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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Identity and Personality (CH6) > Flashcards

Identity and Personality (CH6) Flashcards

1
Q

The sum of ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future.

A

Self-Concept

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2
Q

Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong (ex. religious affiliation, sexual orientation, ethnic and national affiliations).

A

Identity

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3
Q

Defined as the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.

A

Androgyny

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4
Q

The opposite of androgyny?

A

Undifferentiated

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5
Q

Refers to one’s ethnic group, in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language.

A

Ethnic Identity

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6
Q

It is believed that our identities are organized in a way that they present themselves in certain circumstances (most important identity becomes present at needed moment).

A

Hierarchy of Salience

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7
Q

What are our 3 “selves” in self-discrepancy theory?

A
  1. Actual Self
  2. Ideal Self
  3. Ought Self
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8
Q

The way we see ourselves as we currently are.

A

Actual Self

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9
Q

The person we would like to be.

A

Ideal Self

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10
Q

Our representation of the way others think we should be.

A

Ought Self

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11
Q

Belief in our ability to succeed.

A

Self-Efficacy

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12
Q

When self-efficacy is depressed past the point of recovery.

A

Learned Helplessness

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13
Q

According to Freud, this is when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of developement. In response to the anxiety caused by fixation, the child forms a personality based on that particular stage, which persists into adulthood as a functional mental disorder.

A

Fixation to Neurosis

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14
Q

What are the 5 stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Development?

A
  1. Oral Stage
  2. Anal Stage
  3. Phallic/Oedipal Stage
  4. Latency Stage
  5. Genital Stage
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15
Q

During this stage (0 to 1 year), gratification is obtained primarily through putting objects into the mouth, biting and sucking. Libidinal energy is centered on the mouth.

A

Oral Stage

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16
Q

During this stage (1 to 3 years), the libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through the elimination and retention of waste materials.

A

Anal Stage

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17
Q

During this stage (3 to 5 years), libido is centered on resolution of the Oedipal conflict for males or Electra conflict for female children. For example, the boy will wish to eliminate his father and possess his mother, but the child feels guilty about these wishes. To successfully resolve the conflict, he deals with his guilty feelings by identifying with his father and establishing his sexual identity, and internalizing moral values.

A

Phallic Stage

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18
Q

During this stage, libido is sublimated and this will last until puberty is reached.

A

Latency

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19
Q

During this stage (begining at puberty and lasting to adulthood), the person should enter into healthy heterosexual relationships if previous stages have been succesfully resolved.

A

Genital Stage

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20
Q

What are Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development?

A
  • Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)
  • Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years)
  • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
  • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20 years)
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40 years)
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)
  • Integrity vs. Despair (65-x years)
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21
Q

Can I trust the world?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)

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22
Q

Is it okay to be me?

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)

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23
Q

Is it okay for me to do, move and act?

A

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

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24
Q

Can I make it in the world of people and things?

A

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)

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25
Q

Who am I? What can I be?

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20 years)

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26
Q

Can I love?

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40 years)

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27
Q

Can I make my life count?

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)

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28
Q

Is it okay to have been me?

A

Integrity vs. Despair (65-x years)

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29
Q

What are Kohlberg’s 3 phases?

A
  1. Preconventional Morality
  2. Conventional Mortality
  3. Postconventional Morality
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30
Q

This phase is typical of preadolescent thinking and places an emphasis of the moral choice. Its two stages include: obedience and self-interest.

A

Preconventional Morality

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31
Q

This is based on a concept of reciprocity and sharing: I’ll scratch your back, you scratch mine.

A

Instrumental Relativist Stage

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32
Q

This phase begins to develop in early adolescence when individuals begin to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others (understanding and accepting social rules). Its two stages include: conformity and law/order.

A

Conventional Morality

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33
Q

This phase describes a level of reasoning not everyone is capable of, and is based on social mores which conflict with laws. Its two stages include: social contact and universal human ethics.

A

Postconventional Morality

34
Q

Referring to the skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of developement. Gaining these skills successfully requires the help of a “more knowledgable other”, typically an adult.

A

Zone of Proximal Developement

35
Q

The ability to sense how another’s mind works (ex. understanding how a friend is interpreting a story while you tell it).

A

Theory of Mind

36
Q

What are the four theories of personality?

A
  1. Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic)
  2. Humanistic (Phenomenological)
  3. Type and Trait
  4. Behaviorist
37
Q

This theory contains the most widely varying perspectives on behavior, but also has the common assumption that we have unconscious internal states motivating our actions and determining our personalities.

