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Social Influences Flashcards

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1
Q

what is social support?

A

Believing peers agree with you (situational)

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2
Q

what is a locus of control?

A

Personality traits related to confidence (dispositional)

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3
Q

what are the two different types of locus of control?

A

internal LOC and external LOC

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4
Q

what beliefs do people with a internal locus of control have?

A

Belief in your own agency - responsible for your own fate

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5
Q

what beliefs do people with a external locus of control have?

A

Belief in external control - not responsible for your fate

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6
Q

what are levels of conformity like for someone with an internal LOC?

A

Likely to resist normative social influence to conform because they don’t believe others’ views matter

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7
Q

what are levels of conformity like for someone with an external LOC?

A

Likely to conform more often because they believe external people/factors are important - less likely to trust their own convictions

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8
Q

what are levels of obedience like for someone with an internal LOC?

A

Likely to resist obedience more often - they tend to think for themselves more often and look to authority less often

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9
Q

what are levels of obedience like for someone with an external LOC?

A

Obey more often - looking for external information about how to act and believe others have control over them

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10
Q

Give an example from Asch’s study of social support

A

In Asch’s (1956) study when one of the confederates disagreed with the others, critical trial conformity fell

Compliance fell from around ⅓ to 5.5% (ca. 6 times less)

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11
Q

Give an example from Milgram’s study of social support

A

in Milgram’s (1963) study with social support

Obedience fell from 65% to 10% going to 450V with a dissenter

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12
Q

What is minority influence?

A

This is a form of social influence in which a minority rejects the established norm of the majority of group members and persuades the majority to move to the position of the minority

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13
Q

what is minority influence most likely to lead to?

A

internalisation

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14
Q

What was the name of Serge Moscovici’s study?

A

‘blue slide, green slide’ study

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15
Q

Give the 5 steps of Serge Moscovici’s ‘blue slide, green slide’ study

A
  1. Pps were first given eye tests to ensure that they were not colour blind. They were then placed in a group consisting of four other participants and two confederates.
  2. Pps were shown 36 slides which were clearly different shades of blue and asked to state the colour of each slide out loud.
  3. In the first part of the experiment the two confederates answered green for each of the slides. They were completely consistent in their responses.
  4. In the second part of the experiment they answered green 24 times and blue 12 times. In this case they were inconsistent in their answers.
  5. A control group was used for comparison with the experimental group therefore the factors expected to influence the experimental group are removed. The control group did not include confederates.
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16
Q

Give 3 results of the ‘blue slide, green slide’ study

A

Only 0.25% of the control group’s responses were green, the rest were blue.

For the experimental group, 1.25% of the participants’ answers were green when the confederates gave inconsistent answers (i.e., 24 green, 12 blue).

This rose to 8.2% responding with green when the confederates were consistent in their responses (i.e., 36 green)

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17
Q

what are the three processes involved in minority influence?

A
  1. consistency
  2. commitment
  3. flexibility
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18
Q

What study began conformity research?

A

Jennes (1932) - jelly bean study

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19
Q

What is conformity?

A

a type of social influence where you beliefs and/or behaviours change to fit in with a group

group pressure can be real or imagined

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20
Q

Who came up with the three different types of conformity in 1958?

A

Kelman

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21
Q

What were the three types of conformity which Kelman (1958) came up with?

A
  1. compliance
  2. internalisation
  3. identification
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22
Q

What is compliance? (Kelman (1958))

A

when people don’t believe in the action/behaviour that they are doing but they do it in order to fit in ( avoiding negative consequences by changing eg. music, syle, etc)

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23
Q

What is internalisation? (Kelman (1958))

A

when people do believe in the action/behaviour that they are doing and do it because they believe in it personally (eg. doing something about climate change)

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24
Q

What is identification? (Kelman (1958))

A

when people have no initial belief in the action/behaviour however they are converted - go along with it and become convinced that that is what they believe in (eg. religions)

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25
Q

What is normative social influence?

A

doing something to ‘fit in’ or ‘be normal’ so others won’t judge (e.g music taste or style etc) (involves compliance and identification from Kelman (1958))

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26
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

doing something in order to be correct (eg. queues) (involves internalisation and identification from Kelman (1958))

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27
Q

Who investigated informational social influence further?

