Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Psychology > Language & Thought (Module 4 Ch 9) > Flashcards

Language & Thought (Module 4 Ch 9) Flashcards

Memorize before 11/14

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Cognitive Miser

A

Humans are cognitively lazy (we don’t want to use our cognitive resources if we don’t have to)
This can lead to poor decisions, but is also positively correlated with happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reasoning

A

The process of drawing inferences from evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
Tends to be less accurate
This is the reasoning detectives use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Casual Inferences

A

Judgements about causation used in inductive reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Going from general statements (that we know to be true) and combining them to get specific ideas (which must also then be true)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Syntax vs Grammar

A

Rules for how we arrange words in sentences in order to create meaning
VS
General language rules that have no ties to meaning (including verb agreement, plurals, and possessives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who was Genie?

A

Grew up in an abusive household and didn’t learn to speak until she was about 12
Shifted our understanding of language from a critical to sensitive period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Homesign

A

A type of personalized sign language that occurs when deaf children are born to hearing parents (absence of known/formal sign language)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 rules of identifying something as a language?

A

Symbolic - words or sounds represent non-tangible or abstract concepts
Generative - small number of symbols, but infinite number of words or messages
Structured - rules make the infinite creations understandable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Protolanguage

A

AKA Pre-Language
Rudimentary language used by early species of humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Semantics

A

The different types of meanings behind words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Denotation vs Connotation

A

The dictionary definition of a word
VS
How you personally understand a word (ex: slang)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sociocultural Acquisition Theory

A

Focuses on observational and interactional language learning from those around us
Helps us build our vocabularies and connotations as we grow up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Child-directed Speech

A

Universal changes in adult speech patterns (such as pitch, volume, and complexity of sentences) that occur when talking to young kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Behaviorist Acquisition Theory

A

Defined by BF Skinner - language is learned through operant conditioning, with positive interactions with parents serving as the reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nativist Acquisition Theory

A

Defined by Chomsky - language is an innate skill for humans rather than one learned through experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

A biologic directive that facilitates speech
Part of the nativist theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interactionist Acquisition Theory

A

Use a combination of sociocultural, behaviorist, and nativist theories to explain the acquisition of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the five components of language?

A

Phonemes, Morphemes, Receptive Vocabulary, Productive Vocabulary, Telegraphic Speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phonemes

A

The sounds used for language
Smallest unit of speech
Do not have meaning by themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest units of meaning
Prefixes, suffixes, and root words

22
Q

Receptive Vocab vs Productive Vocab

A

The words we understand
VS
The words we actually use
Receptive always > productive

23
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

The way that children begin understanding and using language by combining a simple subject with a simple verb

24
Q

Neural Commitment

A

Kids can discriminate phonetic sounds outside their native language until about 12 months, when the neural networks in the language areas of the brain wire/commit themselves to one language

25
Q

Stages of Language development

A

Cooing (vowel sounds), Babbling (consonants+vowels), One-word Utterances, Two-word Utterances, Sentence Phase

26
Q

Overextension vs Underextension

A

Using a word more liberally than it should
VS
Using a word more conservatively than it should

27
Q

Overregularization

A

Applying regular grammar rules to irregular examples
Ex: saying gooses instead of geese

28
Q

Field Dependence vs Field Independence

A

Relying on the context of a situation in order to solve the problem
VS
Ignoring the context of a situation in order to solve the problem
Eastern societies tend to us Dep. while Western tends to use Indep.

29
Q

Irrelevant Information

A

Getting distracted by information that isn’t important when trying to solve a problem

30
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Having a hard time seeing an unusual function of an everyday object when solving a problem

31
Q

Unnecessary Constraints

A

We put constraints on problems even when they aren’t actually there

32
Q

Anticipated Regret

A

When we do or don’t make a certain decision because we think we’ll regret it later, even if we won’t
People are bad at predicting when they’ll feel regret

33
Q

Theory of Bounded Rationality

A

Focusing on one or two aspects of a decision rather than all aspects of it, leading to illogical decision making

34
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

Thinking two traits are more likely to occur together (being a feminist and a cat owner) than they occur individually (being just a feminist vs just a cat owner), even though it’s statistically inaccurate

35
Q

Recognition Heuristic

A

Making a decision based on the option we recognize rather than facts or logic

36
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Making decisions based on the information that more easily comes to mind

37
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Once we know the outcome of an event, we think we always believed in that outcome

38
Q

Affect Heuristic

A

People are more likely to make decisions based on emotions than logic or reason

39
Q

Alternative Outcomes Effect

A

Thinking past random events will have an impact on future random events
AKA the Gambler’s Fallacy

40
Q

Anchoring Heuristic

A

Making our decisions based off of other’s decisions that we’ve previously heard
Occurs because we don’t want to be wrong or rejected

41
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

You process and remember information that agrees with you, and ignore or forget information that disagrees with you

42
Q

Overconfidence

A

We have more trust or confidence in the accuracy of our decision making than we probably should

43
Q

Ostrich Bias

A

Ignoring negative information and focusing on the positive (more optimistic view than we should)

44
Q

Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis

A

Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world

45
Q

Mental Representation

A

A structure in the mind (idea or image) that stands for something else (usually something external that cannot currently be sensed)

46
Q

Visual Imagery

A

Visual representations created by the brain after the stimulus is no longer present
The “mind’s eye”

47
Q

Mental Rotation

A

Imagining an object rotating in 3-D space

48
Q

Category

A

Grouping ideas, objects, or events together based off of perceived similar features and the treating them as if they are the same
Ex: birds

49
Q

Prototypes

A

The best-fitting examples of a category
Ex: “robin” can be representative of “birds” more accurately than “ostrich” or “penguin”

50
Q

Concept

A

Mental grouping of objects, events, or people based on similarities
Mental representations of categories
Ex: animals is a category but animal is a concept

51
Q

Concept Hierarchy

A

Looking at how concepts are related to one another in particular ways (broad or specific)

General Psychology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions