Intelligence Flashcards
_____ refers to the use of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, problem-solve and obtain outcomes valuable for the individual and/or culture.
Intelligence
Intelligence is _____: Can be expressed in one or more domains
multifaceted,
Intelligence is ______: Directed at solving problems or accomplishing a task
functional
Intelligence is defined and shaped by _____.
culture
intelligence is _____, _____ and _____ defined
multifaceted, functional, culturally
Intelligence
The capacity for goal-directed adaptive behaviour
Intelligence tests are _____ instruments designed to assess and individual’s _____ capabilities _____ to others in the population.
psychometric, cognitive, relative.
Who was better known for intelligence testing in 1905
Alfred Binet
Binet and Simon (his associate) introduced the concept of
Mental Age (MA)
Who revised intelligence testing and modified it
Lewis Terman
Stanford-Binet scale
A revised and modified version of intelligence testing
Stanford-Binet conceptualised
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
IQ is a score that
quantifies intellectual functioning to allow for comparison among individuals
IQ = (__/__) X 100
mental age, chronological age.
What is the approach that devised tests to measure a person’s cognitive level relative to others in a population
Psychometric approach
Psychometric approach
tests that measure/assess psychological attributes such as personality traits or intellectual abilities.
Psychometric instruments
Who was the first to try to systematically measure intelligence
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Galton also developed the _____ _____ ( represents the relationship between two variables, such as the degree to which intelligence was correlated in twins).
correlation coefficient
____ _____ in particular adapted Binet’s scale for military testing during World War 1
Lewis Terman
The _____ _____ for literate adults ad the ____ _____ for those who were not literate or did not speak English
Army Alpha and Army Beta
Today intelligence testing in the form of the _____ _____ _____ is used in Australian schools to track student performance
Monitoring Standards in Education (MSE)
Devised mental age concept
MA = average age at which children achieve an actual score
Binet’s Scale believed that a true measure of intelligence is an individual’s performance on complex tasks of _____ _____ _____
memory, judgement, and comprehension
IQ [(MA/CA) x 100)] could be used to assess children’s intelligence but could not be applied to who?
Adults
Who minimised the previous cultural and linguistic biases of IQ testing?
David Wechsler.
To overcome the original formula for MA not being able to be applied to adults what modification did Wecshler make
abandoning the notion of mental age and comparing people with age equivalent peers on a frequency distribution of intelligence.
WAIS-IV
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale V4
WISC-IV
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children V4
IQ is measured on a number of subtests which distinguish between ____ and ____.
Verbal Intelligence
Non-verbal Intelligence
Most people’s IQ test scored fall within?
85, 115
Extremes of Intelligence
Intellectual Impairment
Giftedness
Creativity and Intelligence
- Significantly below average general intellectual functioning
- IQ less than 70
- Deficits appear in more than one domain
- May be genetic in origin: Down Syndrome
- May be biological in origin: Phenylketonuria
- May be environmental in origin: Exposure to teratogens (e.g., Foetal Alcohol Syndrome)
Intellectual Impairment
Intellectual disability refers to
significantly below average general intellectual functioning with deceits in adaptive functioning first evident in childhood and are present in more than one domain
What are the features of Giftedness and Creativity
- Can reflect academic, musical, social or athletic ability
- Often associated with an IQ of over 130 (in Western countries)
- Creativity: the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way; moderately correlated with IQ
- Creativity may be measured through divergent thinking: the ability to generate multiple possibilities in a given situation.
the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way; moderately correlated with IQ
Creativity
A harmful environmental agent that can cause malformation or death of a foetus.
Teratogen.
Creativity may be measured through _____ _____.
divergent thinking
divergent thinking
the ability to generate multiple possibilities in a given situation.
Reflects a test’s ability to assess the construct it was designed to measure.
Validity - can be assessed by correlating a test’s results with a relevant external measure (Criterion) such as school performance
Reflects a test’s ability to produce consistent results.
Reliability - Tests of intelligence have high reliability (e.g., even over three-year periods during childhood WISC-IV scores remain stable)
There is a correlation coefficient of between __ and __ for the relation of intelligence testing and school grades
.60 and .70
Tests that are without the cultural differences that could impact on performance
Culture free Test
Fair tests that were designed to measure skills and knowledge common across cultures.
