Learning and Memory (CH3)

Question 1

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response called?

Answer 1

Habituation

Question 2

The recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred.

Answer 2

Dishabituation

Question 3

The creation of a pairing, or association, between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response.

Answer 3

Associative Learning

Question 4

A type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli (ex. neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus).

Answer 4

Classical Conditioning (AKA acquisition)

Question 5

When a stimulus that brings about an innate reflexive response is?

Answer 5

Unconditioned Stimulus/Response

Question 6

How does extinction of a conditioned stimulus happen?

Answer 6

If it is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organism will become habituated.

Question 7

If an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again and there is a weak conditioned response, what is this phenomenon called?

Answer 7

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 8

A broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can produce the conditioned response.

Answer 8

Generalization

Question 9

This is when an organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli (ex. Dog can differentiate types of bell rings in Pavlov experiment).

Answer 9

Discrimination

Question 10

A type of associative learning that links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors.

Answer 10

Operant Conditioning

Question 11

This increases the likelihood that a behavior will be performed.

Answer 11

Reinforcement

Question 12

This uses conditioning to reduce the occurance of a behavior.

Answer 12

Punishment

Question 13

The behavior of reducing the unpleasantness of something that already exists.

Answer 13

Escape Learning

Question 14

The behavior of preventing the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen.

Answer 14

Avoidance Learning

Question 15

Indicates that reward is potentially available in an operant conditioning paradigm.

Answer 15

Discriminitive Stimulus

Question 16

Rules or laws made in a society can be used to reinforce or punish behavior.

Answer 16

Formal Sanctions

Question 17

Ostracization, praise and shunning can be used to reinforce or punish social behavior without depending on rules established by social institutions. This is called?

Answer 17

Informal Sanctions

Question 18

With this type of reinforcement schedule, researchers might reward a rat with a food pellet every third time it presses the bar in its cage.

Answer 18

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Question 19

With this type of reinforcement schedule, researchers might reward a rat first after two button presses, then eight, then four, then finally six.

Answer 19

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Question 20

With this type of reinforecement schedule, once our rat gets a pellet, it has to wait 60 seconds before it can get another pellet. The first lever press after 60 seconds gets a pellet, but subsequent presses during those 60 seconds accomplishes noting.

Answer 20

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Question 21

With this type of reinforcement schedule, our rat might have to wait 90 seconds, then 30 seconds, then three minutes. In each case, once the interval elapses, the next press gets the rat the pellet.

Answer 21

Variable-Interval Schedule

Question 22

The process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors.

Answer 22

Shaping

Question 23

Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced.

Answer 23

Latent Learning

Question 24

Learning a behavior that coincides with an animal’s natural behavior (ex. a bird pecking for food).

Answer 24

Preparedness

Question 25

Difficulty in overcoming an instinctual behavior (ex. racoons will naturally rub a coin together and dip it into a bank because of their food gathering instinct).

Answer 25

Instinctive Drift

Question 26

The process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others.

Answer 26

Observational Behavior

Question 27

Neurons that are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action.

Answer 27

Mirror Neurons

Question 28

We tend to recall information best when we can put it into the context of our own lives, a phenomenon called?

Answer 28

Self-Reference Effect

Question 29

Associating each item in the list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized.

Answer 29

Method of Loci

Question 30

Associating numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers (ex. one with the sun).

Answer 30

Peg-Words

Question 31

A memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning.

Answer 31

Chuncking (Clustering)

Question 32

This part of the brain is responsible for the consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory.

Answer 32

Hippocampus

Question 33

The type of memory allows us to do simple math in our heads.

Answer 33

Working Memory

Question 34

Long term memories that are in the hippocampus can be moved to a different part of the brain over time (thus, damage to our hippocampus won’t effect our very long term memories - like our name, birthday, or the faces of our parents). What part of the brain holds these?

Answer 34

Cerebral Cortex

Question 35

Memory that consists of our skills and conditioned responses.

Answer 35

Implicit (Nondeclaritive/Procedural) Memory

Question 36

Memory that consists of those memories that require conscious recall.

Answer 36

Explicit (Declaritive) Memory

Question 37

What are two types of explicit memory?

Answer 37

1. Semantic

2. Episodic

Question 38

The brain organizes ideas as a network of interconnected ideas in which concepts are linked together based on similar meaning.

Answer 38

Semantic Network

Question 39

When one node of our semantic network is activated, the other linked concepts around it are also unconciously activated. This process is known as?

Answer 39

Spreading Activation

Question 40

When recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory.

Answer 40

Priming

Question 41

When memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place.

Answer 41

Context Effects

Question 42

People who learn facts or skills in a certain state will show better recall or proficiency when performing those same tasks in the same previous state.

Answer 42

State-Dependant Memory

Question 43

A retrieval cue that appears while learning lists (ex. there is a much higher recall for both the first few and last items on a list).

Answer 43

Serial Position Effect

Question 44

This disease proceeds in a retrograde fashion and involves the loss of ACh in hippocampus neurons. Has the phenomenon of shadowing (increased disfunction in the evening or late afternoon). Findings of beta-amyloid plaques are also included.

Answer 44

Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 45

This disease is marked by both anterograde and retrograde amnesia (leading to confabulation). Memory loss is due to a thyamine deficiency.

Answer 45

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Question 46

The process of creating vivid but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories.

Answer 46

Confabulation

Question 47

This disease leads to a loss in the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds, though usually only one of the three. Usually caused by physical damage to brain like a stroke or a neurological disorder like multiple sclerosis.

Answer 47

Agnosia

Question 48

A retrieval error caused by the existance of other, usually similar information.

Answer 48

Interference

Question 49

When old information is interfering with new learning.

Answer 49

Proactive Interference

Question 50

When new information causes forgetting of old information.

Answer 50

Retroacitve Interference

Question 51

Memories are heavily influenced by our thoughts and feelings both while the event is occurring and later during recall (ex. confabulation).

Answer 51

False Memories

Question 52

Our memories being affected by outside sources.

Answer 52

Misinformation Effect

Question 53

This involves confusion between semantic and episodic memory: a person remembers the details of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained.

Answer 53

Source-Monitoring Error