Cross-cultural and Indigenous psychology Flashcards
The shared rules that govern behaviour of a group of people and enable members of that group to co-exist and survive
Culture
Individualist cultures emphasis the primacy of the _____ while collectivist cultures emphasise the _____
individual, group
Indigenous Psychology promotes psychological approaches that are influenced by the _____ contexts in which people live, that are developed from _____ the culture and that result in locally relevant knowledge
cultural, within
Is relatively stable from one generation to the next, but evolves slowly over time, this is known as a
cultural shift
Enculturation:
the process of absorbing and internalising the rules of one’s culture
Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology
They study the way in which people are affected by their culture
Cultural Psychologist
Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology
They compare the similarities and differences in behaviour across cultures
Cross- cultural psychologists.
Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology
The approach to cross-cultural psychology that takes a particular theory and applies it to an individual culture is termed
Emic perspective
Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology
The emic perspective is _____-specific. It involves focusing on a specific cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group.
culture
Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology
The ____ perspective involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures
Etic perspective
Cultural influence
The universal phenomenon of _____ occurs when all behaviours and actions are judged according to the standards of one’s own culture
ethnocentrism
Conceptualising Culture
Individualism-collectivism continuum:
The extent to which a given culture favour individual goals or communal goals
Conceptualising Culture
The most popular way of measuring cultural variability is the _____-_____ _____, which looks at the extent to which cultures favour individual goals compared to communal goals
Individualism-collectivist continuum
Conceptualising Culture
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are classified as _____ cultures, whereas Western societies are generally _____.
collectivist, individualistic
Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology
This perspective is culture specific and involves focusing on one cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group, and is likely to be the perspective utilised by Cultural Psychologists
Emic perspective
Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology
This perspective is cross-cultural and involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures, and is likely to be the perspective used by Cross-cultural Psychologists.
Etic perspective
The Dimensions of Culture
Cultures differ in their time _____ and _____
perspective, orientation
The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture
_____ time is closely regulated and observed
Monochronic
The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture
_____ time is loosely regulated
Polychronic
The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture
Covers such things as the _____ towards time, how much _____ is displayed, and how much _____ space is appropriate during conversations
attitude, emotion, interpersonal
The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture
In monochromic cultures time is divided into _____ segments and are closely _____. People are expected to be punctual
linear, regulated
The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture
Western societies such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States are _____ cultures
monochronic
The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture
In polychronic cultures time is much more _____, people are not expected to be as punctual and _____ attention is paid to deadlines or schedules.
fluid, less
The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture
Parts of the Middle East and South America as well as traditional Aboriginal and Maori societies are _____.
polychronic
The Dimensions of Culture
Monochronic cultures are focused on:
one task at a time, time is serious, deadlines are met, the schedule controls interactions and activities , time is rigid, divisible and inflexible
The Dimensions of Culture
Polychronic cultures are:
fluid, flexible, tasks can operate simultaneously, activities and interactions with each other rules, time is less important.
The Dimensions of Culture - Emotion and culture
Although research indicates that basic emotions are _____ (such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger and anxiety), there are cultural differences in relation to the _____ of displaying certain emotions in particular social circumstances.
universal, appropriateness
The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space
_____ space dimensions include: intimate space, social and consultative space, and public space.
Interpersonal
The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space
The closest space surrounding a person. This is usually acceptable only for close friends, lovers and family.
Intimate space
The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space
Social and consultative space is the amount of space people feel comfortable with when interacting socially with ____ as well as _____.
acquaintances, strangers
The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space
____ space is the distance apart at which people find it hard to interact with others or perceive interactions as largely impersonal.
Public
The Dimensions of Culture - Emotion and culture
The Rules specify the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social settings
Cultural Display Rules
The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture
The attention people pay to _____ (that is, the circumstance in which something occurs) is also a significant dimension of _____.
context, culture
The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture
____ context cultures support considerable differences in behaviours and actions, depending on the prevailing circumstance and pay close attention to non-verbalcommunication cues (e.g., much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa and South America)
High,
The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture
_____ context cultures emphasise consistency and stability across contexts and tend to rely on fact and logic and are less concerned with relationships. (e.g. North America, Australia and much of Western Europe).
Low
The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture
Triandis (1995) identified a distinction between ______ and _____ cultures:
tight, loose.
