Psychological Disorders (CH7) Flashcards
False beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary.
Delusions
What are four types of delusions?
Delusions of:
- Reference
- Persecution
- Grandeur
- Thought broadcasting/insertion
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized Thought
- Disorganized Behavior
Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality. The most common form is auditory.
Hallucinaitons
Characterized by loosening of associations. This may be exhibited as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought.
Disorganized Thought
Refers to an inability to carry out activities of daily living, such as paying bills maintaining hygeine, and keeping appointments.
Disorganized Behavior
This refers to certain motor behavior characteristics of some people with schizophrenia. Shows greatly reduced activity or rigid posture.
Catatonia
What are negative symptoms of schiozphrenia?
- Disturbance of Affect
- Avolition
Refers to the experience and display of emotion being disturbed.
Disturbance Affect
What are some affective symptoms?
- Blunting (severe reduction in intensity)
- Flat Affect (emotionally flattening, viturally no expression)
- Inappropriate Affect (discordant with speech)
Marked by decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions.
Avolition
Before a patient is diagnozed with schizophrenia they undergo a phase that is characterized by poor adjustment. It is exemplified by clear deterioration, social withdrawel, role functioning impairment, peculiar behaivior, inappropriate affect and unusual experiences.
Prodomal Phase
Loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activites.
Anhedonia
Major Depressive Episode symptoms?
- (S)leep
- (I)nterest
- (G)uilt
- (E)nergy
- (C)oncentration
- (A)ppetite
- (P)sychomotor symptoms
- (S)uicial thoughts
A depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode (episode lasts two years).
Dysthymia
A disorder given to individuals who suffer from dysthymia.
Peristant Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode.
Major Depressive Disorder
A major depressive disorder with seasonal onset.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
First line of treatment for depression disorders?
Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s): block reuptake of serotinin by the presynaptic neuron and results in higher levels of seratonin in the synapse.
This disorder is characterized with OR without depressive episodes.
Bipolar I
This disorder is characterized by hypomania with at least one major depressive episode.
Bipolar II
This disorder has both mania and depression but it has much less severe symptoms than the accompanying bipolar disorder.
Cyclothymic Disorder
What are five types of anxiety disorders?
- General Anxiety Disorder
- Specific Phobia
- Social Anxiety Disorder
- Agoraphobia
- Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard for an individual to escape.
Agoraphobia
This disorder consists of repeated panic attacks.
Panic Disorder
This is where a person avoids stress by escaping from their identity. The person still has an intact sense of reality.
Dissociative Disorder
What are three types of dissociative disorders?
- Dissociative Amnesia
- Dissociative Identity Disorder (AKA Multiple Personality Disorder)
- Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Characterized by an inability to recall past experiences; not due to a neurological disorder (most likely linked to trauma).
Dissociative Amnesia
A sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities. Individual will be confused about identity and can even assume another new identity.
Dissociative Fugue
What is a commonly associated factor with dissociative identity disorder?
The patient experienced severe physical or sexual abuse as a young child.
Individuals feel detached from their own mind and body OR from their surroundings.
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Having at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition and that is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions. Symptoms generally begin soon after the individual experiences high levels of stress of traumatic event, but may not develop until some time has passed after the initiating experience.
Conversion Disorder
When a patient is surprisingly unconcerned with a symptom.
La Belle Indifference
A pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive; causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning or impulse control.
Personality Disorder
Meaning that an individual perceives her behavior as correct, normal or in harmony with her goals.
Ego-Syntonic
Meaning that an individual sees the illness as something thrust upon her that is intrusive and bothersome.
Ego-Dystonic
This behavior is odd or eccentric (weird).
Cluster A:
- Paranoid
- Schitzotypal
- Schitzoid
This behavior is dramatic, emotional or erractic (wacky).
Cluster B:
- Antisocial
- Borderline
- Histronic
- Narcissitic
This behavior is anxious or fearful (worried).
Cluster C:
- Avoidant
- Dependent
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
This is marked by a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Refers to a pattern of odd (dellusions of reference) or eccentric (“magical”) thinking.
Schitzotypal Personality Disorder
The belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward an individual (TV characters are talking “directly” to them).
Dellusions of Reference
What are symptoms of a manic epidsode?
- (D)istractible
- (I)nsomnia
- (G)randiosity
- (F)light of Ideas
- (A)gitation
- (S)peech is pressured
- (T)houghtlessness; risky behavior
A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression (few interpersonal relationships).
Schitzoid Personality Disorder
A pattern of disregard for and violations of the rights of others (many serial killers).
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood and self image. Interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable (the person has an intense fear of abandonment). Uses “splitting” as a defense mechanism.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Constant attention seeking behavior.
Histronic Personality Disorder
One has a gradiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships such as a feeling of entitlement.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection. The individual will see herself as socially inept and is often socially isolated, despite an intense desire for social affection and acceptance.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
This is characterized by a continuous need for reassurance (usually on one specific person).
Dependent Personality Disorder
This disorder is ego-syntonic and individuals tend to be perfectionistic and inflexible (tend to like rules and order).
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
When there is an excess of dopamine in the brain, this is associated with what disorder?
Schizophrenia
What are some host markers associated with depression?
- High glucose metabolism in amygdala
- Atrophied hippocampus
- High cortisol levels
- Catecholamine Hypothesis
What is the catecholamine hypothesis for depression?
That depression patients likely have decreased levels of:
- Seratonin
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
What are some factors that contribute to bipolarism?
- Genetics (parents have disorder)
- Multiple Sclerosis Patients
- Monoamine Theory
What is the monoamine theory for bipolar disorder?
Patients will likely have an increase in:
- Seratonin
- Norepinephrine
Biological markers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease?*
- Do not need to memorize; light review.
- Atrophy of the brain on CT or MRI
- Flattened sulci in the cerebral cortex
- Enlarged cerebral ventricles
- Deficient BF in parietal lobes
- Reduction in ACh (and the enzyme that produces it; ChAT)
- Reduced metabolism in the temporal and parietal lobes
- Beta-amyloid plaques
- Tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
What disease has a decreased production of dopamine (by cells in the ____ ____)?
Parkinson’s Disease; Substantia Nigra