A

Psychoanalytic Theory

38
Q

An innate psychological representation of a biological need.

A

Instinct

39
Q

Promote an individual’s quest for survival through thirst, hunger, and sexual needs.

A

Eros

40
Q

Represent an unconscious wish for death and destruction.

A

Thanatos

41
Q

A series of pictures that are presented to the client, who is asked to make up a story about each one. The story, presumably, will elucidate the client’s own unconscious thoughts and feelings.

A

Thematic Apperception Test

42
Q

Unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness.

A

Repression

43
Q

Consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness.

A

Suppression

44
Q

Returning to an earlier stage of developement.

A

Regression

45
Q

An unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite (ex. two coworkers are fighting all the time because they are really attracted to each other).

A

Reaction Formation

46
Q

Attribution of wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else (ex. someone who committed adultry is convinced their partner is also cheating, despite lack of evidence). Two forms of identification for this type of defense mechanism involve: Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test.

A

Projection

47
Q

Justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.

A

Rationalization

48
Q

Changing the target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same.

A

Displacement

49
Q

Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction.

A

Sublimation

50
Q

Underlying forms or concepts that give rise to archetypal images, which may differ somewhat between cultures.

A

Archetypes

51
Q

The aspect of our personality that we present to the world (like a mask that we wear in public).

A

Persona

52
Q

A sex-innappropriate quality, “man’s inner woman”.

A

Anima

53
Q

A sex-innappropriate quality, “woman’s inner man”.

A

Animus

54
Q

Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness.

A

Shadow

55
Q

An individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially.

A

Inferiority Compelx

56
Q

The force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality.

A

Creative Self

57
Q

Represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority (family life is crucial for this development).

A

Style of Self

58
Q

The notion that an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences.

A

Fictional Finalism

59
Q

Refers to the representation of parents or other caregivers based on the subjective experiences during early infancy. These objects then persist into adulthood and impact our interactions with others, including the social bonds we create and our predictions of others’ behaviors.

A

Object Relations Theory

60
Q

This theory focuses on the value of individuals and takes a more person-centered approach, describing those ways in which healthy people strive toward self-realization.

A

Humanistic Theory

61
Q

This is where practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self, seeing each individual as a complete person rather than reducing him to individual behaviors or drives.

A

Gestalt Therapy

62
Q

One’s current state of mind, which was simply the sum of the forces/influences on the individual at that time.

A

Force Field Theory

63
Q

Profound and deeply moving experiences in an person’s life that have important and lasting effects on the individual.

A

Peak Experiences

64
Q

A therapeutic technique by which a therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment.

A

Unconditional Positive Regard

65
Q

Attempting to create a taxonomy of personality types.

A

Type Theory

66
Q

Describing a person’s personality as the sum of their characteristic behaviors.

A

Trait Theory

67
Q

What are the Big Five Traits of Personality?

A
  • (O)peness
  • (C)onscientiousness
  • (E)xtraversion
  • (A)greeableness
  • (N)euroticism
68
Q

A measure of nonconformity or social deviance.

A

Psychoticism

69
Q

A measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation.

A

Extraversion

70
Q

A measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations.

A

Neuroticism

71
Q

Traits around which a person organizes his or her life (ex. Mother Teresa’s trait may be self-sacrifice).

A

Cardinal Trait

72
Q

Represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, such as honesty and charisma.

A

Central Traits

73
Q

Personal characteristic that are more limited in occurance: aspects of one’s personality that only appear in close groups or specific social situations.

A

Secondary Traits

74
Q

A behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior.

A

Functional Autonomy

75
Q

A perspective where we do not just focus on how our environment influences our behavior, but also on how we interact with that environment.

A

Social Cognitive Perspective

76
Q

Refers to the idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation (ex. people choose environments that suit their personalities, and their personalities will determine how they will feel about and react to events in those enviornments).

A

Reciprocal Determinism

77
Q

Who found “Force Field Theory”?

A

Kurt Lewin

78
Q

Who found “peak experiences”?

A

Abraham Maslow

79
Q

Who found “unconditional positive regard”?

A

Carl Rogers

80
Q

Who created the “Pen Model” that developed into the “Big 5 of Personality”?

A

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

81
Q

Who discerned the three basic types of traits or dispositions?

A

Gordon Allport

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (12 decks)

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