Approaches

Question 1

What is introspection?

Answer 1

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.

Question 2

What is structuralism?

Answer 2

Wundt, and colleagues ensured that the stimuli that they presented was always in the same order with the same instructions given to all participants.

Question 3

What is a strength of Wundt’s work?

Answer 3

Controlled setting and standardised methods

Question 4

What is a weakness of the emergence of psychology as a science?

Answer 4

Not all the approaches are scientific as they don’t use objective methods..

Question 5

What approach dominated psychology for approximately 50 years?

Answer 5

Behaviourism

Question 6

What is the current approach in Psychology?

Answer 6

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 7

Name the key figures who began the behaviourist approach.

Answer 7

Skinner and Pavlov

Question 8

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 8

Negative reinforcement is pleasant and encourages behaviour to be repeated, eg; a curfew, whereas punishment is unpleasant and prevents behaviour from being repeated; eg. A fine

Question 9

Explain how a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning.

Answer 9

When paired with a UCS, over time the NS becomes a CS.

Question 10

What is a limitation of the Behavioural approach?

Answer 10

Oversimplifies the learning process or suffers from environmental determinism, or ethical issues

Question 11

What are the four mediational processes suggested in the SLT.

Answer 11

Attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation.

Question 12

How is SLT different from Behaviourism?

Answer 12

SLT considers a cognitive component using the mediational processes to state that mental factors are involved with learning.

Question 13

What is identification in SLT?

Answer 13

When the person observing associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model.

Question 14

What is a weakness of SLT?

Answer 14

Biological references are under emphasised or research to support SLT comes from observations in labs.

Question 15

State a strength of SLT

Answer 15

Real world application in explaining cultural differences in behaviour.

Question 16

What is a schema?

Answer 16

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They develop with experience.

Question 17

What is meant by a computer model?

Answer 17

Software simulations of internal mental processes that are created in collaboration with computer scientists

Question 18

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 18

The scientific study of those biological structures that under pin cognitive processes.

Question 19

What is a strength of the cognitive approach?

Answer 19

Objective scientific methods or Real world applications

Question 20

How did the Bobo doll study support SLT?

Answer 20

It showed that children who had observed the same sex role model would imitate their behaviour showing the power of SLT

Question 21

What is an inference according to the cognitive approach?

Answer 21

The process where cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental process operate on the basis of observed behaviour.

Question 22

What is a weakness of the cognitive approach?

Answer 22

It relies on inferences of mental processes rather than direct observation or it suffers from machine reductionism.

Question 23

What are the 3 parts of the tripartite personality?

Answer 23

Id, ego, superego

Question 24

List Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development.

Answer 24

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Question 25

What stage does the Oedipus and Electra complex occur?

Answer 25

Phallic stage

Question 26

What is a strength of the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 26

Introduction to the idea of psychotherapy (talking therapies/counselling), or the theory has explanatory power and has influence on psychology, literature and art.

Question 27

What are the three defence mechanisms suggested by Freud?

Answer 27

Repression, denial and displacement

Question 28

What are the 5 parts to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 28

Physiological Needs, Safety and Security, Love and Belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualisation

Question 29

What are ‘conditions of worth’?

Answer 29

Constraints an individual believes are put upon them by significant others that they deem necessary to gain positive regard, e.g. I will only love you if.

Question 30

What is congruence?

Answer 30

The aim of Rogerian therapy when the self-concept and the ideal self are seen to match.

Question 31

What is a strength of the Humanistic approach?

Answer 31

It is not reductionist as it considers meaningful human behaviour or it is a positive optimistic approach which see people as basically good.

Question 32

What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype?

Answer 32

Phenotype is the characteristics of an individual which are determined by both the genes and the environment where as genotype are just the characteristics determined by the genes

Question 33

What does concordance mean?

Answer 33

A measure of similarity between two individuals or sets of individuals on a given trait.

Question 34

State one strength of the Biological approach

Answer 34

Real world application for mental health disorders, it uses scientific objective methods

Question 35

State one weakness of the Biological approach

Answer 35

Not all MH is 100% biological in nature, the approach is deterministic and too simplistic ignoring the environment.

Question 36

Which approach(s) use an idiographic approach?

Answer 36

Psychodynamic and humanistic

Question 37

State a difference between the humanistic and Biological approach

Answer 37

Humanistic = Holistic, Free will, Client centred talking therapy Biological = Reductionist, Deterministic, Drug therapy