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General Psychology > Memory (Module 3 Ch 7) > Flashcards

Memory (Module 3 Ch 7) Flashcards

Memorize by 10/29

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1
Q

Memory

A

The ability to take in, solidify, store, and use information

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2
Q

What are the 3 steps of forming memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A

Taking external stimuli and turning it into internal memory

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4
Q

Engram

A

The mythical place in your brain where each memory is located (does not exist)

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5
Q

Automatic vs Effortful Processing

A

Encoding info with little effort or conscious attention to the task vs Encoding with careful attention and effort

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6
Q

Storage

A

Takes the encoding and puts it on hold until you’re ready to use that info again

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7
Q

Hierarchies

A

Organizing related things from their most specific features to their most general ones

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8
Q

Retrieval

A

Bringing something from your memory to your current mind for use

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9
Q

What are the 4 different levels of processing?

A

Structural, Phonemic, Semantic, and Organizational

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10
Q

Structural Processing

A

Focused on the visual components of information (occipital lobe)
Weakest kind of processing

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11
Q

Phonemic Processing

A

Focused on the sounds of a memory (temporal lobe)

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12
Q

Semantic Processing

A

Focused on the meaning of the information (frontal lobe)

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13
Q

Organizational Processing

A

Fitting new information with info that’s already in your brain (frontal lobe)

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14
Q

Craik & Tilving Study

A

Went through a list of words and asked either “Is it capitalized?”, “Does it have the “th” sound in it?”, or “Is this thing alive?”
Demonstrated that semantic processing is the most effective way to memorize

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15
Q

What are the 9 different ways of improving encoding?

A

Encoding Specificity Principle, Elaboration, Dual-Coding Theory, Self-Referent Encoding, Motivation to Remember, Pegwords, Method of Loci, Chunking, and Spacing Effect

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16
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

It’s best to encode info using the same type of processing that you’ll use to retrieve it
Ex: if you’ll retrieve it visually, it’s best to use structural

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17
Q

Elaboration

A

Adding info to the stimuli that you want to encode, giving you more info to pull from in your memory

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18
Q

Dual-Coding Theory

A

It’s best to encode info using multiple levels of processing or sensory information

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19
Q

Self-Referent Encoding

A

It’s easier to remember information that’s related to ourselves

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20
Q

Cocktail Party Phenomenon

A

Even in a loud environment, we’re always looking out for our names
Demonstrates self-referent encoding

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21
Q

Motivation to Remember

A

You’re more likely to remember something if you’re worried about remembering it

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22
Q

Pegwords

A

Creating a rhyming word so that it’s easier to remember the info

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23
Q

Mnemonic Device

A

A scheme that helps us remember info, such as rhyming, chunking, and acronyms

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24
Q

Method of Loci

A

Take an environment that you know really well; create a mental path through that place; along the path, place items or memories that you need to recall

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25
Q

Chunking

A

Breaking down or sorting lists of information into sets of info with more meaning

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26
Q

Spacing/Testing Effect

A

If you space out your encoding and test between those spaces, it’ll lead to better memory

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27
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?

A

Sensory, Short-term, and Long-term

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28
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Holds info for an extremely short period of time, but has a fairly large capacity (as shown by Sperling study)

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29
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Lasts longer than sensory memory, but still only a short duration
Also has a small capacity

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30
Q

Miller 7 +/- 2 Rule

A

Most people can store between 5 and 9 pieces of information within their short term memory

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31
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Long duration and large capacity

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32
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Long-term muscle memory
Your memory for actions, including automatic processes like walking

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33
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Long-term memory of factual information, including semantic and episodic

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34
Q

Semantic vs Episodic Memory

A

Memory for raw facts like trivia vs Memory for events that you’ve experienced

35
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Memory that has to do with you, including things you’ve experienced (episodic) and facts about yourself (semantic)

36
Q

HSAM

A

People with extremely superior episodic memory

37
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to do something in the future
Human are TERRIBLE at this

38
Q

Retrospective Memory

A

Remembering things that have happened in the past
Vast majority of memories

39
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

A vivid recollection of what you were doing when you first heard about a major or emotionally charged event (ex: 9/11)

40
Q

Working Memory

A

Concept coined by Alan Baddeley
Keeping information in short term memory
AKA Maintenance Rehearsal

41
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Elaborating on information by either connecting it to previous knowledge (like organizational processing) or adding new info to it (like elaboration)

42
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeatedly practicing material or information, so that it can be consolidated and enter into long-term memory

43
Q

What are the 4 parts of working memory?

A

Visuospatial Sketchpad, Phonological Loop, Central Executive, and Episodic Buffer

44
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad vs Phonological Loop

A

Related to visual and spatial info vs Related to auditory or language info

45
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Keeping things in sequence or chronological order (ex: directions + numbers)
Also deals with specific events or experiences

46
Q

Central Executive

A

The boss of working memory
Decides where to allocate resources and attention (either visual or sound)

47
Q

What are the benefits to having higher working memory?

