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General Psychology > Psychological Disorders (Module 5 Ch 15) > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders (Module 5 Ch 15) Flashcards

Memorize by Final Exam on 12/11

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1
Q

Comorbity

A

When an individual has two or more psychological disorders at the same time
Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety are highly comorbid (very likely to occur together)

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2
Q

Lifetime Prevalence Rate

A

Examines how likely a disorder is to appear in an individual’s lifetime

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3
Q

Typical Prevalence Rate

A

Examines how many people at a given time have a disorder
50 to 75% of people will have a psychological disorder at some point

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4
Q

Etiology

A

The apparent cause and developmental history of a disorder

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5
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution of a disorder in a population
How we get prevalence rates

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6
Q

Insanity Defense

A

Admitting that you did the action, but claiming that at the time that you did it, you didn’t understand the effects of the action
Not very successful or commonly used

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7
Q

What trends can be seen with mental illness and violence rates?

A

Only 3-5% of violent crimes are attributed to people with mental illnesses (significantly less than predicted)
People with mental illness are 10x more likely to be the victim of violent crimes
(Victims > Perpetrators)

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8
Q

Abnormal Behavior

A

How we determine if something is a psychological disorder
Uses 3 metrics: deviance, maladaptive, and personal distress
Different disorders tend to score differently in these categories (ex: schizophrenia = high maladaptive, depression = high personal distress, OCD = high in all)

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9
Q

Deviance

A

When someone is behaving in a way that is different than others/the norm
Influential when disorders were first being discovered and named, but is not less likely to be used in the diagnosis process

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10
Q

Maladaptive

A

Evaluates whether the behavior in some way interferes with the person’s day-to-day life and if so, to what extent it interferes with it

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11
Q

Personal Distress

A

How much stress the behavior is causing the individual

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12
Q

Value Judgements

A

During diagnosis, the individual has to rate how distressing and maladaptive the behavior is to them, creating subjectively in the process of diagnosis (not an exact science)

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13
Q

Why are symptoms important when diagnosing a psychological disorder?

A

Not every disorder presents the same way for everyone (ex: depression)
Some disorders require more symptoms to be present in order for a diagnosis to occur

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14
Q

Diagnostics and Statistics Manual (DSM)

A

Includes every recognized psychological disorder and their symptoms, diagnosis requirements (how many symptoms must be present and for how long), and suggested treatments

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15
Q

What changes were made between the DSM-4 and DSM-5 (current edition)?

A

DSM-4 was very categorical, while DSM-5 tends to be more spectrum-based (ex: autism is now a spectrum disorder)
We also saw the integration of modern disorders such as hoarding and gaming addictions

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16
Q

Neuro-Developmental Disorders

A

Disorders that are prominent or required to develop in childhood

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17
Q

Intellectual Disabilities

A

Must manifest in childhood
If they are the result of some sort of accident, they’re considered traumatic brain injuries, NOT intellectual disabilities

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18
Q

Learning Disorders

A

Includes dyslexia and dysgraphia

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19
Q

ADHD

A

Symptoms include (an must be present before the age of 12): problems with focus/attention, high impulsivity, and difficulty following through with tasks

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20
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Symptoms can include: issues with sociality (with peers and authority figures) and tendency for hyperfixation

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21
Q

How do diagnosis rates for ADHD and Autism differ among boys and girls? Why might this be the case?

A

Boys tend to be diagnosed at a higher rate
Girls may be better at managing or hiding their symptoms, leading to underdiagnosis

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22
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

Any disorder in which depression is a major symptom, including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar disorders

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23
Q

How prevalent is Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Affects 7% of Americans

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24
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

A cyclical recurrence of depression that often matches seasonal changes
Typically occurs in winter (may be due to a lack of Vitamin D)

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25
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

Long-lasting depression (6 months to 1 year) that’s too mild to meet the criteria for major depressive disorder

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26
Q

What trends can be seen with age of onset among people with depressive disorders?

A

If someone is going to develop a depressive disorder at some point in their life, it usually presents prior to age 40
This number is expected to decrease

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27
Q

What trends can seen with recurrence among people with depressive disorders?

A

If you have depression once, you’ll likely experience it again at some other point in your life
Most people with depressive disorders have 5-6 occurrences or episodes of it across their lifetime, each lasting about 6 months to a year

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28
Q

What are some common symptoms of depressive disorders?

A

Anhedonia, sleep disruption, and helplessness

29
Q

Anhedonia

A

The inability to feel joy, even when engaging in activities that previously brought one happiness

30
Q

Sleep Disruption in Depressive Disorders

A

Some sleep too much, some too little
Sleep is not restorative or restful (even if plentiful)

31
Q

Helplessness Theory

A

When people are experiencing depression, their brains get trapped in a cycle of internal, stable, and global attributions that reinforce the depression and keep them from making change

32
Q

What attributions do people with depression make (part of helplessness theory)?

A

Internal: thinking everything bad that’s happening is their fault
Stable: think that nothing they can do will change the bad things
Global: think that everything is bad or will turn out that way

33
Q

Depressive Realism

A

People who are clinically depressed tend to have more realistic perceptions of the world than people who aren’t

34
Q

Depressed Brains

A

Tend to be less active, especially in areas responsible for emotion and emotion regulation

35
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A

Characterized by a swinging between mania and depression
Affects about 2.8% of the population
Strong genetic component

36
Q

What symptoms must be present for something to be considered a manic episode? For how long?

