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a level psychology > attachment > Flashcards

attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

define attachment

A

the emotional bond between 2 people. a 2 way process that endures over time it leads to certain behaviours like clinging it serves the function of protecting an infant

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2
Q

define interactional synchrony

A

when 2 people interact they tend to mirror what the other in doing in terms of their facial and body movements in the same pattern

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3
Q

define reciprocity

A

responding to the action with a similar one where the action of one partner elicits a response from the other partner for example smiling back at someone

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4
Q

meltzoff and moore experiment

A

4 different stimuli of mother to child
mouth opening + closed
hand opening
tongue protrusion + closed
video taped - intra observer and inter-observer reliablity 92% imitating

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5
Q

evaluate meltzoff and moore experiment bad

A

-problems with testing infant behaviour
difficult to distinguish general activity with specific imitated behaviour

  • individual differences
    isabella 1989 found more strongly attached infants show greater interactional synchrony. This matters because it is not clear whether imitation is a cause or effect of early synchrony

+ the value of research
it explains how children begin to understand what others think and feel, thus are able to conduct relationships

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6
Q

define separation anxiety

A

the distress shown by an infant when separated from his/her caregiver

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7
Q

define stranger anxiety

A

the distress shown by an infant when approached/picked up by someone who is unfamiliar

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8
Q

define primary attachment figure

A

closest bond with child demonstrated by the intensity of relationship

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9
Q

schaffer and emerson experiment 1964

A

60 infants, working class from glasgow
5-23 weeks old mothers visted every 4 weeks. mothers self reported infants recation eg crying protest

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10
Q

describe stages of attachment first half

A

indiscriminate attachments = asocial receprioity and interactional synchrony help establish relationships
beginnings of attachment = 4 months prefer humans to objects no signs of stranger anxiety and enjoy human company

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11
Q

describe stages of attachment second half

A

discriminate attachment = 7 months distinct seperation anxiety formation of primary attachment figure
multiple attachments = infant gains a wider circle 1/3 of 1 year olds have 5 or more secondary attachments

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12
Q

evaluate schaffer and emerson experiment

A

-unrelaiable data
mothers self report may be less/more sensitive to infants therefore less/more likely to report
-biased sample
only working class population parental care changed more mothers working

-stage theory
suggest sstage development is inflexable problamatic families judged as abnormal

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13
Q

why might fathers not be primary attachment

A
  • spend less time with infant
    -men not psychologivally equiped to form intensive relationships
    -lack of emotional sensitivity testerone vs oestrogen
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14
Q

the role of the father

A

-more playful physically active and better at risk taking
- develop greater communication and cognitive demands

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15
Q

define imprinting

A

an innate readiness to devlop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time in development

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16
Q

lorenzs experiment

A

took a clutch of gosling eggs then divided into 2 group (natural mother) and ( lorenz) marked them to see who they would follow

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17
Q

lorenz’s finding

A

-goslings quickly divided themselves with lorenz and natural mother
-lorenz group showed no recognition of natural mother
-if not exposed to a moving object within 2 days animals will not imprint

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18
Q

evaluation of lorenz’s animal studies of attachment

A

+supporting study Guiton demonstrated that leghorn chickens imprinted onto yellow rubber gloves when fed in their first weeks. TMB it provides clear support
-animals cant generalise to humans

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19
Q

Harlows experiment

A

2 wired mothers one with soft cloth (with bottle for 4) and the other with a milk bottle for 4 mokeys. 8 rhesus monkeys studied over 165 days. Observing the amount of time spent with each mother

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20
Q

harlows findings

A
  • all 8 spend most time with cloth covered monkey
    -when frightened and exploring monkey seeked comfort from cloth mother (contact comfort)
    -monkeys grew up socially and sexually abnormal outside the critical period
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21
Q

evaluate harlows findings

A

-cofounding variable cloth cothered mothers head looked more attractive (more like a monkey) TMB study may lack internal validity
-ethical issues significant long lasting psychological harm

22
Q

classical conditioning theory to attachment

A

made by pavlov
milk(UCS) —> baby (happy)
mother(NS) —> baby (no responce) -Before
mother (NS) + milk (UCS) —> baby(happy) -during
mother(CS) + baby - happy CR - after
newly formed stimulus-responce mother love

23
Q

operant conditioning

A

made by skinner - drive reduction theory
the drive being milk (something that elicits motivation)
reduction being the infants innate desire to reduce uncomfortable feelings (hunger)
primary reinforcer = food
secondary reinforcer = avoiding discomfort therefore mother who feeds child

24
Q

evaluation of learning theory

A
  • attachment not based on food eg harlows study into contact comfort TMB learning theory over simlified and ignores other important factors such as contact comfort
    -learning theory based on animal studies complex human behaviour cannot be translated into behaviour patterns from animals TMB lack validity
    +has some explanatory power infants do learn through reinforcement TMB provides some values into research
25
Q

what is the continuity hypothesis

A

the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure trusting and socially confident adults

26
Q

what is the critical period

A

a biologically determined period of time during which certain characteristics can develop. outside of this window such development will not be possible for babies (3-6months)

27
Q

what is the internal working model

A

a mental model of the world which enables individuals to predict and control their environment ed an infants expectations about relationships

28
Q

what is monotropy

A

the idea that one relationship that an infant has with his/her primary attachment figure is of special significance in emotional development

