approaches - psychodynamic

Question 1

assumptions of psychodynamic approach

Answer 1

• developed by freud
• behaviour determined by psychological factors rather than biological or environmental
  -humans are dynamic and ever-changing as developed
  -indivduals influenced by basic and primitive drives and instincts
  -the mind (psyche) is influenced by powerful unconscious forces (dynamic)
  -frued highlights importance of childhood experiences in influencing our feelings and behaviour in later life

Question 2

the levels of consciousness

Answer 2

-the conscious = small amount of mental activity we known about
-preconscious = things we could aware of if we wanted or tried
-unconscious = things we are unaware of and can not become aware of

Question 3

the roles of the unconscious

Answer 3

-mind that is inaccessible
-the lowest part to represent unconscious feelings and desires
-shows through Freudian slips and dreams
-mind actively prevents some dramatic uncomfortable memories and feelings becoming conscious

Question 4

what is the superego

Answer 4

contains conscience and societal rules based on morality principle guides which behaviours are acceptable and causes guilt if broken developed at age 5 moral standards of same sex parents

Question 5

what is the ego

Answer 5

the ego mediates between the demands of the ID and the reality of the external world based on the reality principle for example it may delay gratification of needing the toilet until it is socially acceptable to do so developed at age of 2

Question 6

what is the ego ideal

Answer 6

the standards a person strives to and this is probably influenced by parents

Question 7

what is the ID

Answer 7

-primitive part of our personality operates on the pleasure principle is a mass of unconscious present at birth eg if one is hungry they would eat then and there

Question 8

what is the ego

Answer 8

-works on reality principle and is the mediator and reduces conflict between the demands of ID and wants of superego makes person aware of others feelings and can’t have its way developed at age 2 employs defence mechanisms

Question 9

psychosexual theory

Answer 9

frued believed children develop through stages
-he believed if we have too much or too little gratification at each stage can result in fixation and abnormal behaviour eh harsh toilet training in anal stage can result in obsessiveness

Question 10

order of psychosexual stage

Answer 10

-oral
-anal
-phallic
-latent
-genital

Question 11

the oral stage

Answer 11

0-1 years
-born with ID
-the mouth is main focus of pleasure
-child enjoys tasting and sucking mothers breast is object of desire
-successful completion demonstrated by weaning - eating independently
oral fixation = sarcastic, critical, bites nails , may smoke, overeats

Question 12

anal stage

Answer 12

1-3 years
ego develops
defecation main source of pleasure successful completion by potty training
anal retentive= tidy, stubborn, likes order, perfectionist, obsessive
anal expulsive = thoughtless, messy

Question 13

phallic stage

Answer 13

age 3-5 years
-superego develops through identification with same sex parents and internalisation of moral standards
pleasure in genital area
oedipus complex = boy wants mam to be primary love object
electra complex = penis envy
phallic personality = narcissistic, reckless, homosexual

Question 14

latency stage

Answer 14

5-12
little or no sexual motivation present
focus on developing same sex friendships

Question 15

genital stage

Answer 15

12 years +
penis/vagina sexual intercourse
to develop healthy adult relationships
unresolved = difficulting forming heterosexual relationships

Question 16

defence mechanisms

Answer 16

triggered when a person is faced with a feeling that they are unable to deal with to protect the psyche

Question 17

3 types of defence mechanisms

Answer 17

repression= unconscious blocking unacceptable thoughts/impulses
denial= refusal to accept reality such as denying a drink problem
displacement= redirecting thoughts or feelings that cannot be expressed to the person it concerns such as being angry with your partner after being treated badly by boss

Question 18

evaluate psychodynamic approach PIONEER

Answer 18

psychodynamic approach known for pioneering human behaviour eg psychological treatments for anxiety NAAT et al found vast improvements for psychoanalysis TMB psychodynamic approach is valuable for person centred care and paving the way for therapy and improving lives of others

Question 19

evaluate psychodynamic approach SCIENTIFIC ?

Answer 19

psychodynamic approach criticised for being unscientific as eg levels of consciousness art empirical and can’t therefore be tested TMB Frueds concept may not be accurate as it can be subject to interpretation HOWEVER there is reasonable evidence to suggest otherwise EG fisher and Greenberg summarised 2500 studies concluding that experimental studies of psychoanalysis support of the existence of unconscious motivation, defence mechanisms and repression and denial in real life psychological studies TMB adds scientific credit to the psychodynamic approach showing it aligns with some of the features of a science eg testable displaying psychodynamic approach shouldn’t be criticised so heavily for being unscientific

Question 20

evaluate psychodynamic approach
GENDER

Answer 20

-psychodynamic approach has been criticised for being gender biased for example frued was ignorant of female sexuality and development TMB he treated many female patients without fully understood theories