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PSY2042 > Social identity and social attribution > Flashcards

Social identity and social attribution Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Narcissism

A

The combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others

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2
Q

Define

Misattribution of Arousal

A

The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

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3
Q

Define

Upward Social Comparison

A

Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

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4
Q

Define

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception proces in which people first experience physiological arousal anthen seek an appropriate explanation for it

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5
Q

Define

Two-Step Attribution Process

A

Analysing another person’s behaviour first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behaviour, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution

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6
Q

Define

Terror Management Theory

A

The theory that holds that self-esteem serves as a buffer, protecting people from terrifying thoughts about their own mortality

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7
Q

Define

Thin-Slicing

A

Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person’s personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behaviour

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8
Q

Define

Task-Contingent Rewards

A

Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

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9
Q

Define

Social Tuning

A

The process whereby people adopt another person’s attitude

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10
Q

Define

Social Perception

A

The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people

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11
Q

Define

Self-Serving Attributions

A

Explanation for one’s successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one’s failures that blame external, situational factors

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12
Q

Define

Self-Perception Theory

A

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these atates by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs

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13
Q

Define

Social Comparison Theory

A

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

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14
Q

Define

Self-Concept

A

The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes

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15
Q

Define

Self-Handicapping

A

The strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves

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16
Q

Define

Self-Esteem

A

People’s evauations of their own self-worth - that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent

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17
Q

Define

Self-Awareness Theory

A

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour to their internal standards and values

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18
Q

Define

Reasons-Generated Attitude Change

A

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitudes; people assume that their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalise

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19
Q

Define

Overjustification Effect

A

The tendency for people to view their behaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

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20
Q

Define

Performance-Contingent Rewards

A

Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

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21
Q

Define

Perceptual Salience

A

The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people’s attention

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22
Q

Define

Nonverbal Communication

A

The way in which people communication, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; these cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze

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23
Q

Define

Introspection

A

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

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24
Q

Define

Intrinisic Motivation

A

The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

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25
Q

Define

Internal Attribution

A

The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality

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26
Q

Define

Interdependent View of the Self

A

A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationshops to other people, recognising that one’s behaviour is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other

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27
Q

Define

Ingratiation

A

The process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likable to another person, often of higher status

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28
Q

Define

Independent View of the Self

A

A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feeling, and actions of other people

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29
Q

Define

Implementation Intentions

A

People’s specific plans about where, when, and how they will fulfill a goal

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30
Q

Define

Growth Mind-Set

A

The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

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31
Q

Define

Extrinsic Motivation

A

The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting

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32
Q

Define

Fixed Mind-Set

A

The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

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33
Q

Define

External Attribution

A

The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation

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34
Q

Define

Emblems

A

Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definition within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations. such as the OK sign

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35
Q

Define

Encode

A

To express or emit nonverbal behaviour, such as smiling or patting someone on the back

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36
Q

Define

Decode

A

To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behaviour other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness

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37
Q

Define

Distinctiveness Information

A

Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli

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38
Q

Define

Downward Social Comparison

A

Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

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39
Q

Define

Display Rules

A

Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviours are appropriate to display

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40
Q

Define

Covariation Model

A

A theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behaviour, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether the behaviour occurs

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41
Q

Define

Consensus Information

A

Information about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does

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42
Q

Define

Consistency Information

A

Information about the extent to which the behaviour between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances

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43
Q

Define

Causal Theories

A

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviours; often we learn such theories from our culture (e.g., “absence makes the heart grow fonder”)

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44
Q

Define

Belief in a Just World

A

A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people

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45
Q

Define

Bias Blind Spot

A

The tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are

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46
Q

Define

Belief Perserverance

A

The tendency to stick with an initial judgment even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsider

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47
Q

Define

Attribution Theory

A

A description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behaviour

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48
Q

Define

Affect Blends

A

Facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion

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49
Q

Define

Affective Forecasts

A

People’s predictions about how they will feel in response to a future emotional event

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50
Q

Define

Affective Forecasting

A

The extent to which people can predict the intensity and duration of their emotional reactions to future events

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51
Q

Define

Impression management

A

the attempt to manipulate others’ impressions through “the selective exposure of some information… coupled with suppression of [other] information”

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52
Q

Define

Mean

A

The average score on a scale, calculated by adding everyone’s scores anc dividing by the number of scores

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53
Q

Define

Primacy effect

A

the tendency for facts, impressions, or items that are presented first to be better learned or remembered than material presented later in the sequence

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54
Q

Define

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

a device that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

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55
Q

Define

Percentile score

A

The percentage of people someone scores higher than on a scale or test; a score at the 90th ______ means someone scores higher than 90% of the people who took the scale

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56
Q

Definition

The combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others

A

Narcissism

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57
Q

Definition

The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

A

Misattribution of Arousal

How well did you know this?
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5
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58
Q

Definition

Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

A

Upward Social Comparison

How well did you know this?
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5
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59
Q

Definition

The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception proces in which people first experience physiological arousal anthen seek an appropriate explanation for it

A

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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60
Q

Definition

Analysing another person’s behaviour first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behaviour, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution

A

Two-Step Attribution Process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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61
Q

Definition

The theory that holds that self-esteem serves as a buffer, protecting people from terrifying thoughts about their own mortality

A

Terror Management Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Definition

Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person’s personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behaviour

A

Thin-Slicing

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63
Q

Definition

Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

A

Task-Contingent Rewards

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64
Q

Definition

The process whereby people adopt another person’s attitude

A

Social Tuning

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65
Q

Definition

The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people

A

Social Perception

How well did you know this?
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66
Q

Definition

Explanation for one’s successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one’s failures that blame external, situational factors

A

Self-Serving Attributions

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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67
Q

Definition

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these atates by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs

A

Self-Perception Theory

How well did you know this?
1
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68
Q

Definition

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

A

Social Comparison Theory

How well did you know this?
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69
Q

Definition

The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes

A

Self-Concept

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70
Q

Definition

The strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves

A

Self-Handicapping

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3
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71
Q

Definition

People’s evauations of their own self-worth - that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent

A

Self-Esteem

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72
Q

Definition

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour to their internal standards and values

A

Self-Awareness Theory

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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73
Q

Definition

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitudes; people assume that their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalise

A

Reasons-Generated Attitude Change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Definition

The tendency for people to view their behaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

A

Overjustification Effect

How well did you know this?
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75
Q

Definition

Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

A

Performance-Contingent Rewards

How well did you know this?
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5
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76
Q

Definition

The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people’s attention

A

Perceptual Salience

77
Q

Definition

The way in which people communication, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; these cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze

A

Nonverbal Communication

78
Q

Definition

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

A

Introspection

79
Q

Definition

The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

A

Intrinisic Motivation

80
Q

Definition

The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality

A

Internal Attribution

81
Q

Definition

A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationshops to other people, recognising that one’s behaviour is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other

A

Interdependent View of the Self

82
Q

Definition

The process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likable to another person, often of higher status

A

Ingratiation

83
Q

Definition

A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feeling, and actions of other people

A

Independent View of the Self

84
Q

Definition

People’s specific plans about where, when, and how they will fulfill a goal

A

Implementation Intentions

85
Q

Definition

The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

A

Growth Mind-Set

86
Q

Definition

The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting

A

Extrinsic Motivation

87
Q

Definition

The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

A

Fixed Mind-Set

88
Q

Definition

The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation

A

External Attribution

89
Q

Definition

Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definition within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations. such as the OK sign

A

Emblems

90
Q

Definition

To express or emit nonverbal behaviour, such as smiling or patting someone on the back

A

Encode

91
Q

Definition

To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behaviour other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness

A

Decode

92
Q

Definition

Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli

A

Distinctiveness Information

93
Q

Definition

Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

A

Downward Social Comparison

94
Q

Definition

Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviours are appropriate to display

A

Display Rules

95
Q

Definition

A theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behaviour, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether the behaviour occurs