The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture
Tight vs. Loose Cultures:
the extent to which people are expected to adhere to cultural norms
The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture
Cultures in which close attention is paid to what people are actually saying or doing, and where this is literally interpreted, are
low-context cultures.
The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture
Personal or cultural identity will be highly influenced by their experience of _____ or _____
Individualism or collectivism.
The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture
Which type of culture emphasises the primacy of the individual
Individualist
The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture
Which cultures stress the group over individuals.
Collectivist
Cross-cultural Relations
Within multicultural populations, such as those in Australia and New Zealand, many groups define themselves not only by nationality but also by
Ethnic Identity
An integral part of our personal identity is our:
Gender
Psychological reactions to multiculturalism
The tendency for a person’s own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world, is known as:
Ethnocentrism
Impact of Multiculturalism
The behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes is:
Discrimination
Impact of Multiculturalism
Openly expressed and practiced discrimination against people of particular cultures is known as:
Old-fashioned prejudice
Impact of Multiculturalism
Whereas sex refers to _____, _____ refers to the roles and behaviours that a culture deems appropriate for men and women.
biology, gender
Impact of Multiculturalism
the tendency for a person’s own cultural values, standards, attitudes, and behaviours as the measure by which they judge the way other people think and behave.
Ethnocentrism
Impact of Multiculturalism
“Old-fashioned” prejudice is expressed overly and _____ while modern prejudice is much more _____.
blatantly, subtle
Impact of Multiculturalism
Aboriginal people inhabited every part of the Australian continent in hundreds of distinct language groups. Among these 250 separate _____, it is estimated there were 600 ______.
languages, dialects
Impact of Multiculturalism
According to social Darwinian theory, the Aboriginal people were viewed as:
biologically inferior
Impact of Multiculturalism
Under this view, there was a struggle for survival in which only the “fittest” culture would survive – so the extinction of the Aboriginal people was thought not only inevitable, but even beneficial.
Social Darwinian View
Multicultural Australia
Which practice did the government endorse to replace protection and segregation?
Assimilation
Multicultural Australia
The aim of assimilation is the ________ of Aboriginal people into the wider “Australian” way of life
enculturation
Multicultural Australia
The term haka literally means:
To ignite the Breath
Promoting Cross-Cultural Interactions
Communication practices are at the heart of which relatively new approach in psychology:
Discursive psychology
Promoting Cross-Cultural Interactions
Discursive psychology treats the spoken and written realities as contributing to the construction of people’s _____, not just a reflection of underlying _____.
text, cognition
Cross-cultural Relations
A situation where multiple cultures exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those cultures is significant
Multiculturalism
Cross-cultural Relations
General acceptance of the existence of many cultures and ethnic groups and their right to retain their cultural heritage while co-existing
Pluralism
Multicultural Australia
Australia was originally inhabited by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people until _____, when the British dominated the early days of migration
1788
Multicultural Australia
Apart from the 1850’s _____ rush bringing in nationalities including Chinese, Indians and Afghans, until _____, the British and Europeans dominated migration in Australia.
gold, 1970’s
Multicultural Australia
Australia’s cultural policy has moved through a number of stages:
- Protection - Integration
- Assimilation - Multiculturalism
Multicultural Australia
Currently in Australia:
_ in _ people were born overseas
1, 4
Multicultural Australia
__% of Australians have at least one parent born overseas
43%
Multicultural Australia
___% of the total population speak a language other than English at home (including over 60 Indigenous languages
16%
Psychological reactions to multiculturalism
A number of reactions occur when cultures meet:
culture shock
cultural stereotypes
Impact of Multiculturalism:
Variables that impact a multicultural society include:
cultural stereotyping, ethnocentrism, prejudice and racism
Psychological reactions to multiculturalism
A feeling of disorientation and anxiety that occurs as people from one culture encounter and adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of another culture
Culture Shock -
Psychological reactions to multiculturalism
Generalised views that we hold about particular groups of people, that all members of a cultural group share common traits or behaviours
Cultural stereotypes -
Psychological reactions to multiculturalism
The four phases of culture shock have been identified
Honeymoon – initial euphoria/excitement
Disenchantment – disillusionment/hositility towards new culture
Resolution – recovery as understanding of new culture grows
Functioning – adjustment to, and fit within, new culture
Psychological reactions to multiculturalism -Cultural Stereotypes
While cultural stereotypes involve a mixture of positive and negative attributes they lead to three distortions in thinking:
Accentuation of group differences (i.e., us and them)
Creation of selective thinking
Assumption of homogeneity in other groups
Acculturation and Assimilation
The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture
Acculturation
Acculturation and Assimilation
Absorption into the dominant culture
Assimilation
Acculturation and Assimilation
Maintenance of two distinct cultural identities within a multicultural society
Alternation
Acculturation and Assimilation
Combining two cultures to form a new culture
Fusion
Acculturation and Assimilation
Acculturation is a growing field of study and is defined as the changes that individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture.
