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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Motivation, Emotion, and Stress (CH5) > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, and Stress (CH5) Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

External forces that come from outside oneself. This can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved.

A

Extrinsic Motivation

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2
Q

Motivation that comes from within oneself; this can be driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment.

A

Intrinsic Motivation

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3
Q

Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.

A

Instincts

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4
Q

People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts.

A

Instinct Theory of Motivation

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5
Q

The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. Involves the brainstem, ANS, and endocrine system, and plays a vital role in behavior and cognition.

A

Arousal

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6
Q

This theory states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimal level, and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimum level.

A

Arousal Theory

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7
Q

This postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. Essentially, performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of aousal and optimal at some intermediate level.

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law

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8
Q

Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals. Thought to originate within an individual without requiring any external factors to motivate behavior.

A

Drives

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9
Q

The need for food, water, and warmth. Motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.

A

Primary Drives

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10
Q

Homeostasis is usually controlled by ________ ________ loops?

A

Negative Feedback

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11
Q

Drives that are not directly related to biological processes are called? These motivate us to fufill nonbiological, emotional, or “learned” desires.

A

Secondary Drives

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12
Q

This theory explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.

A

Drive Reduction Theory

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13
Q

What did Abraham Maslow establish after observing that certain needs yield a greater influence on our motivation?

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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14
Q

This theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Theorists explain that these three needs must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.

A

Self-Determination Theory

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15
Q

This theory explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.

A

Incentive Theory

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16
Q

This theory states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal.

A

Expectancy-Value Theory

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17
Q

What are four primary factors that influence motivation?

A
  • Instincts
  • Arousal
  • Drives
  • Needs
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18
Q

A theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use.

A

Opponent-Process Theory

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19
Q

A natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood or relationships with others.

A

Emotion

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20
Q

What are three elements of emotion?

A
  1. Physiological Response
  2. Behavioral Response
  3. Cognitive Response
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21
Q

What are universal emotions?

A
  • Fear
  • Anger
  • Happiness
  • Surprise
  • Joy
  • Disgust
  • Sadness
22
Q

This theory states that a stimulus results first in phsyiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled (ex. I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high).

A

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

23
Q

This theory states that cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur at the same time, and results in a behavioral component of emotion or action (ex. I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing….let me out of here!).

A

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

24
Q

This theory states that both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on enviornment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced (ex. I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy).

A

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion (AKA Cognitive Arousal Theory or Two Factor Theory)

25
Q

What are parts of the limbic system?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Hippocampus
  • Fornix
  • Septal Nuclei and Parts of the Cerebral Cortex
26
Q

A small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. This region is also associated with fear and plays a role in human emotion through the interpretation of facial expressions.

A

Amygdala

27
Q

This part of the brain functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.

A

Thalamus

28
Q

This part of the brain is located below the thalamus and synthesizes + releases a variety of neurotransmitters.

A

Hypothalamus

29
Q

This part of the brain is located within the temporal lobe and is primarily involved in creating long term memories.

A

Hippocampus

30
Q

The memory of experiencing the actual emotion (ex. remembering that you were happy at your high school graduation).

A

Conscious (Explicit) Memory

31
Q

This memory is the storage of actual feelings of emotion associated with an event. When experiencing a similar event later on, these emotions may be retrieved (ex. PTSD).

A

Unconscious (Implicit) Memory (AKA Emotional Memory)

32
Q

This part of the brain is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions.

A

Prefrontal Cortex

33
Q

This part of the brain is associated with attention and cognition for experiencing emotion.

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

34
Q

This part of the brain is thought to play a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala. It also connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.

A

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

35
Q

The personal (subjective) evaluation of a situation that induces stress.

A

Cognitive Appraisal

36
Q

The initial evaluation of the enviornment and the associated threat. The appraisal can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.

A

Primary Appraisal

37
Q

This appraisal is about evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress. This involves the evaluation of three things: harm or damage, threat and challenge.

A

Secondary Appraisal

38
Q

The experience of unpleasant stressors.

A

Distress

39
Q

The experience of positive stressors.

A

Eustress

40
Q

The sequence of physiological responses called “General Adaptation Syndrome” was developed by whom?

A

Hans Selye

41
Q

What are the three distinct stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhuastion
42
Q

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, and acceptance of facts.

A

Self Actualization

43
Q

Self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, and respect by others.

A

Esteem

44
Q

Friendship, family, and sexual intimacy.

A

Love or Belonging

45
Q

Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property.

A

Safety

46
Q

Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion.

A

Physiological

47
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Physiological > Safety > Love/Belonging > Esteem > Self Actualization

48
Q

The need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas.

A

Autonomy

49
Q

The need to complete and excel at difficult tasks.

A

Competence

50
Q

The need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.

A

Relatedness

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (12 decks)

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