Approaches in psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Who was known as the ‘first psychologist’?
A
Wundt
2
Q
When was Wundt alive?
A
1832-1920
3
Q
What approach did Wundt have to psychology?
A
Structuralism - he thought introspectrum would uncover the minds workings
4
Q
What psychologist was after Wundt?
A
James
5
Q
When was James alive?
A
1842-1910
6
Q
What approach did James have to psychology?
A
disagreed with Wundt - thought structure was irrelevant and what really mattered was the function of the brain - he called this functionalism
7
Q
What psychologist was after James?
A
Freud
8
Q
When was Freud alive?
A
1856-1939
9
Q
What four things did Freud introduce to psychology?
A
- dream analysis
- hypnotism
- the ‘couch’ therapy
- psychosexual stages
10
Q
What were the five main psychosexual stages?
A
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- lateral
- genital
11
Q
What is empiricism?
A
the idea that everything has a cause and if we know the cause then we can predict/control behaviour
12
Q
What were the three stages of Pavlov’s experiment?
A
- dog salivates when food arrives (unconditioned)
- over time owner rings bell when food arrives
- after a while even when bell rings and there’s no food dog salivates (conditioned)
13
Q
What does conditioned and unconditioned mean?
A
conditioned = learnt
eg. conditioned stimulus = learnt stimulus (bell)
unconditioned = unlearnt
eg. unconditioned response = unlearnt response (salivating)
14
Q
What were the five main stages of Skinner’s experiment?
A
- rat put in box without food
- if rat finds lever he gets food (positive reinforcement)
- next time box gives electric shocks and lever stops them (negative reinforcement)
- lever is reversed and then begins to give shocks when pulled (punishment)
- punishment can be positive or negative
15
Q
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
A
positive = get something from it (eg. supernanny soap in mouth)
negative = get something taken away (eg. no tv for a week for child)
16
Q
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
A
positive = get a reward (eg. supernanny gives marble in jar)
negative = something bad stops (eg. child can leave table if they eat two more vegetables)
17
Q
What are the four main mediation processes?
A
- modelling
- imitation
- identification = more likely to copy someone that is similar to them
- vicarious reinforcement = learning through others
18
Q
What does the bobo doll experiment study?
A
SLT - how humans observe others behaviours and this allows them to learn and/or modify their behaviour
19
Q
Who conducted the bobo doll experiment?
A
Bandura et al. (1963)
20
Q
How many kids were involved in the bobo doll experiment and how many groups were the split into?
A
66 kids into 3 groups
21
Q
What were each of the conditions in the three different groups in the bobo doll experiment?
A
- adult gets rewarded for kicking and punching the doll in video
- adult gets punished for kicking and punching the doll in video
- adult gets nothing for kicking and punching the doll in video
22
Q
What was predicted of the children involved in the bobo doll experiment?
A
that they would copy the adults behaviour
23
Q
Give two strengths of SLT
A
- applications in criminology (criminal models = criminal behaviours)
- applications in health psychology (positive models = positive and healthy behaviours (eg. Jesy Nelson documentary))
24
Q
Give two weaknesses of SLT
A
- casualty - does identification cause imitation or do we gravitate to people who are already like us?
- complexity - a reductionist explanation of human behaviour - lots of other possible motivations are ignored
25
What is your schema?
a mental plan consisting of expectations - we use it to make decisions and to make sense of the world (we often have a different one for each situation (eg. work, school, at the pub etc.))
26
What is cognitive neuroscience?
recent scanning advances mean we can see the physical 'modules' in the brain - these are no longer just boxes in a diagram
27
What are two ways in which we can carry out cognitive neuroscience?
1. PET scan
| 2. fMRI scan
28
Give three strengths of the cognitive approach
1. better than Pavlov and Skinner
2. it has been applied to many other areas of psychology (eg. CBT - cognitive behaviour therapy)
3. objective approach based on scientific findings
29
Give seven weaknesses of the cognitive approach
1. studies may lack ecological validity
2. ignores emotion and motivation
3. computer models have limited explanatory powers
4. no free will
5. expensive
6. controlled environment
7. correlation
30
Who introduced the biological approach?