A

Covariation Model

96
Q

Definition

Information about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does

A

Consensus Information

97
Q

Definition

Information about the extent to which the behaviour between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances

A

Consistency Information

98
Q

Definition

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviours; often we learn such theories from our culture (e.g., “absence makes the heart grow fonder”)

A

Causal Theories

99
Q

Definition

A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people

A

Belief in a Just World

100
Q

Definition

The tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are

A

Bias Blind Spot

101
Q

Definition

The tendency to stick with an initial judgment even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsider

A

Belief Perserverance

102
Q

Definition

A description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behaviour

A

Attribution Theory

103
Q

Definition

Facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion

A

Affect Blends

104
Q

Definition

People’s predictions about how they will feel in response to a future emotional event

A

Affective Forecasts

105
Q

Definition

The extent to which people can predict the intensity and duration of their emotional reactions to future events

A

Affective Forecasting

106
Q

Definition

the attempt to manipulate others’ impressions through “the selective exposure of some information… coupled with suppression of [other] information”

A

Impression management

107
Q

Definition

The average score on a scale, calculated by adding everyone’s scores anc dividing by the number of scores

A

Mean

108
Q

Definition

the tendency for facts, impressions, or items that are presented first to be better learned or remembered than material presented later in the sequence

A

Primacy effect

109
Q

Definition

a device that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

110
Q

Definition

The percentage of people someone scores higher than on a scale or test; a score at the 90th ______ means someone scores higher than 90% of the people who took the scale

A

Percentile score

111
Q

What is social perception?

A

The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people

112
Q

What are some examples of non-verbal communication?

A
  • Facial expressions
  • Tone of voice
  • Gestures
  • Body position
  • Movement
  • Use of touch
  • Gaze
113
Q

What is arguably the most important form of nonverbal communication?

A

Facial expressions

114
Q

Are facial expressions of emotion universal?

A

Yes, for the sox major emotional expressions

Anger, joy, surprise, fear, disgust and sadness

115
Q

What is the cultural significance of nonverbal expression of pride?

A

The nonverbal expression of pride, involving facial expression, posture and gesture, is encoded and decoded cross-culturally

116
Q

What is an affect blend?

A

Facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion

117
Q

What are display rules?

A

Culture-specific rules that dictate what kinds of emotional expressions people are supposed to show

118
Q

How do people from America and Japan differ in terms of display of emotion?

A

America: men discouraged from emotional displays like crying, but women allowed

Japan: women discouraged from displaying uninhibited smile

119
Q

How do people from America and Thailand differ in terms of eye contact?

A

America: suspicious when people do not “look them in the eye”

Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Thailand: direct eye contact considered disrespectful

120
Q

How do people from America and the Middle East differ in terms of personal space?

A

America: like bubble of personal space

Middle East, South America, southern

121
Q

True or False:

Emblems are not universal

A

True

122
Q

How quick can first impressions form?

A

Less than 100 milliseconds

123
Q

At what age do we start judging someone based on first impressions?

A

As young as 3

124
Q

What is thin-slicing?

A

Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person’s personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behaviour

125
Q

Who propose Attribution theory?

A

Fritz Heider

126
Q

What does Attribution theory explain?

A

The way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behaviour

127
Q

When do we form an attribution?

A

When we don’t already know the cause of the behaviour

128
Q

What are the two types of attribution?

A

Internal attribution

External attribution

129
Q

In a happy couple, what type of attribution would we use to explain our partner’s positive and negative behaviours?

A

Positive: Internal - “she helped me because she’s such a generous person”

Negative: External - “he said something mean because he’s so stressed at work this week”

130
Q

In an unhappy couple, what type of attribution would we use to explain our partner’s positive and negative behaviours?

A

Positive: External - “she helped me because she wanted to impress our friends”

Negative: Internal - “he said something mean because he’s a totally self-centered jerk”

131
Q

What three types of information can we use to determine whether a internal or external attribution is necessary?

A
  1. Consensus Information
    • The extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does
  2. Distinctiveness Information
    • The extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli
  3. Consistency Information
    • The extent to which the behaviour between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances
132
Q

Based on the three relevant information types, when do we make internal attributions?

A

Internal attribution occurs when:

  • Consensus = Low
    • behaviour is unique to the person
  • Distinctiveness = Low
    • Person displays same behaviour with different targets and in different situations
  • Consistency = High
    • The person’s behaviour occurs reliably across occasions
133
Q

Based on the three relevant information types, when do we make external attributions?

A

External attribution occurs when:

  • Consensus = High
    • Other people behave similarly in the same situation
  • Distinctiveness = High
    • The person’s behaviour is specific to that situation or target
  • Consistency = High
    • The person’s behaviour occurs reliably across occasions
134
Q

If a behaviour is low in consistency, according to the covariation model, what cause will people give to that behaviour?

A

People are likely to think it was something peculiar about the particular circumstances

135
Q

People have a general tendency to attribute their own __________ behaviours to dispositions (self‐ enhancing bias) and ___________behaviours to the environment (self‐protecting bias),

A

People have a general tendency to attribute their own positive behaviours to dispositions (self‐ enhancing bias) and negative behaviours to the environment (self‐protecting bias),

136
Q

What is a bias blind spot?

A

Tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases

137
Q

What are the cultural difference in the Fundamental Attribution Error for members of individualistic cultures?

A
  • Prefer dispositional attributions
  • Think like personality psychologists
138
Q

What are the cultural difference in the Fundamental Attribution Error for members of collectivistic cultures?

A
  • Prefer situational explanations
  • Think like social psychologists
139
Q

In which culture is the self-serving bias more prevalent?

A

More prevalent in Western, individualistic cultures than Eastern collectivist cultures

140
Q

In which culture is the belief in a just world more prevalent?

A

More prevalent in cultures with extreme differences in wealth

141
Q

Describe the origins and nature of the self-concept

A

Development

  • Rudimentary Self‐Concept
    • Some primates
    • Humans at 18 to 24 months
  • Child’s self‐concept
    • Concrete
    • References to characteristics like age, sex, neighbourhood, and hobbies
  • Maturing self‐concept
    • Less emphasis on physical characteristics
    • More emphasis on psychological states and how other people judge us
142
Q

Are Westerners more likely to have a independent or interdependent view of the self?

A

Independent

143
Q

What are the two types of views of the self?

A

Independent

Interdependent

144
Q

What are the four main functions of the self?

A
  1. Self‐knowledge
    • The way we understand who we are and organize this information
  2. Self Control
    • The way we make plans and execute decisions
  3. Impression management
    • The way we present ourselves to others and get them to see us as we want to be seen
  4. Self‐esteem
    • The way we maintain positive views of ourselves
145
Q

What methods do people use to turn off “internal spotlight” on oneself?

A

Alcohol abuse

Binge eating

Sexual masochism

Religion/spirituality

146
Q

Which theory explains why we observe our behaviour to understand how we feel?

A

Self-perception theory

147
Q

What are the two types of motivation?

A

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

148
Q

What are the two-factors of the two-factor theory of emotion?

A

Arousal and cognition

149
Q

Who proposed the two-factor theory of emotion?

A

Stanley Schachter

150
Q

What does the two-factor theory of emotion propose about how we experience emotion?

A

We experience emotions in a two‐step self‐perception process:

  • Experience physiological arousal.
  • Seek an appropriate explanation for it
151
Q

What are the Implications of the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?

A
  • Emotions are somewhat arbitrary.
  • Emotions depend on our explanations for arousal.
152
Q

Which theory describes how we compare ourselve to others in order to know more about ourselves?

A

Social comparison theory

153
Q

When do people engage in social comparison?

A
  • No objective standard exists to measure against
  • When we experience uncertainty
154
Q

During social comparison, who do you initially compare yourself with?

A

Anyone who is around

155
Q

What are the pros and cons of having high self-esteem?

A

Pros:

  • Protects us against thoughts about our own mortality (terror management theory).
  • Motivates us to persevere when the going gets though.