A

Sherif

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28
Q

Describe Sherif’s informational social influence experiment in five steps

A
  1. told people he was studying the auto-kinetic effect
  2. he was actually looking at informational social influence
  3. participants were told the light would move and they should guess how far it moved - it never actually moved
  4. started estimates in groups of 3 - the third person to answer would always estimate between the first two estimates
  5. first formal demonstration of informational social influence in a lab
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29
Q

Who investigated normative social influence further?

A

Asch (1956)

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30
Q

What were the two aims of Asch’s (1956) study?

A
  1. tried to show how people do not make their own decisions

2. wanted to demonstrate that experts were fallible - expanding Sherif’s earlier study

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31
Q

What was the IV of Asch’s (1956) study?

A

IV = what confederates do (their behaviour)

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32
Q

What was the DV of Asch’s (1956) study?

A

DV = no. wrong responses from participants

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33
Q

Describe Asch’s (1956) study in 3 steps

A
  1. 4 lines on a board - one example line and three others all of different lengths
  2. participants were asked to guess which line matched the height of the example line
  3. participants were in a room of confederates all saying the wrong answers - measuring normative social influence
34
Q

What were participants like for Asch’s (1956) study?

A

participants all uni students

35
Q

How many participants conformed at least once in Asch’s (1956) study?

A

75% at least once

36
Q

Give two disadvantages of Asch’s (1956) study?

A
  1. lacks historical validity

2. bad internal validity

37
Q

What three aspects did Asch alter slightly in his normative social influence (1956) study?

A
  1. group size
  2. unanimity of the majority
  3. difficulty of the task
38
Q

What did he discover after changing the group size in Asch’s (1956) study?

A

3-6 confederates was the most persuasive

39
Q

What did he discover after changing the unanimity of the majority in Asch’s (1956) study?

A

conformity fell to 5.5% with one dissenter

40
Q

What did he discover after changing the difficulty of the task in Asch’s (1956) study?

A
  • more difficult = more conformity
  • more recent research shows this correlation depends on self-efficacy - an important extraneous variable in all social influence research
41
Q

What two things was Zimbardo trying to prove in his (1973) prison experiment?

A
  1. wanted to show that society has mutually agreed roles that people just follow without thinking
  2. the thought that any culturally established role-appropriate behaviour would be seen in any group of people, given an appropriate environment
42
Q

What is deindividualization?

A

the loss of self-awareness in groups

43
Q

What is disinhibition?

A

start to do something you normally wouldn’t do

44
Q

Who took part in the Zimbardo (1973) stanford prison experiment?

A

24 male subjects

45
Q

What sampling technique was used in the Zimbardo (1973) stanford prison experiment?

A

volunteer sampling = demand characteristics?

46
Q

What happened to the prisoners before the experiment even started in the Zimbardo (1973) stanford prison experiment?

A

they were arrested a month before they were told the experiment would ‘start’

47
Q

what were the only instructions the guards were given in the Zimbardo (1973) stanford prison experiment?

A

that they had to maintain order and could not harm the prisoners

48
Q

T/F - Zimbardo played a part as the prison governor in his (1973) experiment?

A

True

49
Q

How long did the Zimbardo (1973) stanford prison experiment last for and how long was it meant to last for?

A

lasted 6 days and only stopped when an outsider threatened to call the police

meant to last 2 weeks

50
Q

Give three symptoms the prisoners had after the Zimbardo (1973) stanford prison experiment?

A

PTSD, anxiety disorders and depression

51
Q

Why did Milgram decide to do his (1963) experiment?

A

he was interested in the ‘german question’

  • some german leaders claimed they were simply following orders during the war and didn’t understand their actions at the time
  • MIlgram wanted to prove germans were not all evil
52
Q

What is autonomous state? (Milgram (1963))

A

when your actions are under your control

53
Q

What is agentic state? (Milgram (1963))

A

when your deferred responsibility to someone else

54
Q

What is agentic shift? (Milgram (1963))

A

the point at which you lose sense of responsibility

55
Q

What is legitimacy of authority? (Milgram (1963))

A

the features/qualities of the person giving orders that makes us obey them

56
Q

Explain the Milgram (1963) experiment in 3 points

A
  1. participants told they were to ask a confederate in another room questions and if they were to answer incorrectly they needed to give the confederate an electric shock - higher voltages each time
  2. the participants were shown an electric shock so they knew the severity of it
  3. experiment was carried out and Milgram researched how high participants would take the voltage even when they knew it was causing harm
57
Q

What were the four different variations of Milgram’s (1963) study?

