Identity and Personality (CH6) Flashcards
The sum of ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future.
Self-Concept
Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong (ex. religious affiliation, sexual orientation, ethnic and national affiliations).
Identity
Defined as the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.
Androgyny
The opposite of androgyny?
Undifferentiated
Refers to one’s ethnic group, in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language.
Ethnic Identity
It is believed that our identities are organized in a way that they present themselves in certain circumstances (most important identity becomes present at needed moment).
Hierarchy of Salience
What are our 3 “selves” in self-discrepancy theory?
- Actual Self
- Ideal Self
- Ought Self
The way we see ourselves as we currently are.
Actual Self
The person we would like to be.
Ideal Self
Our representation of the way others think we should be.
Ought Self
Belief in our ability to succeed.
Self-Efficacy
When self-efficacy is depressed past the point of recovery.
Learned Helplessness
According to Freud, this is when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of developement. In response to the anxiety caused by fixation, the child forms a personality based on that particular stage, which persists into adulthood as a functional mental disorder.
Fixation to Neurosis
What are the 5 stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Development?
- Oral Stage
- Anal Stage
- Phallic/Oedipal Stage
- Latency Stage
- Genital Stage
During this stage (0 to 1 year), gratification is obtained primarily through putting objects into the mouth, biting and sucking. Libidinal energy is centered on the mouth.
Oral Stage
During this stage (1 to 3 years), the libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through the elimination and retention of waste materials.
Anal Stage
During this stage (3 to 5 years), libido is centered on resolution of the Oedipal conflict for males or Electra conflict for female children. For example, the boy will wish to eliminate his father and possess his mother, but the child feels guilty about these wishes. To successfully resolve the conflict, he deals with his guilty feelings by identifying with his father and establishing his sexual identity, and internalizing moral values.
Phallic Stage
During this stage, libido is sublimated and this will last until puberty is reached.
Latency
During this stage (begining at puberty and lasting to adulthood), the person should enter into healthy heterosexual relationships if previous stages have been succesfully resolved.
Genital Stage
What are Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development?
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)
- Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20 years)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40 years)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)
- Integrity vs. Despair (65-x years)
Can I trust the world?
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)
Is it okay to be me?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
Is it okay for me to do, move and act?
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
Can I make it in the world of people and things?
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
Who am I? What can I be?
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20 years)
Can I love?
Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40 years)
Can I make my life count?
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)
Is it okay to have been me?
Integrity vs. Despair (65-x years)
What are Kohlberg’s 3 phases?
- Preconventional Morality
- Conventional Mortality
- Postconventional Morality
This phase is typical of preadolescent thinking and places an emphasis of the moral choice. Its two stages include: obedience and self-interest.
Preconventional Morality
This is based on a concept of reciprocity and sharing: I’ll scratch your back, you scratch mine.
Instrumental Relativist Stage
This phase begins to develop in early adolescence when individuals begin to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others (understanding and accepting social rules). Its two stages include: conformity and law/order.
Conventional Morality
This phase describes a level of reasoning not everyone is capable of, and is based on social mores which conflict with laws. Its two stages include: social contact and universal human ethics.
Postconventional Morality
Referring to the skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of developement. Gaining these skills successfully requires the help of a “more knowledgable other”, typically an adult.
Zone of Proximal Developement
The ability to sense how another’s mind works (ex. understanding how a friend is interpreting a story while you tell it).
Theory of Mind
What are the four theories of personality?
- Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic)
- Humanistic (Phenomenological)
- Type and Trait
- Behaviorist
This theory contains the most widely varying perspectives on behavior, but also has the common assumption that we have unconscious internal states motivating our actions and determining our personalities.
Psychoanalytic Theory
An innate psychological representation of a biological need.
Instinct
Promote an individual’s quest for survival through thirst, hunger, and sexual needs.
Eros
Represent an unconscious wish for death and destruction.
Thanatos
A series of pictures that are presented to the client, who is asked to make up a story about each one. The story, presumably, will elucidate the client’s own unconscious thoughts and feelings.
Thematic Apperception Test
Unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness.
Repression
Consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness.
Suppression
Returning to an earlier stage of developement.
Regression
An unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite (ex. two coworkers are fighting all the time because they are really attracted to each other).
Reaction Formation
Attribution of wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else (ex. someone who committed adultry is convinced their partner is also cheating, despite lack of evidence). Two forms of identification for this type of defense mechanism involve: Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test.
Projection
Justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.
Rationalization
Changing the target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same.
Displacement
Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction.
Sublimation
Underlying forms or concepts that give rise to archetypal images, which may differ somewhat between cultures.
Archetypes
The aspect of our personality that we present to the world (like a mask that we wear in public).
Persona
A sex-innappropriate quality, “man’s inner woman”.
Anima
A sex-innappropriate quality, “woman’s inner man”.
Animus
Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness.
Shadow
An individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially.
Inferiority Compelx
The force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality.
Creative Self
Represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority (family life is crucial for this development).
Style of Self
The notion that an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences.
Fictional Finalism
Refers to the representation of parents or other caregivers based on the subjective experiences during early infancy. These objects then persist into adulthood and impact our interactions with others, including the social bonds we create and our predictions of others’ behaviors.
Object Relations Theory
This theory focuses on the value of individuals and takes a more person-centered approach, describing those ways in which healthy people strive toward self-realization.
Humanistic Theory
This is where practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self, seeing each individual as a complete person rather than reducing him to individual behaviors or drives.
Gestalt Therapy
One’s current state of mind, which was simply the sum of the forces/influences on the individual at that time.
Force Field Theory
Profound and deeply moving experiences in an person’s life that have important and lasting effects on the individual.
Peak Experiences
A therapeutic technique by which a therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Attempting to create a taxonomy of personality types.
Type Theory
Describing a person’s personality as the sum of their characteristic behaviors.
Trait Theory
What are the Big Five Traits of Personality?
- (O)peness
- (C)onscientiousness
- (E)xtraversion
- (A)greeableness
- (N)euroticism
A measure of nonconformity or social deviance.
Psychoticism
A measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation.
Extraversion
A measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations.
Neuroticism
Traits around which a person organizes his or her life (ex. Mother Teresa’s trait may be self-sacrifice).
Cardinal Trait
Represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, such as honesty and charisma.
Central Traits
Personal characteristic that are more limited in occurance: aspects of one’s personality that only appear in close groups or specific social situations.
Secondary Traits
A behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior.
Functional Autonomy
A perspective where we do not just focus on how our environment influences our behavior, but also on how we interact with that environment.
Social Cognitive Perspective
Refers to the idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation (ex. people choose environments that suit their personalities, and their personalities will determine how they will feel about and react to events in those enviornments).
Reciprocal Determinism
Who found “Force Field Theory”?
Kurt Lewin
Who found “peak experiences”?
Abraham Maslow
Who found “unconditional positive regard”?
Carl Rogers
Who created the “Pen Model” that developed into the “Big 5 of Personality”?
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
Who discerned the three basic types of traits or dispositions?
Gordon Allport
