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PSY2042 > Biological foundations and personality development > Flashcards

Biological foundations and personality development Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Testosterone

A

A hormone much higher in men than in women

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2
Q

Define

Sociosexuality

A

Individual differences in attitudes toward sex without commitment

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3
Q

Define

2D:4D ratio

A

The length of someone’s index finger divided by the length of their ring (third) finger; a low ratio is linked to high testosterone

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4
Q

Define

Gene expression

A

How much a gene influences traits or outcomes

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5
Q

Define

Discrepancy detection

A

Noticing something that is different in the environment

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6
Q

Define

Epigenetics

A

The idea that some environments can influence how much genetics will matter

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7
Q

Define

Amygdala

A

The part of the brain responsible for processing reactions to fear

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8
Q

Define

Circadian rhythm

A

Physical, mental, and behavioural changes following a daily, 24-hour cycle

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9
Q

Define

Morningness-eveningness

A

Whether you are a morning person (a lark) or a night person (an owl)

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10
Q

Define

Evolutionary psychology

A

The field of research exploring how evolution shaped human psychology

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11
Q

Define

Biology

A

Everything that appears in the body and brain, whatever its origin

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12
Q

Define

Genotype

A

An organism’s genetic predisposition

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13
Q

Define

Nonshared environment

A

Experiences not shared by siblings such as certain friends, personal injuries, or participating in different activities

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14
Q

Define

Monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins sharing the same genetic profile

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15
Q

Define

Percentage of variance

A

Explained by genetics or environment; this number refers to the variation among a group of people and not within one individual

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16
Q

Define

Contrast effect

A

When one sibling consciously tries to be different from the other

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17
Q

Define

Gene-environment interaction

A

When genetics and environment work together to shape personality

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18
Q

Define

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment

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19
Q

Define

Twin study

A

A study examining twins raised apart and together, usually to explore whether characteristics are caused by genetics or environment

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20
Q

Define

Shared environment

A

The effects of growing up with the same parents; also known as family environment

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21
Q

Define

Genetics

A

The DNA from one’s biological mother and biological father

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22
Q

Define

Impulsivity

A

The tendency to take risks, not plan, and be high in sensation-seeking, roughly equivalent to low conscientiousness

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23
Q

Define

Neurotransmitters

A

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure

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24
Q

Define

Frontal lobe

A

each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behaviour, learning, personality, and voluntary movement

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25
Q

Definition

A hormone much higher in men than in women

A

Testosterone

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26
Q

Definition

Individual differences in attitudes toward sex without commitment

A

Sociosexuality

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27
Q

Definition

The length of someone’s index finger divided by the length of their ring (third) finger; a low ratio is linked to high testosterone

A

2D:4D ratio

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28
Q

Definition

How much a gene influences traits or outcomes

A

Gene expression

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29
Q

Definition

Noticing something that is different in the environment

A

Discrepancy detection

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30
Q

Definition

The idea that some environments can influence how much genetics will matter

A

Epigenetics

31
Q

Definition

The part of the brain responsible for processing reactions to fear

A

Amygdala

32
Q

Definition

Physical, mental, and behavioural changes following a daily, 24-hour cycle

A

Circadian rhythm

33
Q

Definition

Whether you are a morning person (a lark) or a night person (an owl)

A

Morningness-eveningness

34
Q

Definition

The field of research exploring how evolution shaped human psychology

A

Evolutionary psychology

35
Q

Definition

Everything that appears in the body and brain, whatever its origin

A

Biology

36
Q

Definition

An organism’s genetic predisposition

A

Genotype

37
Q

Definition

Experiences not shared by siblings such as certain friends, personal injuries, or participating in different activities

A

Nonshared environment

38
Q

Definition

Identical twins sharing the same genetic profile

A

Monozygotic twins

39
Q

Definition

Explained by genetics or environment; this number refers to the variation among a group of people and not within one individual

A

Percentage of variance

40
Q

Definition

When one sibling consciously tries to be different from the other

A

Contrast effect

41
Q

Definition

When genetics and environment work together to shape personality

A

Gene-environment interaction

42
Q

Definition

Observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment

A

Phenotype

43
Q

Definition

A study examining twins raised apart and together, usually to explore whether characteristics are caused by genetics or environment

A

Twin study

44
Q

Definition

The effects of growing up with the same parents; also known as family environment

A

Shared environment

45
Q

Definition

The DNA from one’s biological mother and biological father

A

Genetics

46
Q

Definition

The tendency to take risks, not plan, and be high in sensation-seeking, roughly equivalent to low conscientiousness

A

Impulsivity

47
Q

Definition

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure

A

Neurotransmitters

48
Q

Definition

each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behaviour, learning, personality, and voluntary movement

A

Frontal lobe

49
Q

Which three scholars contributed to the early work on the mind-body relationship?

A
  • Darwin’s Expression of Emotions documented relations between emotional expression in humans and other complex mammals
  • Mendel’s work served as the foundation for modern genetics
  • Galton, cousin of Darwin, inherited basis of individual differences in personality
50
Q

What made us first suspect that the frontal lobe was involved in personality?

A

Phineas Gage head injury

51
Q

What do we know about amygdala activity and perceived anxiety?

A

Higher amygdala activity corresponds with higher perceived anxiety

52
Q

Similarities between MZ twins raised apart suggests a/n _________ influence

A

Similarities between MZ twins raised apart suggests a/n genetic influence

53
Q

Differences between MZ twins raised together suggests a/n _________ influence

A

Differences between MZ twins raised together suggests a/n environmental influence

54
Q

What is a heritability coefficient?

A

proportion of observed variance in scores that can be attributed to genetic factors

55
Q

What is more important for personality development: shared or non shared environments?

