Biology and Behavior (CH1) Flashcards
“Fight or Flight”
Sympathetic
“Rest and Digest”
Parasympathetic
What happens when the SNS is activated?
- Increased HR
- Blood to muscles
- Increased blood glucose
- Relaxes bronchi
- Decreased digestion and peristalsis
- Dilated pupils
- Epi released to blood
A group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory (aggresion, fear, pleasure and pain).
Limbic System
Part of the brain that is associated with everything from language processing to problem solving, and from impulse control to long-term planning.
Cerebral Cortex
A lower brain structure responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Medulla Oblongata
A lower brain structure that contains sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla.
Pons (located above the medulla)
A lower brain structure that helps maintain posture, balance and coordinates body movements.
Cerebellum
Which colliculi receives which type of sensory input?
Superior Colliculus: Visual (Visual Reflex Rxns)
Inferior Colliculus: Auditory (Auditory Reflex Rxns)
What does the telencephalon form?
- Cerebral Cortex
- Basal Ganglia
- Limbic System
What does the diencephalon form?
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Pineal Gland
This involves placing several electrodes on the scalp to study electrical activity generated by larger groups of neurons.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
This noninvasive procedure detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)
A type of brain imaging that takes multiple x-rays at different angles and then is processed by a computer to make cross-sectional slice images of it’s tissue.
Computed Tomography (CT)
A type of brain imaging that uses radioactive sugar injections. When the body absorbs this sugar, it’s dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
A type of brain imaging that uses a magnetic field to interact with hydrogen. This allows hydrogen dense regions of the body to be mapped out.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A type of brain imaging that uses the same base technique as an MRI, but specifically measures changes associated with blood flow.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
A neurotransmitter that is used by the efferent limbs of the Somatic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A catecholamine (monoamine/biogenic amines) that is involved in controlling alertness and wakefullness.
Epi/NorEpi
A catecholamine (monoamine/biogenic amines) that plays an important role in movement and posture.
Dopamine
A disease with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia.
Parkinson’s Disease
A hypothesis that argues that delusions, hallucinations and agitation are associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain.
Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
A neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (hyperpolarization) and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity of the brain.
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
A neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (hyperpolarization) in the central nervous system. This allows for a chloride influx into the neuron.
Glycine
A neurotransmitter that produces excitatory potentials in the central nervous system.
Glutamate
Genetically programmed behavior as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of enviornment or experience.
Innate Behavior
Behaviors not based on heredity but instead on experience and environment.
Learned Behaviors
The extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species, thus leading to adaptation through natural selection.
Adaptive Value
Rates that refer to the likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait.
Concordance Rates
A division of the brain that controls balance, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes such as sleeping and waking. Contains the: medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum.
Hindbrain (AKA Rhombencephalon)
A divison of the brain that receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body. Contains the: superior and inferior colliculi.
Midbrain (AKA Mesencephalon)
A division of the brain that is associated with complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes. Contains the: Telencephalon and Diencephalon.
Forebrain (AKA Prosencephalon)
