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PSY2042 > Personality in context > Flashcards

Personality in context Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Subcultures

A

A culture within a culture, based on ethnicity, class, region, or some other variable

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2
Q

Define

Collective self-esteem

A

Self-esteem based on group membership

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3
Q

Define

Reference-group effect

A

When people compare themselves to other people they know when completing personality questionnaires

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4
Q

Define

Perception of national character

A

Asking people to describe the typical member of a culture

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5
Q

Define

Power distance

A

A cultural system emphasising formality and greater difference in power among people

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6
Q

Define

External attribution

A

An explanation for behaviour focusing on the surrounding situation

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7
Q

Define

Relational mobility

A

How easy it is to move in and out of relationship

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8
Q

Define

Uncertainty avoidance

A

A cultural system of rules that minimises ambiguity

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9
Q

Define

Internal attribution

A

An explanation for behaviour focusing on the individual and his or her choices and personality

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10
Q

Define

Socioeconomic status

A

Social class, usually measured by income leve, job prestige, and/or education level

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11
Q

Define

Birth cohort

A

Everyone born in one year

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12
Q

Define

Cross-cultural differences

A

Average variations based on country or world region

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13
Q

Define

Cultural products

A

The products of a culture such as song lyrics, TV shows, advertisements, and books useful for studying culture at a broad level

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14
Q

Define

Culture

A

The customs, values, and behaviours characteristic of a nation, an ethinic group, a class, or a time period

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15
Q

Define

Generation

A

Everyone born in a somewhat arbitrarily defined 20- to 30-year period

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16
Q

Define

Mutual constitutional model

A

The idea that cultures and selves each cause the other

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17
Q

Define

Attributions

A

Explanations for the reasons behind people’s behaviour

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18
Q

Define

Self-enhancement

A

The desire to maintain and increase the positivity of the self-concept

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19
Q

Define

Collectivism

A

A cultural system that values the needs of the group more than those of the individual self

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20
Q

Define

Individualism

A

A cultural system that values the needs of the individual self more than those of the group

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21
Q

Define

Social Norms

A

The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviours, values, and beliefs or its members

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22
Q

Definition

A culture within a culture, based on ethnicity, class, region, or some other variable

A

Subcultures

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23
Q

Definition

Self-esteem based on group membership

A

Collective self-esteem

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24
Q

Definition

When people compare themselves to other people they know when completing personality questionnaires

A

Reference-group effect

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25
Q

Definition

Asking people to describe the typical member of a culture

A

Perception of national character

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26
Q

Definition

A cultural system emphasising formality and greater difference in power among people

A

Power distance

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27
Q

Definition

An explanation for behaviour focusing on the surrounding situation

A

External attribution

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28
Q

Definition

How easy it is to move in and out of relationship

A

Relational mobility

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29
Q

Definition

A cultural system of rules that minimises ambiguity

A

Uncertainty avoidance

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30
Q

Definition

An explanation for behaviour focusing on the individual and his or her choices and personality

A

Internal attribution

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31
Q

Definition

Social class, usually measured by income leve, job prestige, and/or education level

A

Socioeconomic status

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32
Q

Definition

Everyone born in one year

A

Birth cohort

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33
Q

Definition

Average variations based on country or world region

A

Cross-cultural differences

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34
Q

Definition

The products of a culture such as song lyrics, TV shows, advertisements, and books useful for studying culture at a broad level

A

Cultural products

35
Q

Definition

The customs, values, and behaviours characteristic of a nation, an ethinic group, a class, or a time period

A

Culture

36
Q

Definition

Everyone born in a somewhat arbitrarily defined 20- to 30-year period

A

Generation

37
Q

Definition

The idea that cultures and selves each cause the other

A

Mutual constitutional model

38
Q

Definition

Explanations for the reasons behind people’s behaviour

A

Attributions

39
Q

Definition

The desire to maintain and increase the positivity of the self-concept

A

Self-enhancement

40
Q

Definition

A cultural system that values the needs of the group more than those of the individual self

A

Collectivism

41
Q

Definition

A cultural system that values the needs of the individual self more than those of the group

A

Individualism

42
Q

Definition

The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviours, values, and beliefs or its members

A

Social Norms

43
Q

Whay are there cultural differences in personality?

A

Socialisation – how you are raised

Geography – impact of climate, terrain etc

44
Q

What levels do cultural differences occur on?

A

Note that differences occur between and within the same nationality

Between social classes

Between generations

45
Q

What are the limitations of using a particular model of personality on a different culture?

A

Fails to identify unique cultural traits

Side-lines the influence of culture

46
Q

What is cultural psychology?

A

investigations of deep relationships between individuals and their culture and how these differ amongst different people groups

47
Q

What is the Mutual Constitution Model?

A

A model that states that cultural values, institutions & products, daily life, and the self all shape each other

48
Q

What is the Emic approach?

A

An approach that is culture specific focusing on a single culture at a time

49
Q

What is the Etic approach?

A

An approach that is cross-cultural, searching for generalities across cultures

50
Q

What is the most widely accepted and researched model of personality?

