Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY2042 > Group dynamics and intergroup behaviour > Flashcards

Group dynamics and intergroup behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Negotiation

A

A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define

Group Cohesiveness

A

Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define

Transactive Memory

A

The combined memory of a group that is more efficient than the memory of the individual members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define

Tit-for-Tat Strategy

A

A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define

Transformational Leaders

A

Leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define

Transactional Leaders

A

Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define

Task-Oriented Leaders

A

Leaders who are concerned more with getting the job done than with workers’ feelings and relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define

Social Loafing

A

When people are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, the tendency to perform worse on simple or unimportant tasks but better on complex or important tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define

Social Facilitation

A

When people are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaulated, the tendency to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define

Social Dilemma

A

A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define

Relationship-Oriented Leaders

A

Leaders who are concerned more with workers’ feelings and relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define

Process Loss

A

Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define

Integrative Solution

A

A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues, with each side conceding the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define

Groupthink

A

A kind of decision process in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define

Great Person Theory

A

The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define

Group

A

Two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to infleunce each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define

Group Polarisation

A

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the intial inclinations of their members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define

Deindividuation

A

The loosening of normal constraints on behaviour when people can’t be identified (such as when they are in a crowd)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define

Contingency Theory of Leadership

A

The idea that the effectiveness of a leader depends both on how task oriented or relationship oriented the leader is and on the amount of control the leader has over the group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Definition

A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree

A

Negotiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Definition

Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between them

A

Group Cohesiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Definition

The combined memory of a group that is more efficient than the memory of the individual members

A

Transactive Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Definition

A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial

A

Tit-for-Tat Strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Definition

Leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals

A

Transformational Leaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Definition

Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them

A

Transactional Leaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Definition

Leaders who are concerned more with getting the job done than with workers’ feelings and relationships

A

Task-Oriented Leaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Definition

When people are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, the tendency to perform worse on simple or unimportant tasks but better on complex or important tasks

A

Social Loafing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Definition

When people are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaulated, the tendency to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks

A

Social Facilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Definition

A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone

A

Social Dilemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Definition

Leaders who are concerned more with workers’ feelings and relationships

A

Relationship-Oriented Leaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Definition

Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving

A

Process Loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Definition

A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues, with each side conceding the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side

A

Integrative Solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Definition

A kind of decision process in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner

A

Groupthink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Definition

The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation

A

Great Person Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Definition

Two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to infleunce each other

A

Group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Definition

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the intial inclinations of their members

A

Group Polarisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Definition

The loosening of normal constraints on behaviour when people can’t be identified (such as when they are in a crowd)

A

Deindividuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Definition

The idea that the effectiveness of a leader depends both on how task oriented or relationship oriented the leader is and on the amount of control the leader has over the group

A

Contingency Theory of Leadership

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the benefits of belonging to a group?

A
  • Important source of information:
    • Help us resolve ambiguity in the social world
  • Important aspect of identity:
    • Help us define who we are
    • Help us feel distinct from other groups
  • Establishment of social norms
40
Q

What are the potential costs to an individual that belongs to a group?

A

If enmeshed in a role, individual identities and personalities can get lost.

41
Q

The more cohesive a group is, the more its members are likely to do what?

A

Stay in the group

Take part in group activities

Try to recruit new like-minded members

42
Q

Based on diversity, what type of group is more cohesive and what type performs better?

A

Homogenous groups are more cohesive

Diverse groups perform better

43
Q

Why are groups often made up of similar members?

A

Attracted to and likely to recruit similar others

Groups operate in ways that encourage similarity in the members

44
Q

What are the three theories that explain the arousal and social facilitation?

A
  1. Other people cause us to become particularly alert and vigilant.
  2. They make us apprehensive about how we’re being evaluated.
  3. They distract us from the task at hand.
45
Q

How does social loafing effect performance on simple and complex tasks?

A

Simple: Impaired

Complex: Enhanced

46
Q

How does social facilitation effect performance on simple and complex tasks?

A

Simple: Enhanced

Complex: Impaired

47
Q

What happens when an individual is completing a task in a group and their efforts can be evaluated?