Culture Fair Tests
Approaches to Intelligence
Psychometric approach
Information-processing approach
Contemporary approaches
tries to identify groups of items in a test that correlate highly with each other in order to discover underlying skills or abilities
Psychometric approach
An examination of the mental processes that underlie intelligent behaviour
Information-processing approach
_____ _____: argue that intelligence is a function of multiple systems
Contemporary approaches
Contemporary approaches look at _____ of intelligence
systems
The Information-processing approach looks at the underlying _____ of intelligence,
processes
The primary tool of the psychometric approach is?
factor analysis
Psychometric approach
A statistical procedure for identifying common elements or factors that underlie a performance across a set of tasks.
factor analysis
Psychometric approach
The _____ _____ is a hierarchical model with specific factors embedded in more general factors:
Gf-Gc theory
Psychometric approach
Gf-Gc theory
Fluid intelligence
Crystallised intelligence
Psychometric approach
refers to mental processes used in processing information and approaching novel problems rather than specific information (declines with age
Fluid intelligence
Psychometric approach
Crystallised intelligence
refers to a person’s knowledge base (increases with age)
Psychometric approach
Who created the two-factor theory of intelligence, and what were the factors
Charles Spearman, general and specific intelligence
______ _____ is defined as intellectual capacities that have no specific content but are used in processing information
Fluid intelligence
_____ _____ is defined as people’s store of knowledge, so it is closely related to education, e.g., comprehension tasks.
Crystallised intelligence
Contemporary Approaches
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Contemporary Approaches
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)
Experiential intelligence
Contextual intelligence
Componential intelligence
Contemporary Approaches - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)
Coping with novel situations and learning new responses
Experiential intelligence = creative
Contemporary Approaches - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)
Judging the most effective approach in the given context
Contextual intelligence = practical
Contemporary Approaches - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)
The ability to put together the mental processing components needed when problem-solving
Componential intelligence = analytical
Contemporary Approaches - (Sternberg)
In addition to Triarchic Theory’s experiential intelligence, contextual and componential intelligence, Sternberg has more recently identified three more types of intelligence
analytical, creative and practical
Contemporary Approaches - (Sternberg)
_____ is closely associated with academic success. _____ intelligence is the ability to develop novel ways of resolving problems and _____ intelligence is the ability to resolve everyday problems and use commonsense effectively.
Analytical, Creative, practical
Contemporary Approaches - Gardner
Theory of Multiple Intelligences (Gardner) contains 7 intelligencesF
Musical Bodily/kinesthetic Spatial Verbal/linguistic Logical/mathematical Intra-personal (self-understanding) Social
Information processing approach
What are the 3 variables that people differ on in regards to intelligence
speed of processing - speed of performance in a task
knowledge base - info in LTM
the ability to learn and apply mental strategies
Psychometric approach
Charles Spearman was the first to:
apply factor analysis to intelligence tests
Psychometric approach
Spearman distinguished between _____ and _____ intelligence. _____ intelligence (the g factor) reflects high scores on arithmetical ability, general knowledge and vocabulary. _____ abilities (s factors) are specific abilities that are unique to certain tests or shared only by a subset of tests.
general, specific, General, Specific
People’s general world knowledge is known as:
Crystallised Intelligence
Information processing approach
Research shows that speed of processing correlates with:
Academic Achievement
Contemporary Approaches - Gardner
Gardner argues that:
people have multiple intelligences because they have multiple neural modules
If people choose mates with IQs and _____ experiences similar to their own and if they choose ______ that fit their talents and interests, heritability coefficients will be _____.
cultural, environments, inflated
Since many people in Australia and New Zealand tend to choose mates whose cultural experiences are similar to their own and tend to look for occupations that maximize their abilities, heritability scores tend to be:
Higher than they should be
Research by Scarr and Weingberg conducted in the US showed that black children adopted in the _____ year of life scored an average IQ of _____, which was at least _____ points higher than children raised in the black community where economic deprivation was much more common. Ten years later, scores of adopted black children remained _____ the average of their community-raised counterparts.
first, 110, 20, above
Jensen’s conclusion that group differences in IQ scores are due to genetic differences:
is not supported
The difference between the average heights of soldiers who fought at Gallipoli and those who fought in Iraq is:
Entirely environmental
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test, used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score.
Factor Analysis.