A

Big 5

51
Q

How does the Big 5 translate to other cultures?

A

Overall good support for universality of these traits

BUT! OCEAN does not always come up in different cultures

Different cultures have more or less traits

52
Q

Why are there inconsistent results for the NEO Big 5 across cultures?

A

Unfamiliarity with questionnaire style assessment

Western/English personality terms (lexical studies)

‘false universals’

53
Q

What are lexical studies?

A

Studies exploring the use of different words within a specific culture

They can be combined into like factors

54
Q

What are the four CPAI personality factors?

A

Dependability

Interpersonal relatedness*

Social potency

Individualism

55
Q

How does the four traits of the CPAI (Dependability, Interpersonal relatedness, Social potency, Individualism) overlap with the Big 5?

A

Dependability: similar to neuroticism

Interpersonal relatedness: unique to Chinese culture

Social potency: similar to extraversion

Individualism: similar to agreeableness

56
Q

What can we learn from the development of the CPAI?

A

Not all Big 5 traits are seen in other cultures

There are traits other than the Big 5 traits

Not all Western personality assessments are culturally relevant

Not all Western personality theories are culturally relevant

57
Q

How many Big 5 studies have been conducted with Indigenous Australians?

A

None

58
Q

What factors of an ‘Indigenous Psychology’ are emerging?

A

Connectedness (people and land)

Spiritual world view

Community engagement in Psychology services

59
Q

How are there cultural differences in Self-enhancement?

A

East Asians motivated to esteem their group rather than their individual selves

East Asians enhance only in areas of high importance

East Asians only enhance privately

Motivation for high self esteem lower in East Asians

60
Q

How do Westerners and East Asians differ in Self enhancement?

A

Westerners

  • Motivated to engage in self enhancement
  • Focus on strengths

East Asians

  • Self as part of a collective
  • Focus on roles and responsibilities
61
Q

Why are there cultural differences in self enhancement?

A

Independent vs Interdependent view of self

Approach-Avoidance motivation

Internal vs External frame of reference

Dialetical reasoning about the self

Relational mobility

62
Q

What is approach motivation?

A

Desire to seek positive outcomes

63
Q

What is avoidance motivation?

A

Desire to avoid negative outcomes

64
Q

How do East Asians and Westerners differ with avoidance and approach motivation

A

East Asians have higher levels of avoidance motivation

Westerners have higher levels of approach motivation

65
Q

What does increased external evaluation lead to?

A

Heightened self awareness/self consciousness

More objective self evaluation

66
Q

What is dialectical reasoning?

A

Tolerance for contradiction

Dialectical = holding opposing views of oneself

I am introverted and extroverted

I am good and bad

67
Q

What does dialectical reasoning lead to?

A

Leads to more moderate view of oneself overall i.e. moderate positive view of oneself

68
Q

What type of culture has higher levels of relational mobility?

A

Individualistic

69
Q

What are the possible explanations for how priming one culture can influence personality ratings?

A

Cultural Frame Switching (CFS)

70
Q

What is cultural frame switching?

A

switching of values and attributions by bicultural individuals in the presence of culture-relevant stimuli

71
Q

What are the intergenerational difference in the Big 5 over time?

A

↑ Extraversion

↑↓ Agreeableness

↑↓ Conscientiousness

↑ Neuroticism

↓ Openness

72
Q

Why are there intergenerational differences in personality?

A

Cohort effects

  • Parenting?
  • Culture?

Age effects

  • Development?
  • Life stage?
  • Interpersonal factors?
73
Q
  1. Which of the following does not apply to ‘strategy 1’ style of studying personality and culture?
    a. Testing the generalisability of a theory across culture
    b. The assumption that personality and culture ‘make each other up’
    c. Investigating predominantly Western personality theory
    d. It is limited by not taking into consideration personality traits that are unique to a non-Western culture
A
  1. Which of the following does not apply to ‘strategy 1’ style of studying personality and culture?
    a. Testing the generalisability of a theory across culture

b. The assumption that personality and culture ‘make each other up’

c. Investigating predominantly Western personality theory
d. It is limited by not taking into consideration personality traits that are unique to a non-Western culture

74
Q
  1. Kirsty researching the ‘Big 5’ traits in an isolated group of people in Central Asia. She translates a Big 5 questionnaire into the local language and uses it to measure those traits amongst that people group Kirsty is using:
    a. Strategy 1
    b. Strategy 2
    c. A combination of strategy 1 and 2
    d. Neither strategy 1 nor strategy 2
A
  1. Kirsty researching the ‘Big 5’ traits in an isolated group of people in Central Asia. She translates a Big 5 questionnaire into the local language and uses it to measure those traits amongst that people group Kirsty is using:

a. Strategy 1

b. Strategy 2
c. A combination of strategy 1 and 2
d. Neither strategy 1 nor strategy 2