A
  1. legitimacy of authority
  2. proximity
  3. location
  4. uniform worn by experimenter
58
Q

In Milgram’s (1963) study, what were the results when the proximity was changed? (3)

A
  • teacher and learner in the same room (obedience levels were 40%)
  • teacher had to force learner to touch the electric plate (obedience levels were 30%)
  • experimenter leaves the room (obedience levels were 21%)
59
Q

In Milgram’s (1963) study, what were the results when the location was changed? (2)

A
  • yale uni (prestigious location) (obedience levels were 65%)
  • old office block (obedience levels were 40%)
60
Q

In Milgram’s (1963) study, what were the results when the uniform that was worn by the experimenter was changed? (3)

A
  • tramp (obedience levels were 52%)
  • police (obedience levels were 72%)
  • business suit (obedience levels were 48%)
61
Q

What did Adorno et al. (1950) do?

A

made the F-scale to measure authoritarian personality

62
Q

Who introduced the three clusters of personality traits for right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)?

A

Altemeyer (1981)

63
Q

What three clusters of personality traits of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) did Altemeyer (1981) introduce?

A
  1. conventionalism
  2. authoritarian aggression
  3. authoritarian submission
64
Q

What is conventionalism? (Altemeyer (1981))

A

people who are afraid to change, sticks to the status quo

65
Q

What is authoritarian aggression? (Altemeyer (1981))

A

people who fear outsiders

66
Q

What is authoritarian submission? (Altemeyer (1981))

A

people who fear punishment

67
Q

What was Altemeyers (1981) study?

A

he replicated MIlgram’s (1963) method only this time participants were told to shock themselves for wrong answers at the end of the experiment because they hadn’t done a good job - over 80% obeyed

68
Q

What was Elms and Milgram’s (1966) study?

A

same as Altemeyer (1981) but used the same participants as the original Milgram (1963) experiment

69
Q

Why do minority groups need to be consistent?

A

groups that have a simple, clear and consistent message are often the most influential

70
Q

Why do minority groups need to have commitment?

A

commitment shows confidence, joining a minority group can be a difficult choice, so members are usually very committed

71
Q

Why do minority groups need to have flexibility?

A

flexible negotiation is better at persuading others than just repeating and not listening to people (Mugny, (1982))

72
Q

Give three roles of social influence processes in social change

A
  1. tells us how whole societies and individuals might change (eg. suffragettes)
  2. the power that persuasive groups possess in order to bring about social change is their ability to organise, educate and mobilise support for their cause
  3. when individuals band together and form an organisation to focus their collective power, social change can be the result
73
Q

What is the special role of minority influence?

A
  • If an individual is exposed to a persuasive argument under certain conditions, they may change their views to match those of the minority.
  • Moscovici (1980) referred to this process as a ‘conversion’, a necessary prerequisite for social change.
  • This is a form of internalisation
74
Q

Give the six steps in how minority influence creates social change

A
  1. Drawing attention to the issue - this creates a COGNITIVE CONFLICT
  2. Consistency of position - displaying a unswerving message and intent
  3. Deeper processing - many people who simply accept the status quo start thinking further
  4. The augmentation principle - minorities take risks to further the cause
  5. The snowball effect - people switch from a majority position to a minority one
  6. Social cryptomnesia occurs - people have a memory that change has occurred but some people have no memory of the events leading to that change
75
Q

Give two lessons that we learn from obedience research

A
  1. Dissenters make social change more likely - Asch’s research demonstrated that when one confederate always gave the correct answer, this broke the power of the majority – this enabled others to dissent. This demonstrates the potential for social change
  2. Majority influence and normative social influence - Environmental and health campaigners exploit conformity by appealing to NSI. They provide information about what others are doing. Social change is encouraged by drawing attention to the majority’s behaviour
76
Q

How many participants were in Asch and Sherif’s NSI study and what gender were they?

A

123 male uni students

77
Q

What was the average rate of conformity in Asch and Sherif’s NSI study?

A

33% average rate of conformity overall

78
Q

When was Zimbardo’s experiment replicated (2)?

A
  1. Abu Ghraib prison situation - women guards involved in this too and same happened - evaluation point for gender bias
  2. 2006 replications
79
Q

In Milgram’s original experiment, what happened when the participant reached 300V?

A

confederate stops responding - 100% of participants continued to this point

80
Q

In Milgram’s original experiment, what happened when the participant reached 450V?

A

this was the maximum voltage level - around 65% of participants continued to this point despite the confederate stopping responding at 300V

Psychology (12 decks)

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