Motivation, Emotion, and Stress (CH5) Flashcards
External forces that come from outside oneself. This can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from within oneself; this can be driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment.
Intrinsic Motivation
Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.
Instincts
People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts.
Instinct Theory of Motivation
The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. Involves the brainstem, ANS, and endocrine system, and plays a vital role in behavior and cognition.
Arousal
This theory states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimal level, and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimum level.
Arousal Theory
This postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. Essentially, performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of aousal and optimal at some intermediate level.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals. Thought to originate within an individual without requiring any external factors to motivate behavior.
Drives
The need for food, water, and warmth. Motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.
Primary Drives
Homeostasis is usually controlled by ________ ________ loops?
Negative Feedback
Drives that are not directly related to biological processes are called? These motivate us to fufill nonbiological, emotional, or “learned” desires.
Secondary Drives
This theory explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.
Drive Reduction Theory
What did Abraham Maslow establish after observing that certain needs yield a greater influence on our motivation?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
This theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Theorists explain that these three needs must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.
Self-Determination Theory
This theory explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.
Incentive Theory
This theory states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal.
Expectancy-Value Theory
What are four primary factors that influence motivation?
- Instincts
- Arousal
- Drives
- Needs
A theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use.
Opponent-Process Theory
A natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood or relationships with others.
Emotion
What are three elements of emotion?
- Physiological Response
- Behavioral Response
- Cognitive Response
What are universal emotions?
- Fear
- Anger
- Happiness
- Surprise
- Joy
- Disgust
- Sadness
This theory states that a stimulus results first in phsyiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled (ex. I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high).
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
This theory states that cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur at the same time, and results in a behavioral component of emotion or action (ex. I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing….let me out of here!).
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
This theory states that both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on enviornment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced (ex. I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy).
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion (AKA Cognitive Arousal Theory or Two Factor Theory)
What are parts of the limbic system?
- Amygdala
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Hippocampus
- Fornix
- Septal Nuclei and Parts of the Cerebral Cortex
A small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. This region is also associated with fear and plays a role in human emotion through the interpretation of facial expressions.
Amygdala
This part of the brain functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.
Thalamus
This part of the brain is located below the thalamus and synthesizes + releases a variety of neurotransmitters.
Hypothalamus
This part of the brain is located within the temporal lobe and is primarily involved in creating long term memories.
Hippocampus
The memory of experiencing the actual emotion (ex. remembering that you were happy at your high school graduation).
Conscious (Explicit) Memory
This memory is the storage of actual feelings of emotion associated with an event. When experiencing a similar event later on, these emotions may be retrieved (ex. PTSD).
Unconscious (Implicit) Memory (AKA Emotional Memory)
This part of the brain is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions.
Prefrontal Cortex
This part of the brain is associated with attention and cognition for experiencing emotion.
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
This part of the brain is thought to play a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala. It also connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
The personal (subjective) evaluation of a situation that induces stress.
Cognitive Appraisal
The initial evaluation of the enviornment and the associated threat. The appraisal can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.
Primary Appraisal
This appraisal is about evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress. This involves the evaluation of three things: harm or damage, threat and challenge.
Secondary Appraisal
The experience of unpleasant stressors.
Distress
The experience of positive stressors.
Eustress
The sequence of physiological responses called “General Adaptation Syndrome” was developed by whom?
Hans Selye
What are the three distinct stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?
- Alarm
- Resistance
- Exhuastion
Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, and acceptance of facts.
Self Actualization
Self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, and respect by others.
Esteem
Friendship, family, and sexual intimacy.
Love or Belonging
Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property.
Safety
Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion.
Physiological
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological > Safety > Love/Belonging > Esteem > Self Actualization
The need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas.
Autonomy
The need to complete and excel at difficult tasks.
Competence
The need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.
Relatedness