A

Social facilitation

48
Q

What happens when an individual is completing a task in a group and their efforts can not be evaluated?

A

Social loafing

49
Q

Is social loafing more common among men or women? Why?

A

Men. Women tend to be higher in relational interdependence

50
Q

What type of culture is social loafing more common in? Why?

A

Western cultures

Asian cultures: Interdependent self = Reduces social loafing tendencies

51
Q

Why does deindividuation lead to impulsive and sometime violent acts?

A

Makes people feel less accountable

Increases obedience to group norms

52
Q

What are the antecedents of groupthink?

A
  1. The group is highly cohesive
  2. Group isolation
  3. A directive leader
  4. High stress
  5. Poor decision-making procedures
53
Q

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

A
  • Illusion of invulnerability
  • Belief in the moral correctness of the group
  • Stereotyped views of out-group
  • Self-censorship
  • Direct pressure on dissenters to conform
  • Illusions of unanimity
  • Mindguards
54
Q

How can a wise leader avoid groupthink?

A

Remain impartial

Seek outside opinions

Create subgroups

Seek anonymous opinions

55
Q

Which traits are seen often in leaders?

A

Intelligent

Extraverted

Confident

Charismatic

56
Q

According to the Great Person theory, what are the two types of leaders?

A

Transactional

Transformational

57
Q

According to the Contigency theory of leadership, what are the two types of leaders?

A

Task-oriented

Relationship-oriented

58
Q

Which situations are best for task- and relationship-oriented leaders?

A

Task-oriented: Low and high situational control

Relationship-oriented: moderate situational control

59
Q

What is the glass cliff?

A

The leadership issue that women face when brought in to manage a crisis that puts them in a precarious position where its difficult to succeed

60
Q

1) The term ‘entitativity’ refers to

A) the effect of the presence of others on group members

B) the relationship between distinct groups

C) a measure of the extent to which a group appears as coherent or distinct

D) a group dimension

A

1) The term ‘entitativity’ refers to

A) the effect of the presence of others on group members

B) the relationship between distinct groups

C) a measure of the extent to which a group appears as coherent or distinct

D) a group dimension

61
Q

2) The ________ view claims that people in groups are influenced by unique social processes. In contrast, the ________ view maintains that people in groups act similarly as when they are in pairs, or even alone.

A) category; exemplar

B) collectivist; individualist

C) social; individualist

D) social; clinical

A

2) The ________ view claims that people in groups are influenced by unique social processes. In contrast, the ________ view maintains that people in groups act similarly as when they are in pairs, or even alone.

A) category; exemplar

B) collectivist; individualist

C) social; individualist

D) social; clinical

62
Q

3) ‘Mere presence’ and the ‘audience effect’ are both terms relating to

A) group norms

B) the conformity bias

C) social facilitation

D) group think

A

3) ‘Mere presence’ and the ‘audience effect’ are both terms relating to

A) group norms

B) the conformity bias

C) social facilitation

D) group think

63
Q

4) According to Zajonc’s drive theory of social facilitation

A) social facilitation follows a correct dominant response

B) social inhibition occurs when a dominant response is incorrect

C) the presence of others produces arousal

D) all of the above

A

4) According to Zajonc’s drive theory of social facilitation

A) social facilitation follows a correct dominant response

B) social inhibition occurs when a dominant response is incorrect

C) the presence of others produces arousal

D) all of the above

64
Q

5) Roger Federer is a world-class tennis player. But he really lifts his game when playing

A) his girlfriend

B) at his home club

C) his buddy

D) at Wimbledon

A

5) Roger Federer is a world-class tennis player. But he really lifts his game when playing

A) his girlfriend

B) at his home club

C) his buddy

D) at Wimbledon

65
Q

6) Enyi is a brilliant cellist and tonight she is playing at a concert. According to the distraction/conflict theory, she will

A) experience attentional conflict

B) worry about being distracted and make errors

C) wonder what the audience thinks of her

D) all of the above

A

6) Enyi is a brilliant cellist and tonight she is playing at a concert. According to the distraction/conflict theory, she will