Acculturation
Culture and identity today
People from a particular culture use their own values, standards, attitudes and behaviours as a yard stick against which they judge the way other people think and behave. Their own lifestyle is viewed as ‘normal’, while the lifestyles of other cultures are viewed as strange and often inferior.
Ethnocentrism
Education and Culture
An unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group (negative pre-judgement based on group membership)
Prejudice
Impact of Multiculturalism
Negative stereotypes about members of another racial or cultural group
Racial prejudice:
Impact of Multiculturalism
Studies have shown that prejudice is often associated with low ____-____.
self-esteem
Impact of Multiculturalism
Pervasive and systematic assumption of inferiority and the unfair and differential treatment of others based on this assumption of inferiority
Racism
Impact of Multiculturalism
Behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes
Discrimination:
Impact of Multiculturalism
The fear or hatred of foreigners, or anything foreign or unfamiliar
Xenophobia -
Impact of Multiculturalism
Historically, discrimination against people of particular cultures was expressed and practised _____
openly
Impact of Multiculturalism
Indigenous Australians were not allowed to vote until
1962
Reducing Prejudice
The Australian Psychological Society made the following recommendations to reduce prejudice
in 1998 on four levels.
Macro level
Institutional level
Psychology
Individual
Reducing Prejudice
The following are ____ level recommendations
- Federal and state government legislation, policy and funding aimed at reducing racism and discrimination.
- Public statements that condemn racism should be put forward in the media to promote social change.
Macro level
Reducing Prejudice
The following are ____ level recommendations
- Institutions, professions and community groups should review their own policies and practices on racism
- Institutions should conduct anti-racism training programs that promote intercultural understanding
Institutional level
Reducing Prejudice
The following are ____ level recommendations
- The discipline and profession of psychology should formally rebut any assertion that reinforces attribution biases or any statement that asserts racial superiority or inferiority on any psychological attribute
- APS accredited programs in undergraduate psychology should include courses on cross-cultural issues
Psychology
Reducing Prejudice
The following are ____ level recommendations
- Individuals can contribute by becoming active members of groups that encourage tolerance and committing a certain amount of time to these issues
Individual
Reducing Prejudice
Mutual cooperation on common goals through informal interpersonal interactions is thought to break down barriers
The Contact Hypothesis:
Indigenous Psychology
The original inhabitants of a land or country, who in most cases now share their traditional homeland with others
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous Psychology
The objectives of indigenous psychology are to develop psychologies:
That are not imposed
That are influenced by cultural context
That are developed from within the culture
That result in locally relevant knowledge
Indigenous Psychology - Six targets to:
Close the life expectancy gap within a generation
½ the gap in child mortality rates within a decade
Access to early childhood education within 5 years for remote communities
½ the gap in reading, writing and numeracy within a decade
½ the gap in Yr 12 attainment by 2020
½ the gap in employment outcomes within a decade
closing the gap
Aboriginal Identity
Enabling Indigenous Australian people to establish their own identity and make decisions on their own futures – has been suggested as a key
Self-determination
Non Verbal Communication
Nonverbal behaviours that accompany our communications are the source of considerable cross-cultural confusion.
Kinesics: gestures, facial expressions Oculesics: eye contact Haptics: touch Proxemics: distance Chronemics: time Vocalics: pitch, volume, tempo
Non Verbal Communication
How does this impact the loss of Aboriginal languages?
Language and culture are inextricably linked:
Culture influences language (through thoughts, motives and behaviours)
The use of language reinforces culture
The loss of language is a key factor in the
loss of Aboriginal culture – and it cannot be
replaced
Culture and Language
The ___-_____ hypothesis suggests that speakers of different languages think differently because of the differences in their languages
Sapir-Whorf
Culturally Competent Psychologists
a person’s effectiveness in communicating and behaving appropriately with people from another culture
Cultural competence
Culturally Competent Psychologists
Cultural competence Involves understanding AND the practical application of this knowledge
Is an _____ responsibility of psychologists
ethical
