Intelligence & Problem Solving (Module 3 Ch 10) Flashcards
Memorize by 10/29
Intelligence
Cognitive skills that include abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and knowledge
Alfred Binet
Created the first intelligence test (specifically for French children)
Mental age
A child’s age based off their performance on an IQ test (regardless of actual age)
Lewis Terman
Created the Stanford-Binet Test, the first intelligence test for English speaking children
Created the idea of IQ (which is mental age divided by actual age times 100)
David Wechsler
Created the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test (WAIS), the first intelligence test for English speaking adults
Intelligence Test
Tests the amount of general information that an individual has
Aptitude Test
Tests your ability to use information
Achievement Test
Testing the mastery of a specific subject
Testing Perspective VS Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on the amount of information VS focuses on the use of information
Cultural Bias
The culture of the test writer influences the questions and thus how well different people do on it
Test Fairness
When problems arise with how IQ test results are applied to the real world
Ex: denying certain groups access to jobs based of their score
G-Factor
Theory of intelligence (founded by Charles Spearman) divided into 3 dimensions: verbal (language), spatial (understand+manipulate space), and quantitative (ability to do different kinds of math)
Multiple Factor Theory of Intelligence
Intelligence consists of various distinct dimensions and is not just one thing (g-factor)
Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence
Raw mental ability (problem solving, abstract thinking, pattern recognition)
VS
Knowledge or skill acquired through experience/education
(Cattell-Horn Model)
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Model
Divides intelligence into 3 categories:
General- essentially the g-factor
Broad- cognitive abilities (memory, decision making, fluid+crystallized)
Narrow- distinct abilities that may or may not be associated with cognition
Successful Intelligence
Defined by Sternberg
An set cognitive abilities needed for success in life
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Breaks intelligence into 3 types:
Analytical- evaluate, compare, contrast info + come to an accepted decision
Creative- ability to think outside the box (new ideas)
Practical- solving problems that you face on a daily basis
Gardner’s 8 Intelligences
Includes things like math, verbal, naturalism, physical, musical, interpersonal, etc.
Cumulative Deprivation Hypothesis
Those that come from an enriched environment do better on intelligence tests than those that come from a deprived environment
Reaction Range
Genes determine your range of intelligence
Environment determines where you fall in the range
Flynn Effect
Intelligence tends to increase across generations
Criteria for an intellectual disability
Present prior to adulthood
IQ Score below 70
Interferes with your ability to lead an adaptive life
Adaptive Behavior
How well a person copes with the demands of everyday life
What percentage of the American population have an intellectual disability?
1% (mostly male)
What are the 4 categories of intellectual disabilities
Mild, moderate, severe, and profound
Based off of how much help they need in their daily lives
85% fall in the mild category
What are the different origins for intellectual disabilities?
Chromosomal- genetic problem (ex: down syndrome)
Metabolic- development in womb due to exposure to teratogen (ex: fetal alcohol syndrome)
Biologic- any other medical disorder
Unknown- 75% of cases (usually mild)
Prodigy
A young person that is extremely gifted in one area
Savant Syndrome
Person with a serious mental handicap that has an isolated area of extreme ability or giftedness
Connectome
The map of all neural connections in the brain
Convergent Problems vs Divergent Problems
There is a known solution to the problem vs there is no known solution to the problem (requires novel strategies)
Inducing Structure
Taking the structure of a problem and using it to reach a solution (ex: analogies and pattern matrix)
Arrangement
Taking the components of a problem and rearranging them to reach a solution (ex: anagrams and tengrams)
Transformation
Transforming the aspects of the problem to reach a solution (ex: video games require transforming or manipulating the environment)
Trial and Error
Randomly trying whatever solution comes to mind
Light in cognitive resources, takes a long time, isn’t very accurate
Algorithm
Coming up with a strategy to test all possible solutions until you reach the correct conclusion
Lots of cognitive resources, takes a long time, guarantee that you reach the right conclusion
Heuristic
Using a short-cut to eliminate some potential solutions
Light in cognitive resources, saves time, might eliminate the correct solution
Subgoals
Take the big problem and breaking into down into smaller problems that are easier to solve (ex: packing)
Changing the Representation
Changing the way you’re thinking about the problem
Incubation
Stepping away from the problem and doing other things
Restarts your brain
What is creativity?
A thought or behavior that is both original and useful/meaningful
What are the 4 stages of creativity?
Preparation- discover and define problem
Incubation- step away from problem
Insight- answer comes to mind
Elaboration-Verification: test the solution for accuracy
Divergent Thinking vs Convergent Thinking
The capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem
VS
Identifying the best solution to a problem
What are the 5 correlates of creativity?
Expertise, venturesome personality, imaginative thinking, creative environment, and intrinsic motivation
Expertise
You need to have a well-developed knowledge base in order to explore various viewpoints
Imaginative Thinking
The ability to see things in new and unusual ways
Venturesome Personality
Someone who seeks out new experiences, deals well with ambiguity and risk, and is more likely to persevere in the face of challenges
Intrinsic Motivation
Doings things because you want to do them, not because other people are telling you to
Creative Environment
A place that supports individual exploration and interactions with others
Fewer rules and less structure
Cognitive Fixation
The inability to break out of a mindset in order to think about a problem from a new perspective
Mental Set
The tendency to continue using the same problem-solving strategies even if better ones might be available
Functional Fixedness
A mindset in which you are unable to think of new or unusual ways to use common, everyday objects when problem solving
Ideational Fluency vs Flexibility of Thought vs Originality
The ability to produce many ideas
VS
The ability to produce many categories of ideas
VS
The ability to produce unusual and novel ideas
Default Mode Network
Portion of the frontal and parietal lobes that is still active even when the person isn’t focused on or engaging in anything
Responsible for daydreaming and mind wandering