Cons:

  • Too much self‐esteem can lead to narcissism (increase in narcissism in the past 30 years).
  • Spending money on others made people happier compared to spending money on oneself
156
Q

Theories of attribution

A) are based on criminal psychology

B) cannot be falsified

C) are theories of causal inference

D) are forms of cognitive heuristics

A

Theories of attribution

A) are based on criminal psychology

B) cannot be falsified

C) are theories of causal inference

D) are forms of cognitive heuristics

157
Q

2) Which of the following is NOT a major theory of attribution?

A) Bem’s theory of self-perception

B) Rogers’ protection motivation theory

C) Heider’s theory of naïve psychology

D) Schachter’s theory of emotional lability

A

2) Which of the following is NOT a major theory of attribution?

A) Bem’s theory of self-perception

B) Rogers’ protection motivation theory

C) Heider’s theory of naïve psychology

D) Schachter’s theory of emotional lability

158
Q

3) Heider and Simmel’s (1994) ingenious experiment in which people who were asked to describe the movement of abstract geometric figures described them as if they were humans with intentions to act in certain ways demonstrates that

A) humans tend to look for causes and reasons for behaviour, and use causal language to comment or explain phenomena

B) humans think everything has human properties, even inanimate objects

C) humans view themselves as geometric shapes

D) humans can project their own personalities onto inanimate objects, including geometric figures

A

3) Heider and Simmel’s (1994) ingenious experiment in which people who were asked to describe the movement of abstract geometric figures described them as if they were humans with intentions to act in certain ways demonstrates that

A) humans tend to look for causes and reasons for behaviour, and use causal language to comment or explain phenomena

B) humans think everything has human properties, even inanimate objects

C) humans view themselves as geometric shapes

D) humans can project their own personalities onto inanimate objects, including geometric figures

159
Q

4) According to Heider (1958), an example of a dispositional factor is

A) a transient emotion

B) a group norm

C) ability

D) none of the above

A

4) According to Heider (1958), an example of a dispositional factor is

A) a transient emotion

B) a group norm

C) ability

D) none of the above

160
Q

5) In making a correspondent inference, when we attribute someone’s behaviour to internal causes, we check that the behaviour

A) could not be explained as being socially desirable

B) affected us directly

C) was chosen freely

D) all of the above

A

5) In making a correspondent inference, when we attribute someone’s behaviour to internal causes, we check that the behaviour

A) could not be explained as being socially desirable

B) affected us directly

C) was chosen freely

D) all of the above

161
Q

6) According to Schachter, a person’s state of depression can be turned into a feeling of wellbeing. This is

A) because people’s emotions depend on how they label them

B) a result of cognitive inconsistency

C) clearly wrong

D) a result of temporary drug treatment with subsequent psychotherapy

A

6) According to Schachter, a person’s state of depression can be turned into a feeling of wellbeing. This is

A) because people’s emotions depend on how they label them

B) a result of cognitive inconsistency

C) clearly wrong

D) a result of temporary drug treatment with subsequent psychotherapy

162
Q

7) Self-perception theory implies that we

A) infer what and how we are by observing what we do

B) believe that people usually ‘get what’s coming to them’

C) take careful note of what others think

D) have a good sense of what is ideal

A

7) Self-perception theory implies that we

A) infer what and how we are by observing what we do

B) believe that people usually ‘get what’s coming to them’

C) take careful note of what others think

D) have a good sense of what is ideal

163
Q

8) Tom thinks he has just failed an exam. However, he reasons that the class results will be scaled up as the lecturer asked very difficult questions. What kind of attribution has Tom just made?

A) An external-stable one

B) An internal-stable one

C) An external-unstable one

D) An internal-unstable one

A

8) Tom thinks he has just failed an exam. However, he reasons that the class results will be scaled up as the lecturer asked very difficult questions. What kind of attribution has Tom just made?