A) experience attentional conflict

B) worry about being distracted and make errors

C) wonder what the audience thinks of her

D) all of the above

66
Q

7) The finding that participants can name the colour a word is presented in, even when the word may be incongruent with the colour (e.g., the word ‘RED’ displayed in a yellow colour), with less delay when they are in the presence of others than when they are alone demonstrates

A) that the Stroop Task is performed better when the participant is alone

B) the attentional consequences of social presence

C) self-awareness theory

D) none of the above

A

7) The finding that participants can name the colour a word is presented in, even when the word may be incongruent with the colour (e.g., the word ‘RED’ displayed in a yellow colour), with less delay when they are in the presence of others than when they are alone demonstrates

A) that the Stroop Task is performed better when the participant is alone

B) the attentional consequences of social presence

C) self-awareness theory

D) none of the above

7) The finding that participants can name the colour a word is presented in, even when the word may be incongruent with the colour (e.g., the word ‘RED’ displayed in a yellow colour), with less delay when they are in the presence of others than when they are alone demonstrates

A) that the Stroop Task is performed better when the participant is alone

B) the attentional consequences of social presence

C) self-awareness theory

D) none of the above

67
Q

8) A drop in individual effort on a task as the number of people working together on the task increases can be explained by

A) coordination loss

B) motivation loss

C) both A and B

D) neither A nor B

A

8) A drop in individual effort on a task as the number of people working together on the task increases can be explained by

A) coordination loss

B) motivation loss

C) both A and B

D) neither A nor B

68
Q

9) Evaluation apprehension, matching to standard and output equity are terms relating to

A) explanations of why individual productivity can drop when working in a group

B) social facilitation

C) group dynamics

D) the distraction-conflict theory of social facilitation

A

9) Evaluation apprehension, matching to standard and output equity are terms relating to

A) explanations of why individual productivity can drop when working in a group

B) social facilitation

C) group dynamics

D) the distraction-conflict theory of social facilitation

69
Q

10) Because there is a compulsory student union fee at her university, Linda decided not to be a financial member. However, she happily claims a discount on what she buys at the university bookshop, eats cheap meals at the student cafeteria and makes use of club room space. In social psychological terms, Linda is a

A) beneficiary

B) compensator

C) social loafer

D) free rider

A

10) Because there is a compulsory student union fee at her university, Linda decided not to be a financial member. However, she happily claims a discount on what she buys at the university bookshop, eats cheap meals at the student cafeteria and makes use of club room space. In social psychological terms, Linda is a

A) beneficiary

B) compensator

C) social loafer

D) free rider

70
Q

11) Which of the following group characteristics helps to reduce social loafing?

A) Shared norms

B) Members’ belief that together they will achieve important goals

C) A rigid hierarchical structure

D) An implicit surveillance method

A

11) Which of the following group characteristics helps to reduce social loafing?

A) Shared norms

B) Members’ belief that together they will achieve important goals

C) A rigid hierarchical structure

D) An implicit surveillance method

71
Q

12) In the interpersonal interdependence model of group cohesiveness, we would expect group members to

A) perceive themselves as similar

B) like each other

C) communicate well and adhere to group standards

D) all of the above

A

12) In the interpersonal interdependence model of group cohesiveness, we would expect group members to

A) perceive themselves as similar

B) like each other

C) communicate well and adhere to group standards

D) all of the above

72
Q

13) Alex and Lauren have been close friends since they were 6-years old. They are now part of rival pub trivia teams and their respective teams are competing against each other for the grand prize – a $50 bar tab. From this information, Alex has ____________ for Lauren and _____________ for her.

A) high personal attraction; low social attraction

B) high social attraction; low personal attraction

C) high personal attraction; high social attraction

D) low social attraction; low personal attraction

A

13) Alex and Lauren have been close friends since they were 6-years old. They are now part of rival pub trivia teams and their respective teams are competing against each other for the grand prize – a $50 bar tab. From this information, Alex has ____________ for Lauren and _____________ for her.