75
Q
  1. People in Western cultures tend to have an ___________ sense of self where individual __________ are emphasised.
    a. Interdependent; rights
    b. Independent; roles
    c. Interdependent; roles
    d. Independent; rights
A
  1. People in Western cultures tend to have an ___________ sense of self where individual __________ are emphasised.
    a. Interdependent; rights
    b. Independent; roles
    c. Interdependent; roles

d. Independent; rights

76
Q
  1. Due to an _______________ sense of self, people in Asian cultures are more likely to emphasise their _______________ family and society
    a. Independent; obligations to
    b. Interdependent; obligations to
    c. Independent; rights within
    d. Interdependent; rights within
A
  1. Due to an _______________ sense of self, people in Asian cultures are more likely to emphasise their _______________ family and society
    a. Independent; obligations to

b. Interdependent; obligations to

c. Independent; rights within
d. Interdependent; rights within

77
Q
  1. The ability of some bicultural individuals to interpret information based on either of the two cultures they have lived in is referred to as:
    a. Bicultural flexibility
    b. Multicultural frame of reference
    c. Frame switching
    d. Bicultural priming
A
  1. The ability of some bicultural individuals to interpret information based on either of the two cultures they have lived in is referred to as:
    a. Bicultural flexibility
    b. Multicultural frame of reference

c. Frame switching

d. Bicultural priming

78
Q
  1. ________ generally have a ___________ degree of motivation for self-enhancement.
    a. East Asians, high
    b. Africans, high
    c. Westerners; high
    d. Africans; low
A
  1. ________ generally have a ___________ degree of motivation for self-enhancement.
    a. East Asians, high
    b. Africans, high

c. Westerners; high

d. Africans; low

79
Q
  1. Which of the following is not listed as a factor in explaining cultural variations in selfenhancement motivation?
    a. Approach-avoidance motivation
    b. Internal versus external frame of reference
    c. Independent vs interdependent sense of self
    d. Universality vs uniqueness of personality traits
A
  1. Which of the following is not listed as a factor in explaining cultural variations in selfenhancement motivation?
    a. Approach-avoidance motivation
    b. Internal versus external frame of reference
    c. Independent vs interdependent sense of self

d. Universality vs uniqueness of personality traits

80
Q
  1. Julie performed poorly on her maths test. She believes this occurred because she is poor at maths. This is an example of an ___________ theory of ability.
    a. Incremental
    b. Entity
    c. Interdependent
    d. Independent
A
  1. Julie performed poorly on her maths test. She believes this occurred because she is poor at maths. This is an example of an ___________ theory of ability.
    a. Incremental

b. Entity

c. Interdependent
d. Independent

81
Q
  1. The study of personality traits in difference cultures has revealed that:
    a. The Big 5 traits are universal
    b. All of the Big 5 traits are present in other cultures together with other unique traits
    c. Most of the big 5 traits are present in other cultures together with other unique traits
    d. The Big 5 traits only emerge in Western cultures
A
  1. The study of personality traits in difference cultures has revealed that:
    a. The Big 5 traits are universal
    b. All of the Big 5 traits are present in other cultures together with other unique traits

c. Most of the big 5 traits are present in other cultures together with other unique traits

d. The Big 5 traits only emerge in Western cultures

82
Q
  1. A helpful way of understanding how people of different cultures view their selfconcept is through the use of _____________ such as those used in the Twenty Statements Test.
    a. Open-ended questions
    b. Multiple choice questions
    c. Structured interview questions
    d. Self-generated questions
A
  1. A helpful way of understanding how people of different cultures view their selfconcept is through the use of _____________ such as those used in the Twenty Statements Test.

a. Open-ended questions

b. Multiple choice questions
c. Structured interview questions
d. Self-generated questions

83
Q
  1. Angus asked a group of Americans and a group of Japanese people to complete a questionnaire about their self-concept during different situations throughout the day. He found that:
    a. There was much more variability in ratings amongst the Japanese participants
    b. There was much less variability in ratings amongst the Japanese participants
    c. There was no difference in variability in ratings between the groups
    d. There was no difference in self-concept between the groups
A
  1. Angus asked a group of Americans and a group of Japanese people to complete a questionnaire about their self-concept during different situations throughout the day. He found that:

a. There was much more variability in ratings amongst the Japanese participants

b. There was much less variability in ratings amongst the Japanese participants
c. There was no difference in variability in ratings between the groups
d. There was no difference in self-concept between the groups

84
Q
  1. Which of the following is false when considering cultural differences in personality?
    a. People from Western cultures are more likely to rely in personality traits when describing themselves
    b. Over 90% of published research in this area is biased by a Western viewpoint
    c. An interdependent sense of self causes people to view themselves in terms of their roles within their community
    d. The Big 5 traits have not been useful in characterising personality in nonWestern cultures
A
  1. Which of the following is false when considering cultural differences in personality?
    a. People from Western cultures are more likely to rely in personality traits when describing themselves
    b. Over 90% of published research in this area is biased by a Western viewpoint
    c. An interdependent sense of self causes people to view themselves in terms of their roles within their community

d. The Big 5 traits have not been useful in characterising personality in nonWestern cultures

PSY2042 (12 decks)

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