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social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

what is conformity

A

when a person changes their attitude behaviour due to ‘real’ or ‘imagined’ group pressure

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2
Q

what is compliance

A

the lowest level of conformity. The person changes their public behaviour (how they act) but not their private beliefs. This is usually short-term explained by normative social influence in order to avoid disapproval

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3
Q

what is identification

A

the middle level of conformity. The person changes their public behaviour (the way they act) and their private beliefs but only while they are in the presence of the group they are identifying with. This usually short term in order to feel part of the group

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4
Q

what is internalisation

A

is the deepest level of conformity here the person changes both their public behaviour(how they act) and their private beliefs this is usually long term change and explained by informational social influence

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5
Q

what is normative social influence

A
  • fitting in and being in agreement
    -likely to behave in compliance to avoid disagreement
    -socially rewarding
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6
Q

what is informational social influence

A

-lack sufficient information/ in an uncertain situation
-desire to be correct
-results in internalisation
-act appropriately
-avoid standing out

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7
Q

evaluation for types of comformity and explanations for conformity

A

+research support for informational social influence eg jennes found that adolescents 26 students guessed how many beans where in an ambiguous glass TMB people shape their behaviour out of desire to fit in with group
+ asch original study supportive of normative conformity participants showed compliance to fit in with the general answer TMB conformity was 33%
-individual differences Perri and Spencer investigated 26 engineers students NSI doesn’t work with everyone TMB not reliable

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8
Q

variables affecting conformity - key study Asch

A

-123 us undergraduates asked to participant in a visual discrimination task
procedure standard line and comparison lines (3) asked in turn which was the same length obvious answer to 12/18 confederates gave incorrect answer would the particpants stick to what they believed or cave in pressure
-findings 1/4 never conformed
on 12 tasks 33 % conformity rate
- participants made a mistake 1% of the time

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9
Q

define social roles

A

behaviours expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status

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10
Q

define obedience to authority

A

somebody acts in response to a direct order from a figure with perceived authority

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11
Q

define agentic state

A

a person sees him/her self as an agent for carrying out another persons wishes

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12
Q

define legitimate authority

A

a person who is perceived to be in a position of social control within control

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13
Q

define authoritarian personality

A

a distinct personality pattern characterised by strict adherence to conventional values and beliefs in absolute obedience or submission to authority

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14
Q

define dispositional

A

explanations of behaviours such as obedience emphasise them being caused by an individuals own personal characteristics rather than situational influences within the environment

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14
Q

define F scale

A

know as “California F scale” / “fasicm scale” developed in 1947 as a measurement of authoritarian traits and tendencies

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14
Q

define right wing authoritarianism

A

a cluster of personality variables eg conventionalism, authority submission and authority aggression associates with a “ring wing” attitude to life

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15
Q

define externality

A

individuals who tend to believe that their behaviour and experiences are caused by events out of their control eg luck/fate

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16
Q

define internality

A

individuals who tend to believe that they are responsible for their behaviour and experiences rather than external forces

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17
Q

define locus of control

A

people differ in their beliefs about weather the outcomes of their actions are dependant on what they do (internal) or events outside of their control ( external)

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18
Q

define social support

A

the perception that an individual has assistance available from other people and that they are part of a supportive network

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19
Q

define commitment

A

the degree to which members of a minority are dedicated to a particular cause or activity the greater the perceived commitment the greater the influence

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20
Q

define consistency

A

minority influence is effective provided there is stability in the expressed position over time and agreement among different members of the minority

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21
Q

define flexibility

A

a willingness to be flexible and to compromise when expressing a position

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22
Q

define minority influence

A

a form of social influence where members of the majority group group change their beliefs or behaviours as a result of their exposure to a persuasive minority

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23
Q

define social change

A

occurs when a society or section of society adopts to a new belief or way of behaving which then becomes widely accepted as the norm

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24
Q

define social norms interventions

A

attempt to correct misperceptions of normative behaviour of peers in an attempt to change the risky behaviour of a target population

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25
Q

evaluation of variables affecting conformity

A

-asch research a “child of its time”
due to adhere to mccarthyism perri+Spencer 1 conforming response out of 396 trials TMB conformity more likely if perceived cost if not are high
-asch confederates might not be convincing Mori + aria 3 wore polarising glasses and 4 another set same stimuli saw differently and matched ashs orginigal results TMB decreases validity of findings due to confeds
-cultural differences in conformity smith et al avg conformity rate 31% individualist ed uk 25% collectivist eg south africa 37%

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26
Q

evaluation to conformity to social roles

A

-zimbardos methodology dual role left him with a lack of objective only males + from an ad being payed TMB not representative
-ethical issues eg lack of informed consent -not consented to be arrested from their house TMB disregards participants well being
-BBC prison failed to replicate findings 15 participants 5 groups of 3 2 of which prisoners participants nearly conformed TMB lack of reliability

27
Q

evaluation to milligrams research into obedience

A

-unethical milgram study deceived pps and distressed
+however not incompletely unethical
84% glad they participated 74% learned something from it no long lasting psychological harm
- may lack ecological validity Perry found there may be doubters (who believed the shock wasn’t real) and found they were more likely to disobey and give a low intensity shock TMB when faced with reliability of destructive people disobey more

