Cognitive BASES Flashcards
corresponds to an information processing model (like a computer)
input, process, output
two-store memory model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)
in the two store memory model, information processing begins when a ____ impinges on at least 1 ____
stimulus, sense
______ _____ ______ regulates the flow of information throughout
control executive processes - 2 store memory model
the concept of _____ _____ was originally left of of the 1968 model
sensory memory - (2 store memory model)
consists of several stores - one for each sense - hold information for a short period of time
sensory store (2 store memory model)
forgetting in the 2 store memory model occurs due to _____ or _____
decay or displacement
mode of storage for STM - works best with sounds - up to 20 seconds - requires rehearsal (7+/-2)
short term store (2 store memory model)
capacity is unlimited - mode of storage depends on meaningfulness - rehearsing info. via the rehearsal loop help to retain info
long term memory store (2 store memory model)
replaced STM with WM
- proposed different systems for different types of information
Baddeley 1974
boss of the WM - drives the whole system
decides what information is attended to / what parts of WM to send information to
central executive (Baddeley)
the central executive is comprised of 2 subsystems - name them
phonological loop
visuo-spatial sketch pad
part of the central executive that deals with spoken and written material
phonological loop
name the two parts of the phonological loop
phonological store
articulatory control process
inner ear - linked to speech perception
phonological store
inner voice - linked to speech production - used for rehearsal
articulatory control process
stores and processes information in visual or spatial form - used for spatial navigation - helps us keep tack of where we are in relation to other objects
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
the original WM model (1974) was updated by ______ in _____
Baddeley 2000
in the year 2000, Baddeley introduced the _____ _____, which acts as a backup store that communicates with both LTM and components of WM
provides a medium that allows features from different sources to be bound in chunks
Episodic buffer
in the year _____, Baddeley updated components of the phonological loop
2012
2012 update to the phonological loop -
- item information may be helped by similarity since it places constraints on possible responses
phonological similarity effect
2012 update to the phonological loop -
- longer words take longer to rehearse - resulting in more decay and poorer recall
Word length effect
facts, beliefs, scripts, organized passages
declarative knowledge
declarative knowledge is represented in _____
chunks
_____ and _____ help improve encoding and retrieval of declarative knowledge
meaningfulness and organization
skills, procedures, languages
procedural memory
procedural memory is stored as a _____ system
production
3 phases of procedural knowledge - name them
cognitive - acquire declarative knowledge
associative - procedural knowledge developed due to exercise
autonomous - automatic process
declarative memory can be divided into _____ and _______ memory
episodic / semantic
type of declarative memory - our experiences and specific events in time
episodic
type of declarative memory - structured record of facts, meaning, concepts
semantic
index of mental effort that represents the number of non automatic elaboration (WM) necessary to solve a problem
cognitive load (Salomon, 1984)
2 types of cognitive load - name them
intrinsic
extrinsic
characteristics of automaticity - name them
occurs w/o attention
not subject to conscious monitoring
utilizes few, if any, resources
(Feldon, 2007)
high levels of test anxiety are ____ correlated with academic performance
negatively
the adverse effects of anxiety are most apparent on the ____ functions of WM, in particular the ____ and ______ functions
executive -
inhibition / shifting
high _____ is associated with impaired processing efficiency (attention)
anxiety
anxiety results in shorter _____ durations - leading to less confidence in memory
encoding
higher levels of anxiety correlate with lower levels of ______ anxiety
intrinsic
anxiety has a “__” shape effect on learning
U
depression results in low _____ motivation
approach
people with depression has weak ____ commitment
goal
_____ speed is slower for individuals that are depressed
processing
depression impairs the ability to create ____ _____ ______ - comes down to a lack of attention and concentration
LTM
_____ is intimately linked with self regulation
motivation
_____ ______ positively affect organization of academic study time and improve self efficacy
positive emotions
____ ____ learning positively predicts academic achievement
self regulated
higher order cognition - deliberate conscious control of cognitive activity
metacognition (Brown, 1980)
theory - students attribute success and failures to these 4 variables most often
attribution theory of achievement (Weiner, 1971)
ability, effort, task difficulty, luck
two dimensions of the attribution theory of achievement - name them
internal or external
stable / unstable
process where learners systematically direct their thoughts, feelings, and actions toward the attainment of a goal
self regulation (Zimmerman, 1998)
Zimmerman proposed that self regulation encompasses 3 phases - name them
forethought , performance control, self reflection
