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Psychology - Short answer question cards > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of conformity?

A

Internalisation, Identification, Compliance.

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2
Q

Which is the deepest type of conformity?

A

Internalisation

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3
Q

Which explanation of conformity occurs when someone ‘wants to be liked’? It is about norms and gaining social approval.

A

NSI

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4
Q

What does the two-process approach saying about why people conform?

A

People either conform because they want to be liked (NSI), or because they want to be right (ISI)

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5
Q

Can you state what type of change ISI and NSI will lead to?

A

ISI = Permanent, NSI = Temporary

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6
Q

Give me the numbers relating to Asch’s study:
- number of participants?
- number of lines?
- number of confederates?

A
  • number of participants? 123
  • number of lines? 4 (1 standard line and 3 comparison lines)
  • number of confederates? (5-7)
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7
Q

Define Conformity.

A

A change in a person’s behavior or opinions as a result from real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people.

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8
Q

How does Asch’s study support explanations of
conformity?

A

NSI: when interviewed, participants said they felt self-conscious giving correct answer and were afraid of disapproval.

ISI: When Asch made task more difficult, conformity increased.

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9
Q

What is a ‘dissenter’?

A

A non-conforming person.

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10
Q

Which other study supports Asch’s findings on the effects of task difficulty?

A

Lucas et al (2006). Asked participants to complete ‘easy’ and ‘hard’ maths problems.

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11
Q

A limitation of Asch’s research is that participants may have been displaying demand characteristics.
What does this mean?

A

They knew they were in a study and therefore going along with what was expected of them.

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12
Q

What is meant by the term ’social roles’?

A

The ‘parts’ people play as members of various social groups. These are accompanied by expectations of behaviour in each role.

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13
Q

What is a ‘nAffiliator?

A

A nAffiliator is someone who is greatly concerned by being liked by others.

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14
Q

After how many days was Zimbardo’s study shut down and why?

A

Study ended after 6 days instead of 14. Prisoners became subdued, depressed and anxious, some showing severe signs of psychological disturbance. Guards’ behaviour became increasingly brutal and aggressive.

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15
Q

What is obedience?

A

A form of social Influence in which an individual follows a direct order, usually a figure of authority, who has the power to punish.

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16
Q

Give me the numbers relating to Milgram’s experiment:
- Number of participants?
- Number of confederates?
- The shocks increased by how many volts each time?
- What was the max voltage that could be administered?
- What % of participants went up to the full voltage?

A
  • Number of participants? 40
  • Number of confederates? 2
  • The shocks increased by how many volts each time? 15v
  • What was the max voltage that could be administered? 450v
  • What % of participants went up to the full voltage? 65%
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17
Q

Can you recall the situational factors Milgram identified?

A

Proximity, location, uniform.

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18
Q

Which ‘field experiment’ provide support for the influence of situational variables on obedience?

A

Leonard Bickman (1974). 3 confederates dressed in different outfits (jacket and tie, milkman and security guard), asked
passers-by to perform tasks. People were twice as likely to obey security guard.

19
Q

What is the ‘agentic shift’?

A

The shift from autonomy to agency.

20
Q

What is a binding factor?

A

Aspects of the situation that allow a person to ignore or minimise the damaging effect of their behaviour.

21
Q

A further strength of Milgrams research is that his findings have been replicated in other cultures. What research supports this?

A

Meeus and Raaijmakers (1986). Dutch study where participants were asked to say stressful things in an
interview.

22
Q

When would a person demonstrate identification with regards to smoking.

A

When they agree/disagree with smoking both in public/private. Eg. they do not smoke at all - or they smoke both at home and in public settings

23
Q

Where did Milgram gain his sample?

A

Put out an advert in the newspaper

24
Q

How does Milgrams study support the role of the agentic state in obedience?

A

Most of the participants resisted giving shocks at some point but once they knew the experimenter was responsible if the ‘learner’ was harmed, they continued.

25
Q

Give two characteristics of the authoritarian personality

A

Likely to obey orders from an authority figure, hold traditional values such as love for country and family, view society as weaker than it once was, highly conventional
attitudes towards sex, race and gender, believe we need strong and powerful leaders, everything is either right or wrong.

26
Q

Who were the participants in Zimbardo’s study?

A

21 male university students who were deemed emotionally stable.

27
Q

Give one limitation of the legitimacy explanation.

A

Cannot explain instances of disobedience e.g. Rank and Jacobson’s study.

28
Q

What was Adorno’s measurement scale called?

A

The F scale.

29
Q

When does Adorno believe personality type is formed?

A

In childhood, mostly as a result of harsh parenting.

30
Q

What evidence is there supporting the Authoritarian personality?

A

Milgram. (Interviewed sample of people who had participated in his original study and asked them to complete F scale. Obedient participants scored significantly higher than comparison group of disobedient participants.

31
Q

Give one limitation of Zimbardo’s research.

A

Lack of realism (stereotypes), Zimbardo exaggerated the power of roles, does not account for behaviour of
non-brutal guards.

32
Q

What three factors are the main processes involved in minority influence?

A

Consistency, flexibility and commitment

33
Q

How did Milgram demonstrate the role of social support in resisting obedience?

A

When participants were paired with a disobedient confederate, obedience rates dropped to 10%

34
Q

What is meant by a high internal locus of control?

A

The belief that things happen due to our choices and decisions, we have control in our lives and influence
within our world.

35
Q

What is consistency in terms of minority influence?

A

The minority will be most effective when they keep to the same beliefs over time (diachronic) and between individuals (synchronic)

36
Q

What do we call the ‘effect’ that happens when the minority view gradually becomes the majority?

A

Snowball effect.

37
Q

What research support is there for consistency when trying to influence a majority?

A

Moscovici et al’s blue/green slide.

38
Q

Give one limitation of minority influence.

A

Minority influence research can be artificial and findings can be limited in what they tell us about minority influence in real-world situations.

39
Q

Provide 2 situational explanations of obedience.

A

Agentic state and legitimacy of authority

40
Q

What is the dispositional explanation of obedience?

A

The authoritarian personality

41
Q

What is a situational and a dispositional explanation of resistance to social influence?

A
  • Situational: Social support
  • Dispositional: locus of control
42
Q

What are the 6 steps to social change?

A

Drawing attention, consistency, deeper processing, augmentation principle, snowball effect, social cryptomnesia

43
Q

What was Zimbardo’s role in the Stanford prison experiment?

A

Prison warden

44
Q

What did Milgram conclude from his baseline study?

A

German people are not ‘different because American participants were willing to obey even if went against their morals. Milgram suggested this was because of situational
factors.

Psychology - Short answer question cards (8 decks)

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