28
Q

evaluation for agentic state and legitimate authority

A

-fails to explain how some people don’t revert back from agentic state Clifton found German doctors in aushwitz gradually capable of carrying out vile and lethal experiments
+supporting evidence milgrams study
-alternative explanation eg zimbardos study guards inflicted cruel and sadistic tendencies TMB may be a fundamental desire to inflict pain

29
Q

evaluation for authoritarian personality

A

+supporting evidence for elms and milligram findings dambrun and valine “immersive virtual environment” knew it wasn’t real but high RWA scores continued to max voltage TMB conforms correlation between authoritarism and obedience
- not all characteristics of authoritarian personality are linked to obedience levels eg fully obedient reported to have a good relationship with family TMB contrictics
+education may determine authoritarianism and obedience research has found less educated people are more authoritarian in comparison to highly educated TMB correlation

30
Q

evaluation for resistance to social influence - social support

A

+ timing of social support is important Allen and Levine support more effective when correct answer was giving first in comparison to forth TMB confirms pps judgement and commitment to answer
+social support important in helping others resist social influence Rees and Wallace individuals better able resist not drinking alcohol if they have 1-2 who also resisted TMB provides evidence to go against pressure of a drinking majority
+real world application rosenstrasse protest gestapo were holding 2000 jewish men the women protested and they were eventually free TMB confidence and courage to resist

31
Q

evaluation for resistance to social influence - locus of control

A

+reserch support avtgis carried out meta analysis of the relationship between locus of control and different forms of conformity. positive corration between scores of internality and persuasion and conformity
+ people are more external than they used to be fate determined by luck may due to alienation experienced by young people

32
Q

evaluation for minority influence

A
  • Nemeth suggests people may not always value individuals who hold a different view “dissent” eg people may agree on surface to avoid group harmony or fear repercussion TMB majority view persists opportunities of minatory innovative thinking are lost
    + nemeth and brilmayer ski lift accident TMB power of consistency
    +tipping point EG Xie 10% to change view of traction views with an alternative
33
Q

evaluation for social change

A
  • minority influence slow in bringing social change eg humans have a tendency to maintain status quo TMB the influence of minority may create potential for change rather than actual change through laws
  • minority influence can be limited if seen as a “deviant” eg people may not be willing to join due to fear of labelling TMB minorities may face double challenge in avoiding being portrayed as a deviant and embrace their position
    +minorities have managed to overcome deviant problem eg communist manifesto by presenting themselves as the majority TMB potential to overthrow powerful majority
34
Q

Jenness 6

A

-ambigious situation
-glass bottle filled with beans
- each participant asked individually on estimation
-then put into groups to provide group estimation
-5% change in females
-12% change in males

35
Q

Asch orginal 6

A

-123 male US undergraduates on “visual discrimination task”
-took turns to call out which of the 3 lines where the same length as a standard line
-confederates gave incorrect answer
-obvious answer to 12/18 Critical trials
-33% conformity
-made a mistake 1% of the time

36
Q

variables affecting conformity

A

-the smaller the group size decreased conformity. Asch variation 2 confederate 13% conformity the larger the majority the more likely to be swayed
-when unanimity of group is disturbed in one variation another confederate gave the correct answer comformity dropped to 5 % gave support to participants credible answer
-when the task difficultly by making line lengths significantly smaller increased conformity by a lot

37
Q

Zimbardos stanford prison experiment 7

A

-22 usa male student volunteers $15 a day from advert
-randomly assigned prisoner 10 and guards 11
-unexpectedly arrested at home
-prisoners glasses/whistle and guards chains
-guards identified w/ roles rapidly dehumanised prisoners eg clean toilets with bare hands
- 5 prisoners released due to psychological distress
-study ended after 6 days

38
Q

milgram original study 7

A

-see if ordinary americans would obey to unjust orders to inflict pain
- 40 male volunteers - learner and punishment
- real partipant (teacher) rigged with a confederate (learner)
-ability to recall word pairs
- each time learner got an answer wrong asked to be shocked following prompts if refusing such as “the experiement requires you to continue”
-100% 300 volts
-65% 450 volts - lethal dose

39
Q

situational factors in obedience

A

proximity the closer we are to the consequence of our. actions the less likely we obey -In a milgram variation experimenter gave instructions to the teacher over the phone not in the same room obedience dropped to 20%
-if location is less prestigious obedience levels droped in a milgram variation in a run down building obedience levels decreased to 48%
-power of uniform more likely to obey a person in uniform bushman 1984 dressed as either: police, business exectutive and beggar stopped people and asked for change for an expired parking meter police won with 72% because she seemed to have authority

40
Q

hofling et al

A

-22 nurses
-recieved a call from a doctor who they had never met
-ordered them to administer 20 mg of astroten (a drug you have never heard of)
-21/22 nurses conformed

41
Q

bickman

A

-3 uniforms: civilian, milkman and guard
-3 situations: paper bag, dime and paper bag
-following prompts used “pick up this bag for me”
-82% for paperbag for guard
-56% bus stop guard

