SOCIAL PSY Flashcards
scientific attempt to explain how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings
social psychology (Fiske, 2014)
______ are important for survival
groups (House et al., 1998)
having some ___ ____ is about the only objective factor found to correlate with subjective well being
social ties (Baumeister, 1991)
problems in ______ _____ predict poor health
close relationships (Stansfield et al., 1998)
People with poor ____ _____ are more likely to kill themselves
social networks (Berkman et al., 2000)
People who feel socially excluded are more to to -
substance use
aggression
eating disorder
(SAE)
people’s self esteem depends on their assessment of their degree of personal acceptance by others
Sociomotor hypothesis (Leary et al., 1995)
Personal exclusion from social groups correlates with ____ and _______.
anxiety ; depression (Baumeister, 1990)
any changes in beliefs, attitudes, or behavior that results from interpersonal interaction
social influence
______ influence - trying to get to objective reality - develop a shared understanding
informational
_____ influence - trying to elicit the approval from others - gaining social rewards and avoiding social punishment
going along to get along
normative influence (Turner, 1995)
As of 19__, ____ studies has used Asch’s paradigm
average participant conforms __ % of the time
94
94
29%
in Asch’s study, under usual circumstances, individuals made mistakes __% of the time
under group pressure - __% of the time
1%
37%
people’s perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others
what ought to be / morality
motivation is sanction avoidance
injunctive norms
perceptions of how people actually behave
what is
motivates action by informing people of what is generally seen as effective or adaptive
descriptive norm
positive or negative judgment of an attitude object
attitude
sheer frequency of encountering an initially neutral or positive stimulus, enhances evaluations of it
mere exposure (Zajonc, 1968)
Exposure - Attention - Comprehension
McGuire’s (1969) information processing stages
persuasion sometimes operates by simple and effortless shortcuts
people w/ limited time or knowledge have reduced capacity for thoughtful processing
reliance on heuristics
- length = strength
- consensus = correct
- experts can be trusted
Heuristic - Systematic Model (Chaiken, 1980)
Dual Process Persuasion Model
peripheral - includes heuristics and other shortcuts
central - processing of message info.
various persuasion variables (source, message, content, recipient) act to increase or decrease the likelihood of thinking about some form of persuasive communication
Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty, 1981)
route of attitude change - person’s diligent consideration of information he/she feels is central to the true merits of a particular situation
central route of persuasion (Petty, 1983)
route of attitude change - making a simple inference - associated w/ positive or negative cue
peripheral route of persuasion (Petty, 1983)
process by which people explain why someone did something - focus on how people infer causality
dispositional or situational
Heider (1958) attribution theory
focused on motivation part of Heider’s theory - how people decide that an action reflects an intention
socially desirable - reveals little about disposition
focus on extraordinary dispositions - what set people apart
- accounts for the degree to which 1 behavior or choice reflects disposition
focus on consequence of one behavior - socially desirable - unique
Jones (1965) correspondent inference theory
focus on the correlation of actions and their potential causes as key to attribution
accounts for repeated observations - looking for consistency over time
ask about consensus - then ask about distinctiveness
consistency over time is important
Kelly’s (1967) Covaration Theory
broad tendency to see behavior as corresponding to dispositions
correspondence bias (Jones, 1990)
overestimation of the importance of dispositional factors relative to environmental causes
fundamental attribution error (Lee Ross, 1977)
people do work faster in the presence of others when they have a well-practiced or dominant response
social facilitation (Zajonc, 1965)
results from people matching the performance of the least productive group member
productivity loss (Paulus, 1993)
loss of motivation and effort in group tasks
- lack of incentive
- contribution as costly
- perspective as dispensable
- no accountability
- expectations for others is high
- task is unpleasant
social loafing (Latane et al., 1979)
enjoying group benefits w/o having to make an effort to contribute
free riding (Kerr, 1983)
wanting to avoid the risk of being the only one to invest in contributing to the benefit of the group
sucker effect
failure of groups to consider all available and relevant information in making decisions
- leaders are biased
- procedures unclear
- members are homogenous
- social attraction
- shared info.
groupthink (Janis, 1972)
people do not act as individuals, and inner restraints against counter normative behavior fall away - leading to mob behavior
- anonymous
- low individual responsibility
- ill-defined situations
Deindividuation
applying to an individual one’s cognitive expectations and associations about the group
stereotyping
reacting emotionally to an individual on the basis of one’s feelings about the group as a whole - an attitude
prejudice
acting on the basis of one’s stereotypes and prejudices
discrimination
research measures used for assessing stereotypes
questionnaires about attitudes coding facial expressions measures of brain activity in emotion speed of response (IAT) how people form small groups competitive games in lab setting behavioral choices (who to help, hurt)
people can save resources by using stereotypes - cut corners when trying to make sense of others
Cognitive miser (Fiske, 1984)
people tend to view good actions as intrinsic to the group - bad actions as meaningless
ultimate attribution error (Pettigrew, 1979)
any behavior whose proximate intent is harm to another person - injury must be the intent
Aggression (Berkowitz, 1993)
harm as a means to another end
instrumental aggression
harm as the primary goal
hostile aggression
instigator - take initiative to harm
proactive aggression
response to a perceived threat
reactive aggression
attraction = _______
familiarity
_____ correlates high with liking and loving
eye contact
most powerful predictor of attraction
reciprocity - people like others who like them (Kenny, 1994)
love has 3 components - name them
intimacy - feeling close
passion - romance
commitment - maintaining love
(Sternburg, 1986)
behavior intended to benefit others
pro-social behavior (Schroeder et al., 1995)
3 types of social motivation - name them
egoism ; collectivism ; altruism
self interest as motive for prosocial behavior
egoism
group’s welfare as central motive for helping
collectivism
prosocial behavior that is “motivated mainly out of a consideration of another’s needs rather than one’s own”
- involves self-sacrificed costs
helping independent of hoped reward
altruism (Charng, 1990)
a boost of _____ increased helpfulness tendencies
glucose (DeWall et al., 2008)