A) high personal attraction; low social attraction

B) high social attraction; low personal attraction

C) high personal attraction; high social attraction

D) low social attraction; low personal attraction

73
Q

14) A person’s passage through groups over time has been described by Moreland and colleagues as

A) role transition

B) group socialisation

C) role discontinuities

D) biographical

A

14) A person’s passage through groups over time has been described by Moreland and colleagues as

A) role transition

B) group socialisation

C) role discontinuities

D) biographical

74
Q

15) The three basic processes involved in Moreland’s group socialisation are

A) evaluation, commitment and role transition

B) assessment, commitment and group normalising

C) evaluation, role transition and adjourning

D) storming, norming and performing

A

15) The three basic processes involved in Moreland’s group socialisation are

A) evaluation, commitment and role transition

B) assessment, commitment and group normalising

C) evaluation, role transition and adjourning

D) storming, norming and performing

75
Q

16) Chandler is a new member of the drama society at University. However, all members must go through a mysterious initiation process before they can attain full member status, which Chandler has not yet completed. At the moment, Chandler is a __________ of the drama society.

A) non-member

B) full member

C) quasi-member

D) complete member

A

16) Chandler is a new member of the drama society at University. However, all members must go through a mysterious initiation process before they can attain full member status, which Chandler has not yet completed. At the moment, Chandler is a __________ of the drama society.

A) non-member

B) full member

C) quasi-member

D) complete member

76
Q

17) Attitudinal and behavioural uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between groups are called

A) cognitive discontinuities

B) norms

C) initiation rites

D) ethnographies

A

17) Attitudinal and behavioural uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between groups are called

A) cognitive discontinuities

B) norms

C) initiation rites

D) ethnographies

77
Q

18) In a now classic study by Zimbardo, students were divided into prisoners and guards. A central finding was that

A) this experiment failed to mimic real life

B) students in California turned out to be more callous than most

C) students make effective guards but terrible prisoners

D) roles can become internalised

A

18) In a now classic study by Zimbardo, students were divided into prisoners and guards. A central finding was that

A) this experiment failed to mimic real life

B) students in California turned out to be more callous than most

C) students make effective guards but terrible prisoners

D) roles can become internalised

78
Q

19) Like his father Basil before him, Brian Fawlty owns a small hotel. When he smiles and suggests improvements for running the operation, his staff smile and agree. Clearly, Brian

A) has high status

B) is a charismatic leader

C) got an A at management school

D) is a better con artist than his Dad

A

19) Like his father Basil before him, Brian Fawlty owns a small hotel. When he smiles and suggests improvements for running the operation, his staff smile and agree. Clearly, Brian

A) has high status

B) is a charismatic leader

C) got an A at management school

D) is a better con artist than his Dad

79
Q

20) For more complex tasks, it is known that less centralised communication networks

A) confuse co-workers

B) increase the chance of co-ordination loss

C) usually lead to better group performance

D) are called wheels

A

20) For more complex tasks, it is known that less centralised communication networks

A) confuse co-workers

B) increase the chance of co-ordination loss

C) usually lead to better group performance

D) are called wheels

80
Q

21) Deviants and marginal members of a group are those that

A) are highly prototypical core members of the group

B) do not embody the group’s attributes

C) steal from members of other groups

D) all of the above

A

21) Deviants and marginal members of a group are those that

A) are highly prototypical core members of the group

B) do not embody the group’s attributes

C) steal from members of other groups

D) all of the above

81
Q

22) According to terror management theory, people join groups to

A) improve their management skills to deal with acts of terrorism

B) reduce the fear of death

C) escape from a dangerous world

D) none of the above

A

22) According to terror management theory, people join groups to

A) improve their management skills to deal with acts of terrorism

B) reduce the fear of death

C) escape from a dangerous world

D) none of the above

82
Q

23) Collective behaviour involves, at the very least

A) a crowd making a lot of noise

B) a riot

C) a super-mentality

D) a large number of people acting in a uniform manner

A

23) Collective behaviour involves, at the very least

A) a crowd making a lot of noise

B) a riot

C) a super-mentality

D) a large number of people acting in a uniform manner

83
Q

24) What kind of relative deprivation has been found to be associated with social unrest?