42
Q

what is agentic state

A

individuals feel like they have decreased responsibility because they are acting on behalf of other people they are less liekly to feel conscience and guilt of their actions therefore are more likely to behave immorally

43
Q

what is autonomous state

A

sees themselve as responsible to their actions

44
Q

what is legitimate authority

A

people are most obedient when the authority figure is considered to be legitimate and credible these can be signalled through setting, clothing eg in milgrams original wore a white coat

45
Q

strong internal locus of control

A
  • people feel they have control over the events in their life and believe what happens to them is a consequence of their own ability and effort. They tend to have more confidence and need little approval from others relying on their opinions less. These people are less likly to conform or obey
46
Q

strong external locus of control

A

people feel they have little or no control over their lives and often believe in fate or luck. they believe that what happens to them is determined by external factors have more passive attitude taking less personal responsibility and displaying less independant behaviour therefore are more likely to conform or obey

47
Q

charateristics of high internals

A

-active seekers of information
-achievement oriented
-better able to resist coercion by others

48
Q

oliner and oliner 5

A
  • interviewed 2 groups of non jewish people
    -who lived through the holocaust in Nazi germany
    -they interviewd 406 people who rescued and protected jewish people
  • and 126 who didnt
    -they found that the ‘rescuers where more likely to have an internal locus of control
49
Q

describe social support

A

research has shown that individuals feel more confident in disobeying an order if they have an ally willing to join them in opposition in a milgram variation teacher 3 2 confederates refused to continue conformity dropped to 10%

50
Q

the califonia f scale

A

-made by adorno A questionaire
-used to measure authoritarian personality.
-an explaination why it requires very little pressure to obey -People who score highly to statements such as “rules are there for people to follow not change”
-indicative authoritarian personsality

51
Q

Right wing authoritarianism

A

-high RWA people possessed 3 personality characteristics that predisposed them to obedience
these were: conventionalism - adherence to conventional values and norms
-authoritarian aggression - aggressive feelings to those who violate these norms
-authoritarian submission - uncritical submission to legitimate authorities

52
Q

what altemeyer do to test the relationship between RWA and obedience

A
  • a large red button above which stated “warning do not push this button unless you are instructed to”
    -when the experiment was over researched order them to push the button
    -“to administer the extra shock as a punishment for not trying” -participants level of RWA appeared to be irrevelant as vast majority did so
53
Q

the authoritarian personality

A

-enforced strict adherence to social heirarchies and rules
- black and white rigid thinkers
- raised by parents who had authoritarian parenting style
- strong emphsis on obedience through ;earning and imitation

54
Q

key study elms and milgram 6

A

-follow up milgram study to test for dispositional factors in obedience
-selected 20 “obedient” participants who continued to the final shock and 20 “defiant” participants who refused to continue
-every participant completed the following: MMPI - personality test, f scale levels of authoritarism and interview on childhood and relationship with parents and attitudes to experimenter
-high authoritarism in obediant
-obediant worse relationship with father
-obediant saw experimentor as admirable

55
Q

commitment

A

minority must be dedicated to their cause there must certain costs to holding their position for example rosa parks prepared to go prison this shows certainity confidence and courage

56
Q

flexability

A

the ability to show a willingness to compromise when expressing opinions rather than enforcing it for example Nemeth groups of 4 compensation for ski lift accident 1 confederate
- 2 conditions 1- low compensation refuse to change 2low rate but willing to compromise inflexable had little effect on majority

57
Q

consistency

A

minority must be stable in their view overtime and there must be agreement among the minority demonstrated through moscovici study

58
Q

moscovici et al

A

-172 american participants colour perception task
-groups of 6 with 2 confederates
-36 slides of shades of blue
-2 conditions
-condition 1 confederates consistently calling green
-condition 2 confederates called green 24 times and blue 12 times
- 8% called green in consistent
-1% called green in inconsistent

59
Q

stages of social change

A
  1. drawing attention to the issue
  2. cognitive conflit
  3. consistency
  4. augmentation principle
  5. snowball effect
60
Q

drawing attention to the issue

A

minorities must first draw attention to an issue this creates conflict in majority that they are motivated to reduce eg posters

61
Q

cognitive conflict

A

makes an individual think more deeply about the issue

62
Q

consistency of position

A

an unwavering message across time and between the minority is most persuasive

63
Q

augmentation principle

A

when minority seems to suffer for their cause they are seen to be more commited and therefore more likely to be taken seriously eg hunger strikes

64
Q

snowball effect

A

a minority will gradually spread as more people consider their views. eventually a ‘tipping point is reached’ approx 10% which leads to wide scale social change

65
Q

social norm intervention

A

identify a widespread misperception the aim of these strategies are to communicate the actual norm to a target population in hope to moderate behaviour and bring in line with behaviour of peers

66
Q

“most of us dont drink and drive”

A

-designed to reduce drinking and driving in montana among 21-34 year olds
-intial survey reported 20% had drunk and drive
-92% respondents believed the majority of peers had done so
-by correcting this misperception 4/5 dont drink and drive
-reduced this problem by 13%

a level psychology (14 decks)

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