Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior (CH8) Flashcards
Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks) and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks).
Social Facilitation (Yerkes-Dodson)
When the presence of a large group provides anonymity and causes a loss of individual identity.
Deindividuation
Deindividuation can lead to behavior against the norm. This is called?
Antinormative Behavior
A phenomenon that occurs in social groups wherein individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present (the more people standing by, the less likely any one of those people is to help).
Bystander Effect
Refers to the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually (ex. group project).
Social Loafing
Social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual.
Peer Pressure
When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group. To eliminate internal conflict from two opposing ideas, the individual will adopt the stands of the group as their own.
Identity Shift Effect
The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions.
Cognitive Dissonance
Describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group.
Group Polarization
Refers to a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision.
Groupthink
A behavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community.
Fad
Refers to a shared, intense concern about the threats to a society.
Mass Hysteria
The beliefs, behaviors, actions and characteristics of a group or society of people.
Culture
The process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group.
Assimilation
Refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures.
Multiculturism
Refer to groups of people within a culture that distinquish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.
Subcultures
The process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs. Individuals gain the knowledge, skills, habits, and behaviors that are necessary for inclusion in society.
Socialization
The manner in which a society socializes its members.
Cultural Transmission/Cultural Learning
The spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture.
Cultural Diffusion
Occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity.
Primary Socialization
Is the process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society.
Secondary Socialization
Is the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations or relationships.
Anticipatory Socialization
Another process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change, and have positive or negative connotations.
Resocialization
Widely observed social norms.
Mores
Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions (ex. shaking hands after a sports match).
Folkways
Any act that goes against societal norms, rules or expectations within a society (not necessarily negative).
Deviance
The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society. These deviations from the norm can include differernces in beliefs, abilities, behaviors and appearance.
Stigmas
This theory posits that the labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self image.
Labeling Theory
This theory posits that deviance can be learned through interactions with others. Intimate exposure to others who engage in deviant behavior lays the groundwork for one to engage in deviant behavior him or herself.
Differential Association Theory
This theory attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure.
Strain Theory
The desire to fit into a group because of the fear of rejection.
Normative Conformity
Changing of one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group.
Internalization
Refers to the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas.
Identification
Matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms.
Conformity
A change in behavior based on direct request.
Compliance
A small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made.
Foot-In-The-Door Technique
Where a large request is made first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made.
Door-In-The-Face Technique
A requester will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment.
Lowball Technique
An individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than she expected.
That’s-Not-All Technique
Changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure.
Obediance
