Psychopathology Flashcards
Which definition refers to someone having less common characteristics?
Statistical infrequency
What are the four definitions of abnormality?
SI, F2FA, DFIMH and DFSN
What are the three characteristics of a phobia you need to know?
Behavioural, emotional, cognitive
What type of conditioning acquires the phobia?
Classical
What type of conditioning maintains the phobia?
Operant
Name one behavioural, one emotional and one cognitive characteristic of a phobia
- Behavioural – APE – Avoidance, Panic, Endurance
- Emotional – UFA - anxiety, fear, unreasonable
- Cognitive – IB, CD, SA (ABCD-SA) – irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions, selective attention
What does operant conditioning do in the two process model?
Maintain the phobia.
What is reciprocal inhibition?
relaxation and anxiety can’t happen at the same time.
What is the difference between systematic desensitisation and flooding in terms of treating phobias?
- SD: gradual, expensive and time consuming
- F: immediate, cheaper due to less sessions.
Explain one behavioural, one emotional and one cognitive characteristic of depression.
- Behavioural – activity levels, disruption to sleep/eating behaviour, aggression and self harm
- Emotional – low mood, anger, lowered self esteem
- Cognitive – poor concentration, attending to and dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking
What are the three parts to the negative triad?
Negative views of the future, world, the self.
What does the ABC stand for in Ellis’ ABC Model?
Activating event, beliefs, consequences.
What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?
Activity levels, disruption to sleep and eating behaviour, aggression and self-harm.
What is a limitation of Ellis’s ABC model of depression?
- It only explains reactive depression not endogenous depression.
- Ethical issues of patient blaming for depression
What is the goal of behaviour activation?
To work with depressed individuals to gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation, and increase their engagement in activities that have been shown to improve mood.
What are the 5 parts to the ABCDE model?
Activating event, beliefs, consequences, dispute and effect
What are the emotional characteristics of depression?
Lowered mood, anger, lowered self esteem
What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?
Anxiety and distress, accompanying depression, guilt and disgust.
What is an SSRI?
An antidepressant that works on the serotonin system in the brain. It prevents the reabsorption and breakdown of serotonin causing an increase in the amount of it in the synapse.
What other treatments are used as an alternative to SSRIs?
CBT, tricyclics, SNRIs.
What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?
Obsessive thoughts, cognitive coping strategies, insight into excessive anxiety.
What is the difference between an obsession and a compulsion?
Obsessions are thoughts, compulsions are behaviours
A limitation of the failure to function adequately definition.
- It is very similar to deviation from social norms.
- It is a subjective judgement.
Name 3 criteria of Jahoda’s criteria for ideal mental health.
Examples include:
- No symptoms or distress.
- We are rational and perceive ourselves accurately.
- We self-actualise.
- Good self-esteem and lack guilt.
- Have a realistic view of the world.
