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General Psychology > Social (Module 4 Ch 14) > Flashcards

Social (Module 4 Ch 14) Flashcards

Memorize by 11/14

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1
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

We understand ourselves by comparing us to others

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2
Q

Upward vs Downward Social Comparison

A

Comparing ourselves to someone better than us
VS
Comparing ourselves to someone worse than us

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3
Q

Enlightenment Effect

A

Once we learn about a concept, it changes our real world behavior for the better

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4
Q

Halo Effect

A

When someone has one good trait, we assume that they have many good traits
Ex: physical attractiveness

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5
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

Once we believe in a concept, we behave in a way that causes that concept to happen
Ex: stereotypes

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6
Q

Attitude

A

Favorable or unfavorable beliefs, feelings, or actions towards a specific object, idea, or person

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7
Q

What are the 3 components of an attitude?

A

Affective - what does it make you feel
Behavioral - what does it make you want to do
Cognitive - what do you think about it

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8
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of an attitude?

A

Strength - stronger attitudes are more influential on decision making and less likely to change
Accessibility - how easy an attitude is to tap into (stronger attitudes are easier to access)
Ambivalence - having both positive and negative feelings towards something

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9
Q

What are the 4 components of attitude change?

A

Source - the person trying to cause change
Receiver - whose attitude you’re trying to change
Message - what you say to create the change
Channel - the way the message is delivered

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10
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

When we have two differing attitudes in our head, it causes us discomfort
We resolve this internal conflict by changing one attitude

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11
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

We change our attitudes by looking at our behaviors

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12
Q

Impression Management Theory

A

We express different attitudes based off the impression we want to give, which is influenced by the environment we’re in and what’s considered acceptable in said environment

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13
Q

Persuasion

A

Attempting to change someone’s opinions, beliefs, or choices by arguing a different position

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14
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

There are two paths to create attitude change: central and peripheral

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15
Q

Central path to attitude change

A

The focus is on the message or strong argument
Creates more long term change
Can be utilized to change strong opinions

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16
Q

Peripheral path to attitude change

A

The focus is on everything but the message or weak argument
Creates more quick change that is not likely to be long-term

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17
Q

Foot in the door

A

Starting with small, reasonable requests, then moving on to larger and larger requests until you get to the one you actually want/care about

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18
Q

Door in the face

A

Starting with an absolutely absurd request that you’re expecting a “no” to, then following it up with something that seems much more reasonable by comparison (the thing you actually want)

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19
Q

Attributions

A

How we explain other people’s behaviors

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20
Q

Stable vs Unstable attributions

A

The cause of the behavior is unlikely to change
VS
The cause is likely to change

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21
Q

Internal vs External attributions

A

About that person that is doing the behavior (more likely in individualist cultures)
VS
About the external factors or environment that may be influencing the person doing the behavior (more likely in collectivist cultures)

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22
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Everything being held equal, we are more likely to make internal attributions, especially when trying to explain other people’s behavior
Gets weaker when applied to the self

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23
Q

Defensive Attribution Error

A

We make internal attributions for our successes and external attributions for our failures
AKA Self-Serving Bias

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24
Q

Prejudice

A

A biased attitude towards a group of people based on unfair or inaccurate generalizations of what the group is like
Often operate outside conscious awareness and can be very different than our conscious beliefs

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25
Q

Discrimination

A

The unfair treatment of one group of people over another on the basis of prejudicial attitudes

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26
Q

Implicit Associations Test

A

A way of measuring implicit bias or the unconscious association between two things

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27
Q

Stererotypes

A

Shortcuts in order to process and understand new people (a type of schema)

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28
Q

Ingroup vs Outgroup

A

A group that you’re a part of
VS
A group that you’re not a part of

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29
Q

Ingroup/Outgroup Bias

A

Exhibiting positive feelings towards ingroups and negative feelings or stereotypes towards outgroups

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30
Q

Subtyping

A

If we encounter someone that doesn’t fit our stereotypes, we see them as an exception (subtype) rather than abandoning our stereotype altogether

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31
Q

Perceptual Confirmation

A

We interpret information in a way that supports our stereotypes, making them stronger as a result

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32
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

We believe we’ve encountered more instances of a stereotype being confirmed than we actually have, strengthening the stereotype

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33
Q

Outgroup Homegeneity

A

We believe that members of an outgroup are more similar than the members of an ingroup

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34
Q

Contact Hypothesis

A

One way to decrease prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination is through contact/positive interactions with an outgroup

35
Q

Superordinate Goals

A

Trying to decrease prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination by giving two groups a goal that they must work together to complete (forcing them to work as a team)

36
Q

Common Knowledge Effect

A

When you are put into a group, you’re more likely to talk about information that you all have in common
Shared info is safe info (avoids rejection)

37
Q

Social Loafing

A

People usually don’t work as hard when they’re in a group as they would if they were working individually

38
Q

Social Facilitation

A

When the presence of others improves our performance (the opposite of social loafing)

39
Q

Group Polarization

A

The group’s opinion on a subject can become more extreme than any individual member’s opinion on the subject

40
Q

Groupthink

A

When you’re more likely to agree with others in the group because you don’t want to risk bringing up a contrary opinion and being rejected

41
Q

Deindividuation

A

When your individual identity becomes less important to you than your group identity, causing people to engage in behaviors they wouldn’t normally engage in if they group wasn’t present

42
Q

Social norms

A

Societal rules about what is and isn’t acceptable behavior

43
Q

Conformity

A

Going along with a group’s behavior or opinions without being directly asked
Adhering to social norms

44
Q

Compliance

A

Going along with a direct request

45
Q

Obedience

A

Type of compliance in which you go along with a direct request from an authority figure

46
Q

Informational Influence

A

Type of conformity in which you go along with the group because you genuinely believe they’re right
This means the behavior will continue even when the group is not present

47
Q

Normative Influence

A

Type of conformity in which you don’t agree with the group, but you go along with them anyway because you don’t want to be rejected
This means the behavior will be reverted or changed when the group is not present

48
Q

Unanimity

A

Conformity is more likely to occur if the entire group is agreeing on a behavior or opinion

49
Q

How does group size influence conformity?