A) Egoistic relative deprivation but NOT fraternalistic relative deprivation

B) Egoistic relative deprivation AND fraternalistic relative deprivation

C) Fraternalistic relative deprivation but NOT egoistic relative deprivation

D) Interpersonal relative deprivation

A

24) What kind of relative deprivation has been found to be associated with social unrest?

A) Egoistic relative deprivation but NOT fraternalistic relative deprivation

B) Egoistic relative deprivation AND fraternalistic relative deprivation

C) Fraternalistic relative deprivation but NOT egoistic relative deprivation

D) Interpersonal relative deprivation

84
Q

25) If Martha thinks that she has less than what she due, or what others in her situation have, she feels

A) jealous

B) egoistically relatively deprived

C) fraternalistically relatively deprived

D) depressed

A

25) If Martha thinks that she has less than what she due, or what others in her situation have, she feels

A) jealous

B) egoistically relatively deprived

C) fraternalistically relatively deprived

D) depressed

85
Q

26) In contrast to other explanations of prejudice and discrimination, Sherif stressed the role of

A) interpersonal processes

B) personality traits

C) intergroup relations

D) governmental politics

A

26) In contrast to other explanations of prejudice and discrimination, Sherif stressed the role of

A) interpersonal processes

B) personality traits

C) intergroup relations

D) governmental politics

86
Q

27) What is a limitation of the various studies examining realistic conflict theory (e.g., Sherif’s summer camp studies)?

A) There are a large number of variables operating together in these studies and thus the causal agents of the intergroup behaviour are confounded

B) The studies were conducted a long time ago and need to be replicated to verify that this effect of realistic conflict theory still exists

C) The boys in the camp all had authoritarian personalities

D) All of the above

A

27) What is a limitation of the various studies examining realistic conflict theory (e.g., Sherif’s summer camp studies)?

A) There are a large number of variables operating together in these studies and thus the causal agents of the intergroup behaviour are confounded

B) The studies were conducted a long time ago and need to be replicated to verify that this effect of realistic conflict theory still exists

C) The boys in the camp all had authoritarian personalities

D) All of the above

87
Q

28) One feature of a commons dilemma is that

A) group norms often conflict with what individuals commonly want to do

B) common people often want to be in an exclusive group but can’t afford it

C) having a commons or shared area is not possible with urbanisation

D) cooperation between individuals is required to protect a renewable resource

A

28) One feature of a commons dilemma is that

A) group norms often conflict with what individuals commonly want to do

B) common people often want to be in an exclusive group but can’t afford it

C) having a commons or shared area is not possible with urbanisation

D) cooperation between individuals is required to protect a renewable resource

88
Q

29) Sam joins a psychology study group at the start of semester. Each week the group members share the notes they took during classes, as well as interesting articles they have found. However, each week Sam claims to have been too sick or busy during the week to go to class or to take any notes. As such, Sam takes a copy of everyone else’s notes from the study group but never contributes anything to the group himself. This is an example of

A) the free-rider effect

B) relative deprivation

C) the commons dilemma

D) all of the above

A

29) Sam joins a psychology study group at the start of semester. Each week the group members share the notes they took during classes, as well as interesting articles they have found. However, each week Sam claims to have been too sick or busy during the week to go to class or to take any notes. As such, Sam takes a copy of everyone else’s notes from the study group but never contributes anything to the group himself. This is an example of

A) the free-rider effect

B) relative deprivation

C) the commons dilemma

D) all of the above

89
Q

30) Social categorisation refers to

A) a process associated with the realistic conflict theory

B) the attitude that precedes discrimination

C) collective attribution

D) the process of classifying people as members of different social groups

A

30) Social categorisation refers to

A) a process associated with the realistic conflict theory

B) the attitude that precedes discrimination

C) collective attribution

D) the process of classifying people as members of different social groups

90
Q

31) Social identity should become more positive through EACH of

A) social competition, individual creativity and social isolation

B) social competition, social creativity and individual mobility

C) individual competition, individual creativity and individual mobility

D) social castes, ideologies and a feudal system

A

31) Social identity should become more positive through EACH of

A) social competition, individual creativity and social isolation

B) social competition, social creativity and individual mobility

C) individual competition, individual creativity and individual mobility

D) social castes, ideologies and a feudal system

91
Q

32) In societies characterised by a social mobility belief system, individuals can improve the quality of their social identity by