Charles Darwin
31
What is a genotype?
the info in DNA
32
What is a phenotype?
the traits DNA gives us
33
Give four examples of hormones and what they do
1. oxytocin - helps bonding
2. serotonin - relaxation
3. dopamine - addiction hormone
4. cortisol - main stress hormone
34
Neurochemistry
What do neurotransmitters do?
they carry signals between synapses - all of our moods and feelings are created in this way
35
XYY scandal - explain it in 4 points
1. in 1961 Sandberg discovered it in men
2. in 1967 Court Brown wrote a paper on XYY myth which was adopted by most scientific investigations (all due to sampling problem)
3. as a result of this XYY males were branded aggressive and hospitalisation was recommended
4. in 1984 Thailgard compared XY males and XYY males and realised that the only differences were oily skin and taller males in XYY males
36
What is the function of the frontal part of the brain?
involved with functions such as speech, thought and learning
37
What is the function of the parietal part of the brain?
processes sensory info such as touch, temperature and pain
38
What is the function of the occipital part of the brain?
processes visual info
39
What is the function of the temporal part of the brain?
involved with hearing and memory
40
What is the function of the brain stem?
organising connections between the brain and the body
41
What is the function of the cerebellum in the brain?
involuntary muscle movements
42
What did Freud use to illistrate the idea of the unconcious mind?
An iceberg
43
What was Freud's unconcious mind theory?
he belevied that part of your mind is inaccessible to concious thought
he called bits you can't interact with the preconcious and unconcious
44
In Freud's unconcious mind theory, what information was the preconcious thought to hold?
memories and stored knowledge
45
In Freud's unconcious mind theory, what information was the unconcious thought to hold?
fears, violent motives, immoral/selfish urges
46
What did Freud say were out three 'drives'?
the id, ego and superego
47
What is the id?
pleasure, selfish, fear, anger, lust
48
What is the ego?
reality, logic, balance, compromise, reason
49
what is the superego?
morality, guilt, concience
50
What is a defence mechanism
Freud thought that the brain was intelligent and therefore it stops harmful thoughts/memories from becoming concious where we can percieve them = this is a defence mechanism
51
What do we call it when sometimes the unconcious lets something through to our concious thought?
a 'freudian slip'
52
Give 4 examples of defence mechanisms (Freudian filters)
- Repression
- denial
- displacement - taking it out on someone else
- minimisation - telling yourself it's not a big deal
53
What were the 5 psychosexual stages of development and what occured in each?
Oral (mouth, eating), Anal (potty training), Phallic (genitals, discover sexuality, eg. not to be naked in public etc.), Latent (little/no sexual motivation present), Genital (sexual intercourse)
54
What idea does the humanistic approach focus on?
it believes that we have free will and are 'active agents' in our own destiny and have the power to determine our own development
this differs to other approaches which are mostly deterministic
55
Why did Maslow and Rogers pioneer this more 'person-centered' approach (the humanistic approach)?
they believed our experiences are more important than general laws because we are all individuals
they reject the scientific approach and generalisation
56
What are the five sections of Maslow's hierachy? (highest to lowest)
Self-actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety, psycological
57
What are the five sections of Maslow's hierachy? (highest to lowest)
Self-actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety, psycological
58
According to Maslow's hierachy, what is self-actualisation?
a persons motivation to reach his or her full potential. As shown in the hierachy, a persons basic needs must be met before self-actualisation can be achieved.
59
What are Roger's conditions of worth?
the conditions that people percieve significant others (eg. parents or a spouse) put upon them and which they believe they have to be in place if they are to be accepted by others and see themselves positively j
60
When to people tend to develop conditions of worth? (humanistic approach, Rogers)
when they experience conditional positive regard
61
What two basic needs did Roger claim people have?
positive regard from other people and a feeling of self-worth
62
What is 'the self' (or self-concept)? (humanistic approach, Rogers)
refers to how we percieve ourselves as a person
63
T/F - Roger claimed that the closer out self-concept and our ideal self are to eachother, the greater our feelings of self-worth and the greater our psychological health
TRUE
64
T/F - Roger claimed that the closer out self-concept and our ideal self are to eachother, the greater our feelings of self-worth and the greater our psychological health
TRUE
65
What is congruence? (humanostic approach, Rogers)
when there is similarity between a person's ideal self and how they percieve themselves to be in real life
66
What is a state of incongruence? (humanistic approach, Rogers)
When there is a difference between the self and ideal-self
67
T/F - the greater our levels of congruence, the greater our levels of self-worth
TRUE
68
What were the two main concepts in Roger's client-centred therapy?
1. what qualities/traits do you have? - Roger's called this your 'ideal self'
2. imagine yourself now from others perspectives - Roger's called this your 'self-concept'
69
Why did Roger's develop client-centered therapy?
to adress congruence issues
the therapist provided genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard (UPR)
- it's believes UPR is missing in childhood for many mental health issues