A

Larger groups exhibit more pressure on the individual, making conformity more likely to occur

50
Q

Co-conspirator

A

Conformity is undermined when someone is willing to go against the group, because it makes others that also disagree more likely to stand against the group as well
You don’t have to agree with the co-conspirator, you just have to disagree with the group

51
Q

Anonymity

A

Normative conformity (but not informational) decreases when you’re expressing the behavior or opinion in an anonymous fashion

52
Q

Minority Social Influence

A

When a small number of individuals within a larger group shift majority opinion by presenting a consistent, unwavering message (utilizes central path to attitude change)

53
Q

Milgram Shock Study

A

Seeing the extent to which people will obey authority, even when it harms someone else
65% went all the way to 450 volts

54
Q

Closeness

A

People are more likely to obey when the authority figure is closer to them physically, as well as when the demand and action are closer in time (do it now vs do it later)

55
Q

Legitimate Authority

A

People are more likely to obey if they believe the person telling them what to do has genuine authority
Prestige helps create legitimate authority

56
Q

Depersonalized Victim

A

It’s easier to separate yourself from the consequences of your actions if you depersonalize the person being affected (take away their identity or view them as less of a person)

57
Q

Dehumanization

A

Portraying groups of people as devoid of basic human qualities or rights

58
Q

Defiant Models

A

Obedience is undermined when someone else is willing to go against the authority figure
Similar to the co-conspirator in conformity

59
Q

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

A

Intimacy - sharing deep emotional feelings or thoughts (being open)
Passion - hot, physical attraction or lust
Commitment - your desire or intent to stay in a relationship with another person

60
Q

What are two important things to note about Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

A

It doesn’t just apply to romantic relationships, and as a result, not every relationship has (or should have) all 3 types of love
The types of love that are prominent in a relationship can change across time

61
Q

Consummate Love

A

When all 3 types of love (passion, commitment, and intimacy) exist in equal amounts in a relationship

62
Q

What are the 4 determinants of attraction?

A

Matching Hypothesis, Facial Symmetry, Attitude Alignment, Proximity

63
Q

Matching Hypothesis

A

People tend to be in relationships with people who are of equal attractiveness
AKA Assortative Mating

64
Q

Facial Symmetry

A

We find symmetrical faces more attractive

65
Q

Attitude Alignment

A

The longer you’re in a relationship with someone, the more similar your attitudes become
This is less likely to occur with strongly held beliefs or identities

66
Q

Proximity

A

It’s harder for a relationship to grow if you’re not in close proximity
This is what makes long distance so difficult

67
Q

Sexual Strategies Theory

A

Men and women face different problems when looking for partners, so they approach relationships differently

68
Q

Aggression

A

Violent or harmful behavior that is intended to cause physical or psychological damage to someone else

69
Q

What brain structures and hormones are involved with aggression?

A

Hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex (and frontal lobe overall), hippocampus
Testosterone and serotonin

70
Q

Relational Aggression vs Physical Aggression

A

Trying to harm someone else’s relationships (more common amongst women)
VS
Trying to cause physical harm to someone else (more common amongst men)

71
Q

Hostile Aggression vs Instrumental Aggression

A

Aggression that occurs spontaneously as a result of negative emotional states
VS
Aggression that occurs in order to accomplish a goal

72
Q

Roles

A

What you’re trying to do in your current place in society can influence your levels of aggression

73
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Randomly assigned guards and prisoners and put in fake prison
Ended early because guards ended up causing so much mental and physical harm to prisoners
NOT good science - the guards were coached on how to be aggressive and the prisoners were coached to have emotional breakdowns

74
Q

Prosocial Behavior vs Altruism

A

Any kind of helping behavior/action that benefits others
VS
Selfless concern for (and helping of) others, often involving exposing oneself to greater danger

75
Q

Empathy vs Compassion

A

The ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situations
VS
Feeling concern for another who is suffering and being motivated to help relieve that suffering

76
Q

Kin Selection

A

We are more likely to help those that are biologically related to us, and the more closely related we are, the more likely to help
Evolutionary perspective

77
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A

If you help me, I’ll help you
Most common type of altruism observed

78
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

We give aid to others when the rewards of helping outweigh the potential costs

79
Q

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

A

In order to help someone without getting any benefit to yourself, you need to be able to empathize with them
Many people don’t believe this exists because they see the positive emotional state that results from helping someone as a benefit

80
Q

Egoistic vs Empathic Motivation

A

Helping someone in order to relieve your own distress about the situation
VS
Helping someone in order to reduce the distress of the person in need

81
Q

Bystander Effect

A

You’re more likely to get help if there are fewer people around
Kitty Genovese

82
Q

Diffusion of Responsiblity

A

When there are many people around to witness an emergency, an individual’s perceived responsibility to act/help decreases

83
Q

Social Responsibility Norm

A

Idea that we as a society have a responsibility to help those that are more vulnerable, like children, the elderly, and the sick

84
Q

Confederates (in experiments)

A

People who participate in the experiment along with the real participants, except they actually work for the experimenter

General Psychology (12 decks)

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