29
Q

what is a social releaser

A

a social behaviour of charateristic eg big eyes that elicits caregiving and leads to attachment

30
Q

bowlbys explaination to attachment theory

A

bowlby proposed that attachment behaviour evolved as a survival function infants not attached well may not be well protected to encure they are cared for and survive

31
Q

evaluation of bowlbys explaination to attachment

A

+supporting study Minnesota parent child study found securely attachmented infants were highest rated for social competence and more popular
- sensetive period rather than a critical period
rutter found that it isnt impossible after the developmental window TMB reserchers now use the term sensitive

32
Q

describe the strange situation procedure

A

9ft by 9ft room marked with 16 square with toys and tables with a 2 way mirror and CCTV and consisted of 8 episodes comprised each of 3 minutes to test for behaviours such as seperation anxiety, reunion behaviour, stranger anxiety and novel environment
data collected every 15 seconds key of 1-5 and intensity of 1-7

33
Q

strange situation findings

A

combined data of 106 middle class infants and found
-securely attached 66%
-inscure avoidant 22%
-insecure resistant 12%

34
Q

what is insecure avoidant attachment

A

a type of attachment which describes those children who tend to avoid social interaction and initmacy with others

35
Q

what is insecure resistant attachment

A

a ype of attachment which describes those infants who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction

36
Q

what is secure attachment

A

this is a strong and contented attachment of an infant to his or her caregiver which develops as a result of sensitive responding by the caregivers to the infants needs. these often have healthy subsequent cognitive and emotional behaviour

37
Q

evaluation for strange situation

A

-low internal validity psychologists weston suggested that children behaviour differently based on which parent they were with TMB cofounding variables
+real world applications circle of security project teaches parents how responding to infants distress 60%-15% of classified disorders
+high reliability inter observer reality 0.94 1 being in complete agreement

38
Q

what were the names of the psychologists that reserched cultural variations and what did they do

A

Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
meta analysis of over 2000 countries in 8 countries both collectvist and individualist cultures

39
Q

what did culture variations find

A

findings= secure attachment most common in every country followed by inscure avoidant common except isreal and japan(collectivist)

40
Q

similarities and differnces in cultural variations

A

similarities= tronick et al studied african tribes eg efe from zaire infants were breastfeed by different women but slept with their oen mothers TMB showed 1 primary attachment
differnces = Grossman found high levels of inscure a6tachment in infants from Germany(individualist) who desire some interpersonal distance in childrearing practices

41
Q

evaluate cultural variation in attachment

A
  • similarities may be due to global culture eg rather than innate biological influences rather the effects of mass media eg Books about parenting TMB cultural similarites may be due to incresing global culture
  • cross cultural reserch eg western criteria TMb the strange situation may lack validity in other cultures
  • countries rather than cultures eg if an individual sample is representive of a particular culture TMB lack of validity
42
Q

what did bowbly suggest about his theory of maternal deprivation

A

value of maternal care = infants didnt just need physical acre eg just being fed and clothed but a warm intimate and contineous relationship with mother to ensure healthy development
critial period =those infants who had frequent / prolonged seperations may become emotionally disturbed a continuing risk up to 5 years which could cause long term harm

43
Q

bowlby 44 juvenile thieves

A

children at guidance clinic all emotionally maladjusted half which had been caught stealing and were classed as affectionless psychopaths and lacked normal signs of empathy he found of the 14 diagnosed with affectionless thieve 12 had experienced frequent seperations o mother

44
Q

evaluate bowlbys juvenile thieves

A

-emotional seperation may also led to deprivation yarrow found that depressed mothers children where 55% inscurely attached
+real world application has a massive social impact on post world war thinking eg visiting times in hospitals
+support bifulco found that women who had expericened a loss of their mother were 25% more liekly to develop anxiety or depression compared to 15% control

45
Q

effects of institutionalisation prodcedure

A

Rutter and Sonuga
165 romanian orphans
111 adopted before 2 other before 4
adoptees tested against their english adoptees before 6 months at the ages of 4,6,11 and 15 to access their cognitive,social and physical development
they found they were physically smaller, classes as mentally retarted. infants adopted before 6 months caught up to their british company which suggests long term consequence the longer not adopted

46
Q

the effects of institutionalisation care

A

-physically underdeveloped
-intellectually underfunctioning
-disinhibited attachment
-poor parenting

47
Q

evaluation of theory of maternal deprevation

A

+ value of longitudinal studies
+real life applications vhanged the way children are looked after in hospitals ed babies adopted in the first week
- indivual differences some children in institution may have been treated better and therefore could cope better

48
Q

early attachment

A

Hazan and shavers made a love quiz in rocky moutains news where 415 women and 205 men questioned about their attachment in history, cureent and childhood and attitudes towards love an assessment of internal working model

49
Q

what are the behaviours influenced by the internal working model

A

-childhood friendshios eg minnesota child parent study secure —> social comptence
-poor parenting harlows monkeys had struggles being parents
-romantic relationships the love quiz
-mental health lack of IWM may led to attachment disorders and problems like anxiety and depression

50
Q

evaluation of early attachment

A
  • reserch is correlational eg doesnt show a cause-effect relationships
    -overly determinist suggests fixed effects of early expericences and doesnt determine future
  • retrospective classification questions may elicts flawed memories because they arnt always accurate

a level psychology (14 decks)

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