A

Non-shared

35% of variation (vs. 5%)

56
Q
  1. The case of Phineas Gage illustrates the importance of
    a) the brain for specific personality characteristics.
    b) the brain for the ability to walk and speak.
    c) the brain for cognitive functioning.
    d) All of the above.
A
  1. The case of Phineas Gage illustrates the importance of

a) the brain for specific personality characteristics.

b) the brain for the ability to walk and speak.
c) the brain for cognitive functioning.
d) All of the above.

57
Q
  1. In terms of biological causes of behaviour, ultimate causes refer to explanations associated with
    a) genes.
    b) evolution.
    c) life history.
    d) neuroscience.
A
  1. In terms of biological causes of behaviour, ultimate causes refer to explanations associated with
    a) genes.

b) evolution.

c) life history.
d) neuroscience.

58
Q
  1. Evolved adaptive mechanisms are viewed as
    a) broad and context-free.
    b) identical in both genders.
    c) domain-specific.
    d) the same in all species.
A
  1. Evolved adaptive mechanisms are viewed as
    a) broad and context-free.
    b) identical in both genders.

c) domain-specific.

d) the same in all species.

59
Q
  1. Evolutionary factors have been suggested as important in
    a) sex differences in mate preferences.
    b) sex differences in causes of jealousy.
    c) Both a and b.
    d) Neither a nor b.
A
  1. Evolutionary factors have been suggested as important in
    a) sex differences in mate preferences.
    b) sex differences in causes of jealousy.

c) Both a and b.

d) Neither a nor b.

60
Q
  1. Parenthood probability theory leads
    a) females to be more concerned about rivals than males.
    b) males to be more concerned about rivals than females.
    c) males and females to be equally concerned about rivals.
    d) to genetic counselling procedures.
A
  1. Parenthood probability theory leads
    a) females to be more concerned about rivals than males.

b) males to be more concerned about rivals than females.

c) males and females to be equally concerned about rivals.
d) to genetic counselling procedures.

61
Q
  1. According to David Buss’s hypotheses
    a) males should prefer young, attractive women.
    b) females should prefer strong, ambitious men.
    c) males should be more concerned than females about sexual infidelity.
    d) All of the above.
A
  1. According to David Buss’s hypotheses
    a) males should prefer young, attractive women.
    b) females should prefer strong, ambitious men.
    c) males should be more concerned than females about sexual infidelity.

d) All of the above.

62
Q
  1. In a simplified form, research on twins suggest that
    a) differences between MZ twins are due to the environment.
    b) differences between DZ twins are genetic differences.
    c) Both a and b.
    d) Neither a nor b.
A
  1. In a simplified form, research on twins suggest that
    a) differences between MZ twins are due to the environment.
    b) differences between DZ twins are genetic differences.

c) Both a and b.

d) Neither a nor b.

63
Q
  1. Adoption studies offer the opportunity to gain greater insight into
    a) genetic influences.
    b) environmental influences.
    c) Both a and b.
    d) Neither a nor b.
A
  1. Adoption studies offer the opportunity to gain greater insight into
    a) genetic influences.
    b) environmental influences.

c) Both a and b.

d) Neither a nor b.

64
Q
  1. Behaviour geneticists suggest that after heredity, the greatest influence on personality is
    a) nonshared environment.
    b) shared environment.
    c) early experience.
    d) parents.
A
  1. Behaviour geneticists suggest that after heredity, the greatest influence on personality is

a) nonshared environment.

b) shared environment.
c) early experience.
d) parents.

65
Q
  1. Biological sibling differences can be due to
    a) genes.
    b) family environment differences.
    c) nonshared environmental influences.
    d) All of the above.
A
  1. Biological sibling differences can be due to
    a) genes.
    b) family environment differences.
    c) nonshared environmental influences.

d) All of the above.

66
Q
  1. According to research
    a) shared family influences are more important than nonshared family influences.
    b) nonshared family influences are more important than shared family influences.
    c) shared and nonshared family influences are of equal importance.
    d) nonshared influences outside the family are more important than those inside the family.
A
  1. According to research
    a) shared family influences are more important than nonshared family influences.

b) nonshared family influences are more important than shared family influences.

c) shared and nonshared family influences are of equal importance.
d) nonshared influences outside the family are more important than those inside the family.

67
Q
  1. Evidence in support of a genetic contribution to personality would be if personality characteristics of identical twins reared apart were similar to
    a) identical twins reared together.
    b) fraternal twins reared together.
    c) fraternal twins reared apart.
    d) siblings reared apart.
A
  1. Evidence in support of a genetic contribution to personality would be if personality characteristics of identical twins reared apart were similar to

a) identical twins reared together.

b) fraternal twins reared together.
c) fraternal twins reared apart.
d) siblings reared apart.

68
Q
  1. Research to date supports which of the following statements?
    a) Inheritance plays a strong role in personality.
    b) Environment plays a strong role in personality.
    c) Genes and environment play a role in all traits.
    d) All of the above.
A
  1. Research to date supports which of the following statements?
    a) Inheritance plays a strong role in personality.
    b) Environment plays a strong role in personality.
    c) Genes and environment play a role in all traits.

d) All of the above.

69
Q

What are the two key theories of psychophysiology?

A

Eysenck’s arousal theory

Gray’s BAS/BIS theory

70
Q

According to Eysenck, what are the two sets of neural mechanisms of the brain?

A

Excitatory mechanism

Inhibitory mechanism

71
Q

What regulates the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms according to Eysenck?

A

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

72
Q

Describe Eysenck’s arousal theory

A
73
Q

What did Gray’s BAS/BIS theory state about personality?

A

Personality is based on the interaction between the behavioural approach system (BAS) and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

74
Q

Describe Gray’s BAS/BIS theory

A

PSY2042 (12 decks)

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