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Psych 101 > Cross-cultural and Indigenous psychology > Flashcards

Cross-cultural and Indigenous psychology Flashcards

1
Q

The shared rules that govern behaviour of a group of people and enable members of that group to co-exist and survive

A

Culture

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2
Q

Individualist cultures emphasis the primacy of the _____ while collectivist cultures emphasise the _____

A

individual, group

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3
Q

Indigenous Psychology promotes psychological approaches that are influenced by the _____ contexts in which people live, that are developed from _____ the culture and that result in locally relevant knowledge

A

cultural, within

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4
Q

Is relatively stable from one generation to the next, but evolves slowly over time, this is known as a

A

cultural shift

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5
Q

Enculturation:

A

the process of absorbing and internalising the rules of one’s culture

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6
Q

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

They study the way in which people are affected by their culture

A

Cultural Psychologist

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7
Q

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

They compare the similarities and differences in behaviour across cultures

A

Cross- cultural psychologists.

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8
Q

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

The approach to cross-cultural psychology that takes a particular theory and applies it to an individual culture is termed

A

Emic perspective

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9
Q

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

The emic perspective is _____-specific. It involves focusing on a specific cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group.

A

culture

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10
Q

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

The ____ perspective involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures

A

Etic perspective

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11
Q

Cultural influence

The universal phenomenon of _____ occurs when all behaviours and actions are judged according to the standards of one’s own culture

A

ethnocentrism

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12
Q

Conceptualising Culture

Individualism-collectivism continuum:

A

The extent to which a given culture favour individual goals or communal goals

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13
Q

Conceptualising Culture

The most popular way of measuring cultural variability is the _____-_____ _____, which looks at the extent to which cultures favour individual goals compared to communal goals

A

Individualism-collectivist continuum

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14
Q

Conceptualising Culture

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are classified as _____ cultures, whereas Western societies are generally _____.

A

collectivist, individualistic

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15
Q

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

This perspective is culture specific and involves focusing on one cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group, and is likely to be the perspective utilised by Cultural Psychologists

A

Emic perspective

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16
Q

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

This perspective is cross-cultural and involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures, and is likely to be the perspective used by Cross-cultural Psychologists.

A

Etic perspective

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17
Q

The Dimensions of Culture

Cultures differ in their time _____ and _____

A

perspective, orientation

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18
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

_____ time is closely regulated and observed

A

Monochronic

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19
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

_____ time is loosely regulated

A

Polychronic

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20
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

Covers such things as the _____ towards time, how much _____ is displayed, and how much _____ space is appropriate during conversations

A

attitude, emotion, interpersonal

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21
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

In monochromic cultures time is divided into _____ segments and are closely _____. People are expected to be punctual

A

linear, regulated

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22
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

Western societies such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States are _____ cultures

A

monochronic

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23
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

In polychronic cultures time is much more _____, people are not expected to be as punctual and _____ attention is paid to deadlines or schedules.

A

fluid, less

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24
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

Parts of the Middle East and South America as well as traditional Aboriginal and Maori societies are _____.

A

polychronic

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25
Q

The Dimensions of Culture

Monochronic cultures are focused on:

A

one task at a time, time is serious, deadlines are met, the schedule controls interactions and activities , time is rigid, divisible and inflexible

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26
Q

The Dimensions of Culture

Polychronic cultures are:

A

fluid, flexible, tasks can operate simultaneously, activities and interactions with each other rules, time is less important.

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27
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Emotion and culture

Although research indicates that basic emotions are _____ (such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger and anxiety), there are cultural differences in relation to the _____ of displaying certain emotions in particular social circumstances.

A

universal, appropriateness

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28
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space

_____ space dimensions include: intimate space, social and consultative space, and public space.

A

Interpersonal

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29
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space

The closest space surrounding a person. This is usually acceptable only for close friends, lovers and family.

A

Intimate space

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30
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space

Social and consultative space is the amount of space people feel comfortable with when interacting socially with ____ as well as _____.

A

acquaintances, strangers

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31
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space

____ space is the distance apart at which people find it hard to interact with others or perceive interactions as largely impersonal.

A

Public

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32
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Emotion and culture

The Rules specify the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social settings

A

Cultural Display Rules

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33
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture

The attention people pay to _____ (that is, the circumstance in which something occurs) is also a significant dimension of _____.

A

context, culture

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34
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture

____ context cultures support considerable differences in behaviours and actions, depending on the prevailing circumstance and pay close attention to non-verbalcommunication cues (e.g., much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa and South America)

A

High,

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35
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture

_____ context cultures emphasise consistency and stability across contexts and tend to rely on fact and logic and are less concerned with relationships. (e.g. North America, Australia and much of Western Europe).

A

Low

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36
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture

Triandis (1995) identified a distinction between ______ and _____ cultures:

A

tight, loose.

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37
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture

Tight vs. Loose Cultures:

A

the extent to which people are expected to adhere to cultural norms

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38
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture

Cultures in which close attention is paid to what people are actually saying or doing, and where this is literally interpreted, are

A

low-context cultures.

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39
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture

Personal or cultural identity will be highly influenced by their experience of _____ or _____

A

Individualism or collectivism.

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40
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture

Which type of culture emphasises the primacy of the individual

A

Individualist

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41
Q

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture

Which cultures stress the group over individuals.

A

Collectivist

42
Q

Cross-cultural Relations

Within multicultural populations, such as those in Australia and New Zealand, many groups define themselves not only by nationality but also by

A

Ethnic Identity

43
Q

An integral part of our personal identity is our:

A

Gender

44
Q

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism

The tendency for a person’s own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world, is known as:

A

Ethnocentrism

45
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

The behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes is:

A

Discrimination

46
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Openly expressed and practiced discrimination against people of particular cultures is known as:

A

Old-fashioned prejudice

47
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Whereas sex refers to _____, _____ refers to the roles and behaviours that a culture deems appropriate for men and women.

A

biology, gender

48
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

the tendency for a person’s own cultural values, standards, attitudes, and behaviours as the measure by which they judge the way other people think and behave.

A

Ethnocentrism

49
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

“Old-fashioned” prejudice is expressed overly and _____ while modern prejudice is much more _____.

A

blatantly, subtle

50
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Aboriginal people inhabited every part of the Australian continent in hundreds of distinct language groups. Among these 250 separate _____, it is estimated there were 600 ______.

A

languages, dialects

51
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

According to social Darwinian theory, the Aboriginal people were viewed as:

A

biologically inferior

52
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Under this view, there was a struggle for survival in which only the “fittest” culture would survive – so the extinction of the Aboriginal people was thought not only inevitable, but even beneficial.

A

Social Darwinian View

53
Q

Multicultural Australia

Which practice did the government endorse to replace protection and segregation?

A

Assimilation

54
Q

Multicultural Australia

The aim of assimilation is the ________ of Aboriginal people into the wider “Australian” way of life

A

enculturation

55
Q

Multicultural Australia

The term haka literally means:

A

To ignite the Breath

56
Q

Promoting Cross-Cultural Interactions

Communication practices are at the heart of which relatively new approach in psychology:

A

Discursive psychology

57
Q

Promoting Cross-Cultural Interactions

Discursive psychology treats the spoken and written realities as contributing to the construction of people’s _____, not just a reflection of underlying _____.

A

text, cognition

58
Q

Cross-cultural Relations

A situation where multiple cultures exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those cultures is significant

A

Multiculturalism

59
Q

Cross-cultural Relations

General acceptance of the existence of many cultures and ethnic groups and their right to retain their cultural heritage while co-existing

A

Pluralism

60
Q

Multicultural Australia

Australia was originally inhabited by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people until _____, when the British dominated the early days of migration

A

1788

61
Q

Multicultural Australia

Apart from the 1850’s _____ rush bringing in nationalities including Chinese, Indians and Afghans, until _____, the British and Europeans dominated migration in Australia.

A

gold, 1970’s

62
Q

Multicultural Australia

Australia’s cultural policy has moved through a number of stages:

A
  • Protection - Integration

- Assimilation - Multiculturalism

63
Q

Multicultural Australia

Currently in Australia:
_ in _ people were born overseas

A

1, 4

64
Q

Multicultural Australia

__% of Australians have at least one parent born overseas

A

43%

65
Q

Multicultural Australia

___% of the total population speak a language other than English at home (including over 60 Indigenous languages

A

16%

66
Q

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism

A number of reactions occur when cultures meet:

A

culture shock

cultural stereotypes

67
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism:

Variables that impact a multicultural society include:

A

cultural stereotyping, ethnocentrism, prejudice and racism

68
Q

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism

A feeling of disorientation and anxiety that occurs as people from one culture encounter and adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of another culture

A

Culture Shock -

69
Q

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism

Generalised views that we hold about particular groups of people, that all members of a cultural group share common traits or behaviours

A

Cultural stereotypes -

70
Q

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism

The four phases of culture shock have been identified

A

Honeymoon – initial euphoria/excitement
Disenchantment – disillusionment/hositility towards new culture
Resolution – recovery as understanding of new culture grows
Functioning – adjustment to, and fit within, new culture

71
Q

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism -Cultural Stereotypes

While cultural stereotypes involve a mixture of positive and negative attributes they lead to three distortions in thinking:

A

Accentuation of group differences (i.e., us and them)
Creation of selective thinking
Assumption of homogeneity in other groups

72
Q

Acculturation and Assimilation

The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture

A

Acculturation

73
Q

Acculturation and Assimilation

Absorption into the dominant culture

A

Assimilation

74
Q

Acculturation and Assimilation

Maintenance of two distinct cultural identities within a multicultural society

A

Alternation

75
Q

Acculturation and Assimilation

Combining two cultures to form a new culture

A

Fusion

76
Q

Acculturation and Assimilation

Acculturation is a growing field of study and is defined as the changes that individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture.

A

Acculturation

77
Q

Culture and identity today

People from a particular culture use their own values, standards, attitudes and behaviours as a yard stick against which they judge the way other people think and behave. Their own lifestyle is viewed as ‘normal’, while the lifestyles of other cultures are viewed as strange and often inferior.

A

Ethnocentrism

78
Q

Education and Culture

An unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group (negative pre-judgement based on group membership)

A

Prejudice

79
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Negative stereotypes about members of another racial or cultural group

A

Racial prejudice:

80
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Studies have shown that prejudice is often associated with low ____-____.

A

self-esteem

81
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Pervasive and systematic assumption of inferiority and the unfair and differential treatment of others based on this assumption of inferiority

A

Racism

82
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes

A

Discrimination:

83
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

The fear or hatred of foreigners, or anything foreign or unfamiliar

A

Xenophobia -

84
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Historically, discrimination against people of particular cultures was expressed and practised _____

A

openly

85
Q

Impact of Multiculturalism

Indigenous Australians were not allowed to vote until

A

1962

86
Q

Reducing Prejudice

The Australian Psychological Society made the following recommendations to reduce prejudice
in 1998 on four levels.

A

Macro level
Institutional level
Psychology
Individual

87
Q

Reducing Prejudice

The following are ____ level recommendations

  • Federal and state government legislation, policy and funding aimed at reducing racism and discrimination.
  • Public statements that condemn racism should be put forward in the media to promote social change.
A

Macro level

88
Q

Reducing Prejudice

The following are ____ level recommendations

  • Institutions, professions and community groups should review their own policies and practices on racism
  • Institutions should conduct anti-racism training programs that promote intercultural understanding
A

Institutional level

89
Q

Reducing Prejudice

The following are ____ level recommendations

  • The discipline and profession of psychology should formally rebut any assertion that reinforces attribution biases or any statement that asserts racial superiority or inferiority on any psychological attribute
  • APS accredited programs in undergraduate psychology should include courses on cross-cultural issues
A

Psychology

90
Q

Reducing Prejudice

The following are ____ level recommendations
- Individuals can contribute by becoming active members of groups that encourage tolerance and committing a certain amount of time to these issues

A

Individual

91
Q

Reducing Prejudice

Mutual cooperation on common goals through informal interpersonal interactions is thought to break down barriers

A

The Contact Hypothesis:

92
Q

Indigenous Psychology

The original inhabitants of a land or country, who in most cases now share their traditional homeland with others

A

Indigenous peoples

93
Q

Indigenous Psychology

The objectives of indigenous psychology are to develop psychologies:

A

That are not imposed
That are influenced by cultural context
That are developed from within the culture
That result in locally relevant knowledge

94
Q

Indigenous Psychology - Six targets to:
Close the life expectancy gap within a generation
½ the gap in child mortality rates within a decade
Access to early childhood education within 5 years for remote communities
½ the gap in reading, writing and numeracy within a decade
½ the gap in Yr 12 attainment by 2020
½ the gap in employment outcomes within a decade

A

closing the gap

95
Q

Aboriginal Identity

Enabling Indigenous Australian people to establish their own identity and make decisions on their own futures – has been suggested as a key

A

Self-determination

96
Q

Non Verbal Communication

Nonverbal behaviours that accompany our communications are the source of considerable cross-cultural confusion.

A 
Kinesics: gestures, facial expressions
Oculesics: eye contact
Haptics: touch
Proxemics: distance
Chronemics: time
Vocalics: pitch, volume, tempo
97
Q

Non Verbal Communication

How does this impact the loss of Aboriginal languages?
Language and culture are inextricably linked:
Culture influences language (through thoughts, motives and behaviours)
The use of language reinforces culture

A

The loss of language is a key factor in the
loss of Aboriginal culture – and it cannot be
replaced

98
Q

Culture and Language

The ___-_____ hypothesis suggests that speakers of different languages think differently because of the differences in their languages

A

Sapir-Whorf

99
Q

Culturally Competent Psychologists

a person’s effectiveness in communicating and behaving appropriately with people from another culture

A

Cultural competence

100
Q

Culturally Competent Psychologists

Cultural competence Involves understanding AND the practical application of this knowledge
Is an _____ responsibility of psychologists

A

ethical

Psych 101 (11 decks)

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