Motivation, Emotion, and Stress (CH5)

Question 1

External forces that come from outside oneself. This can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved.

Answer 1

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 2

Motivation that comes from within oneself; this can be driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment.

Answer 2

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 3

Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.

Answer 3

Instincts

Question 4

People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts.

Answer 4

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Question 5

The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. Involves the brainstem, ANS, and endocrine system, and plays a vital role in behavior and cognition.

Answer 5

Arousal

Question 6

This theory states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimal level, and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimum level.

Answer 6

Arousal Theory

Question 7

This postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. Essentially, performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of aousal and optimal at some intermediate level.

Answer 7

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Question 8

Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals. Thought to originate within an individual without requiring any external factors to motivate behavior.

Answer 8

Drives

Question 9

The need for food, water, and warmth. Motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.

Answer 9

Primary Drives

Question 10

Homeostasis is usually controlled by ________ ________ loops?

Answer 10

Negative Feedback

Question 11

Drives that are not directly related to biological processes are called? These motivate us to fufill nonbiological, emotional, or “learned” desires.

Answer 11

Secondary Drives

Question 12

This theory explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.

Answer 12

Drive Reduction Theory

Question 13

What did Abraham Maslow establish after observing that certain needs yield a greater influence on our motivation?

Answer 13

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Question 14

This theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Theorists explain that these three needs must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.

Answer 14

Self-Determination Theory

Question 15

This theory explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.

Answer 15

Incentive Theory

Question 16

This theory states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal.

Answer 16

Expectancy-Value Theory

Question 17

What are four primary factors that influence motivation?

Answer 17

• Instincts
• Arousal
• Drives
• Needs

Question 18

A theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use.

Answer 18

Opponent-Process Theory

Question 19

A natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood or relationships with others.

Answer 19

Emotion

Question 20

What are three elements of emotion?

Answer 20

1. Physiological Response
2. Behavioral Response
3. Cognitive Response

Question 21

What are universal emotions?

Answer 21

• Fear
• Anger
• Happiness
• Surprise
• Joy
• Disgust
• Sadness

Question 22

This theory states that a stimulus results first in phsyiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled (ex. I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high).

Answer 22

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Question 23

This theory states that cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur at the same time, and results in a behavioral component of emotion or action (ex. I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing….let me out of here!).

Answer 23

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Question 24

This theory states that both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on enviornment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced (ex. I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy).

Answer 24

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion (AKA Cognitive Arousal Theory or Two Factor Theory)

Question 25

What are parts of the limbic system?

Answer 25

- Amygdala - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Hippocampus - Fornix - Septal Nuclei and Parts of the Cerebral Cortex

Question 26

A small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. This region is also associated with fear and plays a role in human emotion through the interpretation of facial expressions.

Answer 26

Amygdala

Question 27

This part of the brain functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.

Answer 27

Thalamus

Question 28

This part of the brain is located below the thalamus and synthesizes + releases a variety of neurotransmitters.

Answer 28

Hypothalamus

Question 29

This part of the brain is located within the temporal lobe and is primarily involved in creating long term memories.

Answer 29

Hippocampus

Question 30

The memory of experiencing the actual emotion (ex. remembering that you were happy at your high school graduation).

Answer 30

Conscious (Explicit) Memory

Question 31

This memory is the storage of actual feelings of emotion associated with an event. When experiencing a similar event later on, these emotions may be retrieved (ex. PTSD).

Answer 31

Unconscious (Implicit) Memory (AKA Emotional Memory)

Question 32

This part of the brain is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions.

Answer 32

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 33

This part of the brain is associated with attention and cognition for experiencing emotion.

Answer 33

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Question 34

This part of the brain is thought to play a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala. It also connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.

Answer 34

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Question 35

The personal (subjective) evaluation of a situation that induces stress.

Answer 35

Cognitive Appraisal

Question 36

The initial evaluation of the enviornment and the associated threat. The appraisal can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.

Answer 36

Primary Appraisal

Question 37

This appraisal is about evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress. This involves the evaluation of three things: harm or damage, threat and challenge.

Answer 37

Secondary Appraisal

Question 38

The experience of unpleasant stressors.

Answer 38

Distress

Question 39

The experience of positive stressors.

Answer 39

Eustress

Question 40

The sequence of physiological responses called "General Adaptation Syndrome" was developed by whom?

Answer 40

Hans Selye

Question 41

What are the three distinct stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 41

1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhuastion

Question 42

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, and acceptance of facts.

Answer 42

Self Actualization

Question 43

Self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, and respect by others.

Answer 43

Esteem

Question 44

Friendship, family, and sexual intimacy.

Answer 44

Love or Belonging

Question 45

Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property.

Answer 45

Safety

Question 46

Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion.

Answer 46

Physiological

Question 47

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 47

Physiological > Safety > Love/Belonging > Esteem > Self Actualization

Question 48

The need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas.

Answer 48

Autonomy

Question 49

The need to complete and excel at difficult tasks.

Answer 49

Competence

Question 50

The need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.

Answer 50

Relatedness