A) engaging in civil rights activities

B) emigrating

C) assimilating into a high-status group

D) challenging the higher-status group

A

32) In societies characterised by a social mobility belief system, individuals can improve the quality of their social identity by

A) engaging in civil rights activities

B) emigrating

C) assimilating into a high-status group

D) challenging the higher-status group

92
Q

33) Brigham and Barkowitz (1978) had African American and Caucasian college students view a photograph set of African American and Caucasian faces. Participants were then shown a second set of faces in which they had to indicate whether they had seen each of the faces in the previous photoset. They found that participants had more difficulty recognising outgroup than ingroup faces. This is an example of

A) racism

B) the relative homogeneity effect

C) social categorisation

D) all of the above

A

33) Brigham and Barkowitz (1978) had African American and Caucasian college students view a photograph set of African American and Caucasian faces. Participants were then shown a second set of faces in which they had to indicate whether they had seen each of the faces in the previous photoset. They found that participants had more difficulty recognising outgroup than ingroup faces. This is an example of

A) racism

B) the relative homogeneity effect

C) social categorisation

D) all of the above

93
Q

34) The accentuation effect includes the

A) pressure on a new group member to fit into a newly adopted category

B) overestimation of similarities among people within a category

C) attempt by language minorities to retain their accent

D) underestimation of dissimilarities between members of different categories

A

34) The accentuation effect includes the

A) pressure on a new group member to fit into a newly adopted category

B) overestimation of similarities among people within a category

C) attempt by language minorities to retain their accent

D) underestimation of dissimilarities between members of different categories

94
Q

35) According to intergroup emotion theory proposed by Mackie and her colleagues, in an intergroup context

A) negative emotions about an outgroup can lead to discrimination against the outgroup

B) our ‘collective’ self appraises whether a situation will harm or benefit ‘us’

C) positive emotions about an ingroup should lead to ingroup solidarity

D) all of the above

A

35) According to intergroup emotion theory proposed by Mackie and her colleagues, in an intergroup context

A) negative emotions about an outgroup can lead to discrimination against the outgroup

B) our ‘collective’ self appraises whether a situation will harm or benefit ‘us’

C) positive emotions about an ingroup should lead to ingroup solidarity

D) all of the above

95
Q

36) Diener et al. (1976) studied the behaviour of children on Halloween. In a series of focal homes, children were warmly invited into the houses and told that they could take one piece of candy from a bowl on a table. It was found that children who remained anonymous were more likely to take extra pieces of candy compared to children who disclosed their name and address to the homeowners. This finding can be attributed to

A) deindividuation

B) crowd behaviour

C) greed

D) the free-rider effect

A

36) Diener et al. (1976) studied the behaviour of children on Halloween. In a series of focal homes, children were warmly invited into the houses and told that they could take one piece of candy from a bowl on a table. It was found that children who remained anonymous were more likely to take extra pieces of candy compared to children who disclosed their name and address to the homeowners. This finding can be attributed to

A) deindividuation

B) crowd behaviour

C) greed

D) the free-rider effect

96
Q

37) Emergent norm theory focuses on

A) normative behaviour that is collectively negotiated by individuals’ stress

B) how leaders emerge in initially normless crowds to create order

C) the breakdown of established norms and their replacement by new ones

D) collective action as norm-governed behaviour within an initially normless crowd

A

37) Emergent norm theory focuses on

A) normative behaviour that is collectively negotiated by individuals’ stress

B) how leaders emerge in initially normless crowds to create order

C) the breakdown of established norms and their replacement by new ones

D) collective action as norm-governed behaviour within an initially normless crowd

97
Q

38) Superordinate goals will not reduce intergroup conflict if

A) a monetary incentive is not provided for successfully achieving the goal

B) the groups fail to achieve the goal

C) the groups are ethnically diverse

D) all of the above

A

38) Superordinate goals will not reduce intergroup conflict if

A) a monetary incentive is not provided for successfully achieving the goal

B) the groups fail to achieve the goal

C) the groups are ethnically diverse

D) all of the above

PSY2042 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions