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Psychology 1010 > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

the study of how people influence other people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions

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2
Q

Social Brain Hypothesis

A

group size is correlated to neocortex size, our brain as humans is larger to accommodate for all the social knowledge we need to know in order to be successful specie members.

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3
Q

Ingroup

A

the group to which one belongs

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4
Q

Outgroup

A

the group to which one does not belong

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5
Q

Two critical conditions for group formation

A

reciprocity
transitivity

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6
Q

Reciprocity

A

if person A helps or harms person B, then person B will help or harm person A.
People treat others as others treat them

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7
Q

Transitivity

A

people generally share their friends’ opinions of other people

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8
Q

Outgroup homogeneity effect

A

the tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members.
you may look at another group and think they’re but see diversity in your own group. The other group may do the same thing for your group

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9
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

Ingroup individuals perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership.
Defining yourself by your group status is part of your social identity

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10
Q

Ingroup Favoritism

A

the tendency for people to evaluate favorable and privilege members of the ingroup

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11
Q

Minimal group paradigm

A

Even when people are randomly assigned to a group and there are no real connections (or the connections are arbitrary), they still show favoritism to their group members

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12
Q

Dehumanization

A

seeing outgroup members as less human than ingroup members

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13
Q

Mere presence effect

A

the presence of others generally enhances arousal and affects performance

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14
Q

Social facilitation

A

if the task is practiced and easy, the presence of others will improve the performance.
if the task is difficult, the presence of others will impair performance

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15
Q

Deindividuation

A

an individual in a group experiences a weakened sense of personal identity and diminished self awareness

-facilitated by being able to be anonymous
-facilitated by having an assigned role
-facilitated by the presence of other people.

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16
Q

Risky-shift effect

A

groups often make riskier decisions than individuals do

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17
Q

Group Polarization

A

the process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time

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18
Q

Groupthink

A

an extreme form of group polarization where groups make bad decisions as a result of trying to preserve the group and maintain its cohesiveness
- the group doesn’t process all the info
- dissent is discouraged
- group members assure each other they are doing the right thing

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19
Q

Social Loafing

A

the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone

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20
Q

Conformity

A

the altering of one’s behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to math other people’s expectations

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21
Q

Normative Influence

A

the tendency for people to conform in order to fit in with the group

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22
Q

Informational Influence

A

the tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond

23
Q

Things that affect conformity

A

small group size
unanimity increases conformity
other group members dissenting from the majority reduces conformity

24
Q

Compliance

A

the tendency to agree to do things requested by others

25
Q

Factors that increase compliance

A

-being in a good mood
-failure to pay attention
-failure to fully consider options

26
Q

Obedience

A

when a person follows the orders of a person of authority

27
Q

Milgram’s research

A

(the shocking another person experiment)
ordinary people may do horrible things when ordered to do so by an authority

28
Q

Agression

A

any behavior that involves the intention to harm another

29
Q

MAOA in agression

A

-regulates serotonin
-serotonin affects amygdala activity
-NOT a violence gene
-appears to make individuals susceptible to environmental risk factors associated with antisocial behaviors

30
Q

Testosterone and agression

A

-has a modest correlation with aggression
-may the the result and not the cause of aggression
-winners experience high levels of testosterone
-losers experience low levels of testosterone

31
Q

Culture of Honoe

A

a belief system in which men are primed to protect their reputation through physical aggression

32
Q

Bystander Intervention Effect

A

the failure to offer help when other people are present

33
Q

Four major reasons for the bystander intervention effect

A

-diffusion of responsibility
-fear of making social blunders in ambiguous situations
-people are less likely to help when they are anonymous and can remain so
-people weigh the costs versus benefits of helping

34
Q

Prosocial Behaviors

A

actions that tend to benefit others, such as doing favors or helping

35
Q

Why are we prosocial animals

A
  • motivated by empathy
  • selfish motives (relieve one’s negative mood, maintain social status)
  • inborn tendency to help others
36
Q

Altruism

A

providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so

37
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

an explanation for altruism that focuses on the adaptive benefit of transmitting genes, such as through kin selection, rather than focusing on individual survival (the desire for family survival so your genes live on)

38
Q

Group Cooperation

A

competition = hostility
cooperation = less hostility

39
Q

Attitudes

A

people’s evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas

40
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

an uncomfortable mental state resulting from a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and behavior

41
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Study

A

the extremely boring task study
-20$ to lie thought it was less fun
-1$ to lie thought it was more fun

42
Q

Attributions

A

people’s explanations for why events or actions occur

43
Q

Personal Attributions

A

explanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts (they’re smart)

44
Q

Situational Attributions

A

explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions (they must have a family emergency)

45
Q

Correspondence Bias

A

the tendency to expect that people’s actions correspond with their beliefs and personalities

46
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

in explaining other people’s behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors

47
Q

Actor/Observer Discrepancy

A

people focus on situations to explain their own behaviors while focusing on dispositions to explain other people’s behavior.

48
Q

Stereotypes

A

cognitive schemas that help us organize information about people on the basis of their membership in certain groups

49
Q

Prejudice

A

negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype

50
Q

Discrimination

A

the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice

51
Q

Illusory Correlations

A

an example of the psychological reasoning error of seeing relationships that do not exist (all women are bad at math)

52
Q

Subtyping

A

when people encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, they put that person in a special category rather than alter the stereotype (they must be the exception)

53
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

believing something should happen so you take actions so that it does (bank failure in the great depression - people thought the banks would fail so they withdrew their money causing the banks to fail) (placebo effect)

54
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

when a person is influenced by negative stereotyped against them. they believe the worst about themselves and it affects their actions

Psychology 1010 (15 decks)

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