amount of _____ one experiences depends on the absolute _____ of the 3 ____, and the kind of love one experiences depends on their strengths relative to ____ other.
love, strength, components, each
Classifying love, Triangular Theory - 8 KINDS OF LOVE
Non-love Liking/friendship Infatuated Love Empty Love Romantic Love Compassionate Love Fatuous Love Consummate Love
Triangular Theory - 8 KINDS OF LOVE
The absence of all three of Sternberg’s components of love.
Non-Love
Triangular Theory - 8 KINDS OF LOVE
In this case, this love is not used in a trivial sense. Sternberg says that this intimate liking characterises true friendships in which a person feels a bondedness, a warmth, and a closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment
Liking/friendship
Triangular Theory - 8 KINDS OF LOVE
This love is pure passion. Romantic relationships often start out as infatuated love and become romantic love as intimacy develops over time. However, without developing intimacy or commitment, infatuated love may disappear suddenly.
Infatuated Love
Triangular Theory - 8 KINDS OF LOVE
This love is characterised by commitment without intimacy or passion. Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love.
Empty Love
Triangular Theory - 8 KINDS OF LOVE
This love bonds individuals emotionally through intimacy and physically through passionate arousal.
Romantic Love
Triangular Theory - 8 KINDS OF LOVE
This love is an intimate, non-passionate type of love that is stronger than friendship because of the element of long-term commitment. Sexual desire is not an element of companionate love. This type of love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship but a deep affection and commitment remain. The love ideally shared between family members is a form of companionate love, as is the love between close friends who have a platonic but strong friendship.
Compassionate Love
Triangular Theory - 8 KINDS OF LOVE
This love can be exemplified by a whirlwind courtship and marriage in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion without the stabilizing influence of intimacy.
Fatuous Love
Triangular Theory - 8 KINDS OF LOVE
This is the complete form of love, representing an ideal relationship toward which people strive. Consummate love is theorised to be that love associated with the “perfect couple”. According to Sternberg, such couples will continue to have great sex fifteen years or more into the relationship, they can not imagine themselves happy over the long-term with anyone else, they overcome their few difficulties gracefully, and each delight in the relationship with one other. However, Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it, stressing the importance of translating the components of love into action. “Without expression,” he warns, “even the greatest of loves can die”. Consummate love may not be permanent. If passion is lost over time, it may change into companionate love.
Consummate Love
Evolutionary Views of Love
The adaptive purpose of love is to increase the chances of _____ success in our selves and relatives
reproductive
Evolutionary Views of Love - Sexual Strategies
Males and females have different _____ pressures and thus have different sexual strategies
reproductive
Romantic love as attachment
_____ relationships share several features with _____ styles in infancy
Romantic, attachment
Romantic love as attachment
Attachment is evident in adults under _____ as attachment style can be _____ by threats to security
stress, activated
Romantic love as attachment
Couple _____ has been found to be associated with _____ styles of self and partners
conflict, attachment
Romantic love as attachment
Research evidence suggests that the _____ of relationships we learn with our earliest caregiver generally persist into ____ and are applied to our romantic partners and are reflective of the way we loved and were loved as children.
patterns, adulthood
Hazan & Shaver’s attachment style in adults
Secure
Avoidant
Anxious/ Ambivalent
Attachment Style in adults
A _____ attached child may come to expect that people will be generally _____, responsive and caring. These beliefs are known as a person’s ‘_____ model’ of relationships.
securely, trustworthy, working
Attachment Style in adults
As an adult, a securely attached person may also show a _____ style of attachment to romantic partners and form satisfying and long-lasting relationships.
secure
Attachment Style in adults
An anxious/ambivalent child might become an adult who seeks love but fears _____. An avoidant child might become an avoidant adult who fears intimacy and _____ other people.
rejection, distrusts
Relationship Conflict
_____ conflict within the relationships is the biggest _____ of staying together
Resolving, predictor
Relationship Conflict
Stable relationships have _ positive interactions to _ negative one
5, 1
Relationship Conflict
According to Gottman, there are 3 types of stability
Volatile – loud debate before resolution
Validating – resolution through compromise
Avoidant – avoidance of issues of conflict
What do these all have in common?
Conflict resolution / dealing with hassles
Evaluation of the costs/benefits of staying in the relationship; investment and commitment
Overlooking your partner’s faults (and hoping that they reciprocate …)
Undervaluing the attractiveness of other potential partners
Avoiding cycles of negative reciprocity
They are all methods used to maintain relationships
Maintaining Relationships
______ refers to the behaviours that help other people with no apparent gain or with potential cost to oneself
Altruism
_____ hedonism is the idea that all people have the right to do everything in their power to achieve the greatest amount of pleasure possible to them.
Ethical,
A phenomenon where natural selection favours animals that behave altruistically towards unrelated others if the likely benefit to each individual over time exceeds the likely cost.
Reciprocal altruism
Studies on _____ _____ have found that individuals often do not help in a crisis in the presence of other people. To intervene, a person must notice the event, define it as an emergency and assume ______ responsibility for intervening.
bystander intervention, personal,
_______ of responsibility A diminished sense of personal responsibility to act, is one important reason people do not intervene.
Diffusion
This refers to the verbal o physical behaviour aimed at harming another person or living being
Aggression
Two types of aggression are mentioned in the text
Hostile aggression
Instrumental aggression
_____ theorists view aggression as an inborn behavioural potential that is usually activated by frustration or anger.
Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic theorists suggest that the most distinctive aspect of aggression regards the role of aggression in _____
consciousness
Although psychodynamic theorists also recognise the unconscious role of aggression as well. It was concluded that a major trigger for violence is the feeling of _____ in individuals prone to feeling inadequate or _____
shame, disrespected
From an _____ standpoint, the capacity for aggression evolved because of its value for survival and reproduction.
evolutionary
The neural control of aggression is _____ organised. with the_____, _____ and the _____ (particularly the frontal lobes) playing prominent roles
hierarchically, amygdala, hypothalamus, cortex
Aggression is also controlled by hormones, particularly _____ and _____
Testosterone, serotonin
Who proposed one of the first theories of aggression?
John Dollard (1939)
The hypothesis, states that when people are frustrated in achieving a goal, they may become aggressive
frustration-aggression hypothesis.
The cognitive-social perspective suggests that the capacity for aggression is innate, but the activation and inhibition of aggression depends on ____ and _____
culture and learning.
According to the cognitive-social theories, the roots of aggressive behaviour lie in ____ rewards and ____, and cognitive processes such as _____ and ______ learning
social, punishments, attributions, observational.
The _____ _____ _____ states that variables interact with situational inputs to determine aggressive output.
General Aggression Model
This refers to the effects of the presence of others on the way people think behave and feel.
Social Influence
Refers to compliance with authority
Obedience
The _____ experiments demonstrated that most people will obey without limitations of conscience, when they believe that and order comes from a legitimate authority
Milgram
______ means changing attitudes or behaviour to accommodate the standards of peers or groups
Conformity
The _____ experiments demonstrated that people tend to conform rather than to be the lone resenting voice
Asch
Conformity varies across and within _____, and tends to reflect economic and ecological demands
cultures
A collection of people whose action affect other members
Group
A group stander for behaviour
Norms
A ____ is a position within the group that has norms specifying appropriate behaviour for the occupants
Role
Roles can have dramatic influence on behaviours as demonstrated by ______ prison experiment
Zimbardo’s
_____ ____ studies the influence of groups on individuals and individual performance of groups working on a variety of tasks.
Social facilitation
A movement towards decisions that are at the extreme position. Eg Decisions made by a group are either conservative or risky.
Group polarisation
People tend to cluster together to be viewed more favourably by members of the in-group, in the context of group decision-making processes.
Group cohesiveness
This occurs when members of a group make decisions base more on maintaining group harmony and cohesiveness than a cryptical analysis of the realities of the situation.
Groupthink.
Common social influence tactics to which people succumb include
door-in-the-face technique
foot-in-the-door technique
low-balling
Asking for a large request that we know will be turned down and then backing down front that request to induce similar behaviour in another is the ___ technique
door-in-the-face technique
Asking for a small commitment to ensure agreement with a larger commitment later at time is the what technique?
foot-in-the-door technique
Getting a commitment and then changing the conditions is know as:
low-balling
Lee’s Love Styles
_____ – a passionate physical and emotional love based on aesthetic enjoyment; stereotype of romantic love, all consuming
Frequently dominant in the early stages of love
Eros
Lee’s Love Styles
_____ – a love that is played as a game or sport; conquest; no relationship lasts for long; finds other becomes boring or too serious
Higher in men, a predictor of problems
Ludus
Lee’s Love Styles
_____ – an affectionate love that slowly develops from friendship, comfortable intimacy that slowly grows, lover is thoughtful & warm
Storge
Lee’s Love Styles
_____ – love that is driven by the head, not the heart; undemonstrative, lovers are compatible and satisfy each other’s needs
Higher in women
Pragma
Lee’s Love Styles
_____ – highly volatile love; obsession; possessive; fuelled by low self-esteem; fears rejection; highly dependent
Mania
Lee’s Love Styles
_____ – selfless altruistic love; spiritual; motherly love; unconditionally caring, giving and forgiving; no strings attached
Agape