A) An external-stable one

B) An internal-stable one

C) An external-unstable one

D) An internal-unstable one

164
Q

9) Individuals who are fatalistic and do not believe that they have much control over what happens to them are prone to

A) negative self-perception

B) multiple accidents

C) an external attributional style

D) disaster

A

9) Individuals who are fatalistic and do not believe that they have much control over what happens to them are prone to

A) negative self-perception

B) multiple accidents

C) an external attributional style

D) disaster

165
Q

10) With respect to how attributions are made, a cognitive miser is a person who

A) usually has a poorly formed self-concept

B) habitually uses cognitive heuristics

C) has a well-concealed locus of control

D) is mistrustful of the motives of others

A

10) With respect to how attributions are made, a cognitive miser is a person who

A) usually has a poorly formed self-concept

B) habitually uses cognitive heuristics

C) has a well-concealed locus of control

D) is mistrustful of the motives of others

166
Q

11) ‘Other people are always fully responsible for what they do’, says Mary. Mary’s philosophy is an example of the

A) ultimate attribution error

B) self-serving bias

C) self-fulfilling prophecy

D) fundamental attribution error

A

11) ‘Other people are always fully responsible for what they do’, says Mary. Mary’s philosophy is an example of the

A) ultimate attribution error

B) self-serving bias

C) self-fulfilling prophecy

D) fundamental attribution error

167
Q

12) According to the actor-observer effect, actors tend to attribute their actions to ________ factors.

A) situational

B) internal

C) unstable

D) dispositional

A

12) According to the actor-observer effect, actors tend to attribute their actions to ________ factors.

A) situational

B) internal

C) unstable

D) dispositional

168
Q

13) Bill writes in the student newspaper ‘The main library needs a total cleanout; there are far too many books and journals. I’m sure you all agree!’ Bill is probably a victim of

A) the stimulus overload effect

B) the false consensus effect

C) regression-to-the-mean bias

D) the availability heuristic

A

13) Bill writes in the student newspaper ‘The main library needs a total cleanout; there are far too many books and journals. I’m sure you all agree!’ Bill is probably a victim of

A) the stimulus overload effect

B) the false consensus effect

C) regression-to-the-mean bias

D) the availability heuristic

169
Q

14) Hugo claims ‘I am an A grade student! The only reason I get Cs is because the lecturer is boring.’ You smile wryly at Hugo’s

A) ultimate attribution error

B) differential forgetting

C) self-fulfilling prophecy

D) self-serving bias

A

14) Hugo claims ‘I am an A grade student! The only reason I get Cs is because the lecturer is boring.’ You smile wryly at Hugo’s

A) ultimate attribution error

B) differential forgetting

C) self-fulfilling prophecy

D) self-serving bias

170
Q

15) ‘She had popped a party pill and she was really rocking, so of course the guy took advantage of her!’ This explanation is a straightforward case of

A) ‘boys being boys’

B) an external attribution

C) belief in a just world

D) ‘girls being silly’

A

15) ‘She had popped a party pill and she was really rocking, so of course the guy took advantage of her!’ This explanation is a straightforward case of

A) ‘boys being boys’

B) an external attribution

C) belief in a just world

D) ‘girls being silly’

171
Q

16) Intergroup attributions include attributions for performance that are consistent with

A) sex stereotypes only

B) both sex and racial stereotypes

C) racial stereotypes only

D) neither sex nor racial stereotypes

A

16) Intergroup attributions include attributions for performance that are consistent with

A) sex stereotypes only

B) both sex and racial stereotypes

C) racial stereotypes only

D) neither sex nor racial stereotypes

172
Q

17) The ultimate attribution error refers to attributions made for

A) ingroup behaviour only

B) both ingroup and outgroup behaviour

C) neither ingroup nor outgroup behaviour

D) outgroup behaviour only

A

17) The ultimate attribution error refers to attributions made for

A) ingroup behaviour only

B) both ingroup and outgroup behaviour

C) neither ingroup nor outgroup behaviour

D) outgroup behaviour only

173
Q

18) Who is responsible for violence in Palestine? Benjamin blames the Palestinians, but Hanif blames the Israelis. Benjamin and Hanif are

A) making an ethnocentric intergroup attribution

B) following the tit-for-tat rule

C) showing the actor-observer effect

D) establishing an illusory correlation

A

18) Who is responsible for violence in Palestine? Benjamin blames the Palestinians, but Hanif blames the Israelis. Benjamin and Hanif are

A) making an ethnocentric intergroup attribution

B) following the tit-for-tat rule

C) showing the actor-observer effect

D) establishing an illusory correlation

174
Q

19) Elaborated explanations of unfamiliar and complex phenomena that transform them into the familiar and simple and are shared among group members are referred to as

A) scripts

B) the collective conscious

C) stereotypes

D) social representations

A

19) Elaborated explanations of unfamiliar and complex phenomena that transform them into the familiar and simple and are shared among group members are referred to as

A) scripts

B) the collective conscious

C) stereotypes

D) social representations

175
Q

20) Self and identity are

A) components of behaviour

B) mental fictions

C) operational definitions

D) cognitive constructs influencing how we perceive socially and interact with others

A

20) Self and identity are

A) components of behaviour

B) mental fictions

C) operational definitions

D) cognitive constructs influencing how we perceive socially and interact with others

176
Q

21) What did Shrauger and Schoeneman (1979) and Tice (1992) find out about the idea of the ‘looking-glass self’?

A) It should not have been termed ‘the looking-glass self’ but ‘the mirror-image self’

B) People do not tend to see themselves as others see them, but instead as they think others see them

C) They confirmed that people always see themselves as others see them

D) Nothing, Shrauger and Shoeneman (1979) and Tice (1992) did not do research into the idea of the ‘looking-glass self’

A

21) What did Shrauger and Schoeneman (1979) and Tice (1992) find out about the idea of the ‘looking-glass self’?

A) It should not have been termed ‘the looking-glass self’ but ‘the mirror-image self’

B) People do not tend to see themselves as others see them, but instead as they think others see them

C) They confirmed that people always see themselves as others see them

D) Nothing, Shrauger and Shoeneman (1979) and Tice (1992) did not do research into the idea of the ‘looking-glass self’

177
Q

22) According to self-discrepancy theory, how we think we should be refers to

A) the ‘ought’ self

B) the actual self

C) the superego self

D) the ideal self

A

22) According to self-discrepancy theory, how we think we should be refers to

A) the ‘ought’ self

B) the actual self

C) the superego self

D) the ideal self

178
Q

23) Bem’s self-perception theory maintains that people construct an impression of their own personality by

A) deciding that their locus of control is external

B) separating their actual self from their ideal and ‘ought’ selves

C) attributing their behaviour internally

D) averaging out all of their social comparisons

A

23) Bem’s self-perception theory maintains that people construct an impression of their own personality by

A) deciding that their locus of control is external

B) separating their actual self from their ideal and ‘ought’ selves

C) attributing their behaviour internally

D) averaging out all of their social comparisons

179
Q

24) According to the overjustification effect, performance on a task may be improved by

A) yelling at someone until they complete the task

B) setting performance goals, and rewarding for good performance

C) appealing to a person’s ideal self

D) giving many rewards for completing the task

A

24) According to the overjustification effect, performance on a task may be improved by

A) yelling at someone until they complete the task

B) setting performance goals, and rewarding for good performance

C) appealing to a person’s ideal self

D) giving many rewards for completing the task

180
Q

25) Festinger’s theory of social comparison implies that people

A) learn from their errors by asking others what they think

B) compare the qualities of various groups before choosing one to join

C) check their perceptions and attitudes against others who are similar to them

D) counteract potential criticism by undermining their ‘enemies’

A

25) Festinger’s theory of social comparison implies that people

A) learn from their errors by asking others what they think

B) compare the qualities of various groups before choosing one to join

C) check their perceptions and attitudes against others who are similar to them

D) counteract potential criticism by undermining their ‘enemies’

181
Q

26) Millie is a member of a youth group. She is proud of this and feels she is a better person as a result. She is a living example of

A) self-perception theory

B) the self-evaluation maintenance model

C) the overjustification effect

D) how self-categorisation theory works

A

26) Millie is a member of a youth group. She is proud of this and feels she is a better person as a result. She is a living example of

A) self-perception theory

B) the self-evaluation maintenance model

C) the overjustification effect

D) how self-categorisation theory works

182
Q

27) According to Brewer and Gardner (1996), part of our self-concept consists of dyadic relationships that assimilate our self to significant others. This part is called the

A) collective self

B) social self

C) relational self

D) individual self

A

27) According to Brewer and Gardner (1996), part of our self-concept consists of dyadic relationships that assimilate our self to significant others. This part is called the

A) collective self

B) social self

C) relational self

D) individual self

183
Q

28) At a girls’ summer camp Maria has just been assigned to a group called the ‘Rosebuds’, one of six separate groups that will interact from time to time at the camp. It is likely that if she needs to make a decision about allocating rewards, she will

A) discriminate against children who are not Rosebuds

B) want all other children to be Rosebuds

C) not care what group any girl might be in

D) wilt and go limp, as a Rosebud would

A

28) At a girls’ summer camp Maria has just been assigned to a group called the ‘Rosebuds’, one of six separate groups that will interact from time to time at the camp. It is likely that if she needs to make a decision about allocating rewards, she will

A) discriminate against children who are not Rosebuds

B) want all other children to be Rosebuds

C) not care what group any girl might be in

D) wilt and go limp, as a Rosebud would

184
Q

29) Which motive is a simple desire to have accurate and valid information about oneself?

A) Self-enhancement

B) Self-affirmation

C) Self-righteousness

D) Self-assessment

A

29) Which motive is a simple desire to have accurate and valid information about oneself?

A) Self-enhancement

B) Self-affirmation

C) Self-righteousness

D) Self-assessment

185
Q

30) Sandra has just received a bad result in her language paper. After telling her parents, she points to her achievement in a recent swimming competition. Steele (1988) calls this strategy

A) self-affirmation

B) achievement motivation

C) BIRGing

D) self-verification

A

30) Sandra has just received a bad result in her language paper. After telling her parents, she points to her achievement in a recent swimming competition. Steele (1988) calls this strategy

A) self-affirmation

B) achievement motivation

C) BIRGing

D) self-verification

186
Q

31) A friend describes you as ‘unusual’ to a new member of the bowling club. You would be maintaining a positive self-image if you

A) hoped that no one else would find out

B) worried yourself sick and vowed not to be ‘unusual’ in the future

C) defined ‘unusual’ as a cool thing to be

D) restored equity by telling the new member that your friend was ‘a handful’

A

31) A friend describes you as ‘unusual’ to a new member of the bowling club. You would be maintaining a positive self-image if you

A) hoped that no one else would find out

B) worried yourself sick and vowed not to be ‘unusual’ in the future

C) defined ‘unusual’ as a cool thing to be

D) restored equity by telling the new member that your friend was ‘a handful’

187
Q

32) Greenberg and colleagues suggested that one reason why people pursue self-esteem is to

A) avoid social rejection

B) overcome their fear of death

C) succeed in their careers

D) protect the ego from the superego

A

32) Greenberg and colleagues suggested that one reason why people pursue self-esteem is to

A) avoid social rejection

B) overcome their fear of death

C) succeed in their careers

D) protect the ego from the superego

188
Q

33) Which of the strategies below is NOT associated with the psychology of impression management?

A) Strategic self-presentation

B) Expressive self-presentation

C) Impressive self-description

D) Self-monitoring

A

33) Which of the strategies below is NOT associated with the psychology of impression management?

A) Strategic self-presentation

B) Expressive self-presentation

C) Impressive self-description

D) Self-monitoring

189
Q

34) Studies suggest that people in Western cultures conceptualise the self as _________ while people in Eastern cultures tend to conceptualise the self as ___________.

A) independent; interdependent

B) ingroup; outgroup

C) materialistic; cultural

D) none of the above

A

34) Studies suggest that people in Western cultures conceptualise the self as _________ while people in Eastern cultures tend to conceptualise the self as ___________.

A) independent; interdependent

B) ingroup; outgroup

C) materialistic; cultural

D) none of the above

PSY2042 (12 decks)

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