A

7 symptoms must be present for at least a week
DIGFAST: distractibility, indiscretion, grandiosity, flight of ideas, activity increase, sleeplessness, and talkativeness

37
Q

Distractibility

A

Having a hard time focusing on anything/getting distracted easily

38
Q

Indiscretion

A

Caring less about adhering to social norms

39
Q

Grandiosity

A

Having grand ideas about oneself, their abilities, or the world overall

40
Q

Flight of Ideas

A

Having a train of thought that quickly jumps between different, seemingly unrelated ideas

41
Q

Activity Increase

A

Being really good at starting projects, but not finishing them

42
Q

Sleeplessness

A

Not sleeping very often, if at all

43
Q

Talkativeness

A

Talking a lot both to oneself and to others

44
Q

Why are Bipolar Disorders often misdiagnosed as Depressive Disorders? What happens when they’re mistreated?

A

People seek help during depressive episodes (when they feel bad), but not manic ones (when they feel good)
Treating it like depression = relieved depressive symptoms, but not manic ones = more mania

45
Q

What are some of the problems that mania can lead to despite the positive feelings that come with it?

A

Impulsive spending, substance abuse, and risky sexual behavior

46
Q

Bipolar I vs Bipolar II

A

I = long-lasting cycles of severe mania and severe depression
II = shorter cycles of less severe mania but severe depression

47
Q

Cyclothymia

A

Less severe version of Bipolar Disorder in which the symptomology is present, but not severe enough to meet the criteria for manic and depressive episodes

48
Q

How does Bipolar Disorder relate to Creativity?

A

The two are highly correlated, especially during the manic phase (due to activity increase)
Famous ex: Robin Williams

49
Q

What do Anxiety Disorders typically involve?

A

Strong negative emotions such as fear, sadness, and disgust
Physical Apprehension

50
Q

Physical Apprehension

A

When the fight or flight response is triggered and causes strong physiological responses in the absence of a dangerous situation

51
Q

How prevalent are Anxiety Disorders?

A

Affects 19% of the population

52
Q

What are some examples of Anxiety Disorders?

A

GAD, Phobias (illogical fears), OCD, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, PTSD

53
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Characterized by a general feeling of dread or thinking that something is going to go wrong in the near future
Leads to intense physiological reactions such as rapid heartbeat, feeling faint, shaking, and panic attacks
Highly comorbid with MDD

54
Q

What are some common phobias?

A

Acrophobia: fear of heights
Claustrophobia: fear of tight or confined spaces
Brontophobia: fear of storms or thunder and lightning
Hydrophobia: fear of water or drowning

55
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Characterized by obsessions (intrusive thoughts or impulses) and compulsions (behaviors done to relieve impulses that can be time-consuming and interfere with daily life)

56
Q

What things are correlated with OCD?

A

Low activity in the prefrontal cortex and areas of the brain that deal with emotion regulation
Low level of serotonin

57
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

When an individual has an unrealistic perception of their physical flaws, causing them to worry about how others perceive them (sometimes leading to agoraphobia)
Because perceptions are based in reality, their “flaws” can’t be fixed (even with plastic surgery)

58
Q

PTSD

A

Can only be caused by a traumatic experience (but correlated with a smaller hippocampus)
Characterized by hypervigilance and reexperiencing of the traumatic event consciously + unconsciously
Excessive reconsolidation of the traumatic memory makes it feel even more traumatic
Children with PTSD often reenact their trauma during play

59
Q

What disordered cognitions are common across Anxiety Disorders?

A

Misinterpreting harmless situations as harmful
Focusing on perceived threats
Getting stuck in a cycle of negative thoughts despite knowing that those thoughts are irrational
Selective Recall

60
Q

Selective Recall

A

Being more likely to remember instances that support anxiety over ones that don’t

61
Q

What are the different origins of Anxiety Disorders?

A

Learning from parental figures
Overly active Anterior Cingulate Cortex (area of the brain that monitors behavior and checks for errors)
Genetics
GABA Deficiencies

62
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Literally means “split-mind”, which refers to a split from or inaccurate perception of reality
Affects about 1% of the population
High heritability rate (45% chance of developing it if both parents have it, 6% if only one parent has it)
Positively correlated with an excessive amount of dopamine

63
Q

What are some symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations, Delusions, and Catatonia

64
Q

Hallucinations

A

Sense experiences that occur without external stimuli (usually auditory) that the brain responds to as if they’re based in reality

65
Q

Delusion

A

A false belief or exaggerations that is not based in reality or is contrary to reality
Can be of grandeur (ex: “I secretly have superpowers”) or persecution (“Someone is out to get me”)

66
Q

Catatonia

A

When an individual remains in a strange, seemingly uncomfortable position for hours on end (without any reported discomfort afterwards)

67
Q

Acute Schizophrenia

A

When a previously well-adjusted individual suddenly develops extreme schizophrenic symptomatology really quickly
Episodes tend to be shorter
Easier to treat

68
Q

Chronic Schizophrenia

A

Develops slowly over time
Episodes tend to be longer and more persistent
Harder to treat

General Psychology (12 decks)

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