A

Better logic, problem-solving skills, and/or intelligence

48
Q

Consolidation

A

Turning short term memory into long term memory
The process between encoding and storage

49
Q

What two things are essential to proper consolidation?

A

The hippocampus
REM sleep

50
Q

Reconsolidation

A

When memory moves from short term to long term several times (consciously recalling info then putting it back into subconscious long term memory), it’s open to change

51
Q

Long-term Potentiation and Cell Assemblies

A

When neurons repeatedly fire and excite other neurons in the area (continuous stimulation), they begin to form a network/cluster of neurons that will fire together
These long term bonds are consolidated into memory

52
Q

Implicit vs Explicit (Long-Term) Memory

A

Not actively searching for information but still accessing it
(Ex: automatic processes like walking; random memories popping into your head)
VS
Actively searching for or trying to recall a memory

53
Q

What structures are important to implicit memory? Explicit memory?

A

Implicit = Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
Explicit = Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex

54
Q

State Dependent Retrieval

A

It’s easier to retrieve info or memories that match your current emotional state
Ex: if someone is annoying you, you think about other times in which they annoyed you

55
Q

Associative Networks

A

Activation of one piece of info (or node) leads to the activation of closely related nodes

56
Q

Schemas

A

Clusters of knowledge about an object, event, or experience
Built from experience
Fills in blanks in your memory

57
Q

Priming

A

Retrieval is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli

58
Q

What are 3 ways of testing memory?

A

Recall: w/o specific cues (ex: essay exam)
Recognition: w/ cues that guide you to specific memories (ex: multiple choice)
Relearning: usually for skills rather than info

59
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Forgetting everything prior to the event that caused amnesia (problem with retrieval)

60
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Forgetting everything new that happens after the event that caused amnesia
Unable to make new memories (problem with consolidation)

61
Q

Processing Errors

A

Errors in cognition that occur when creating a memory, leading to inaccurate memories

62
Q

Ineffective Encoding

A

If you fail to encode something correctly, you won’t have accurate memory
Includes anterograde amnesia

63
Q

Serial Positioning Effect

A

More likely to remember items that are at the beginning (primacy) or end (recency) of a list

64
Q

What was the Simons & Chabris study?

A

Someone in a gorilla costume danced in the middle of a group of people playing basketball, then walked out
A lot of people didn’t notice the gorilla because they were too focused on the basketball players

65
Q

Selective Attention

A

We can only remember information that we pay attention to (proven by the Simons & Chabris study)

66
Q

Who were Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton?

A

Jenn identified Ronald as her rapist and he was convicted to 16 years of prison. He was eventually found not guilty after a DNA test

67
Q

Bias

A

We remember information that fits with our expectations, while forgetting information that disagrees with us

68
Q

Own Race Bias

A

People are better at picking out facial details of people of their own race than the faces of other races
Demonstrated by the Thompson & Cotton case

69
Q

Source Monitoring

A

Remembering where you hear information from

70
Q

Cryptoamnesia (aka accidental plagiarism)

A

When you can’t remember the source of your information, so you assume it was your own original thought

71
Q

Tip-of-the-Tongue

A

When you know that you know a piece of information, but you can’t recall it in that instance

72
Q

Decay (aka Transience)

A

Information fades away across time if you don’t use it
“Hebb’s Law” = use it or lose it
If cell assemblies are not stimulated repeatedly, they lose their connections

73
Q

Retrieval Failure

A

Memory is effectively encoded and consolidated, but you fail to retrieve it
Includes tip-of-the-tongue

74
Q

Interference

A

You can’t recall information because some other piece of info is getting in the way

75
Q

Proactive vs Retroactive Interference

A

Original info interferes with ability to recall new info
VS
New info interferes with ability to recall old info

76
Q

Repression

A

The unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness

77
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

With each passing day, we remember less, but the rate of decline slows

78
Q

Absent-mindedness

A

A form of forgetfulness that results from not paying attention or dividing our attention

79
Q

Recovered Memory

A

Memory of an event that was encoded and stored, but not retrieved or made conscious for a long period of time

80
Q

Suggestibility

A

Changing memory based off of external information
Ex: what other people tell you happened influences how you remember the situation

81
Q

Persistence

A

Excessively recalling (and thus reconsolidating) a memory makes it more susceptible to changes
Ex: this occurs in PTSD

82
Q

False Memories

A

Memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone
Developing a memory based off false information

83
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

When false or misleading information that was learned after the original event gets incorporated into the memory as true

84
Q

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

A

Using a weak electrical charge to stimulate specific areas of the brain, enhancing memory and learning

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