Self-concept and self-processes Flashcards
Define
Ego depletion
A state of exhausted self-control
Define
Self-control
Willpower; the ability to control one’s oen behaviour
Define
Ideal self
The person you want to be
Define
Vulnerable narcissism
Narcissism including low extraversion and dominance but high neuroticism
Define
Self-discrepancy theory
A model linking the distance between the actual self and the ought and ideal selves to emotion
Define
Possible selves
The selves you imagine you could be, whether ideal or feared
Define
Discrepancy
The difference between where you are (your actual self) and where you want to be (for example, your ideal and ought self)
Define
Ought self
The person you think you should be
Define
Self-regulation
The process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state
Define
Grandiose narcissism
Narcissism including high extraversion and dominance but low neuroticism
Define
Common humanity
The awareness that all humans make mistakes
Define
Mindfulness
Being aware of your thoughts and feelings without becoming attached to them
Define
Loneliness
The experience of having fewer relationships than are desired
Define
Self-efficacy
The belief that one will be effective and successfully work toward goals
Define
Self-kindness
Being kind to yourself
Define
Self-serving bias
The tendency to take crecit fot success but deny responsibility for failure
Define
Self-compassion
Being king to yourself; treating yourself with the same sense of compassion that you would treat others
Define
Imposter phenomenon
The experience of feeling like a phony, a fraud, or a fake
Define
Explicit self-esteem
Self-esteem you are aware of having
Define
Self-enhancement
The desire to maintain and increase the positivity of the self-concept
Define
Sociometer theory
A theory linking level of self-esteem with level of belongingness
Define
Implicit self-esteem
Self-esteem you are not necessarily aware of having
Define
Self-esteem regulation
The actions involved in maintaining high self-esteem
Define
Authentic relationships (as part of authenticity)
A relationship in which someone can be who they really are
Define
Unbiased processing (as part of authenticity)
Ability to see the good and the bad in the world and make decisions based on this information
Define
Spiritual self
A person’s moral center
Define
Behaviour (as part of authenticity)
Acting in a way that reflects the true self
Define
Social self
The part of the self related to group membership
Define
Self-monitoring
The tendency to adapt behaviour to fit the demands of the situation
Define
Awareness (as part of authenticity)
Awareness of your motives, strengths, and weaknesses
Define
Authenticity
The extent to which a person feels aligned to his or her true self
Define
True self
The person you really are
Define
Material self
The extension of the self into the body, clothes, and possessions
Define
Collectivism
A cultural system that values the needs of the group more than those of the individual self
Define
Individualism
A cultural system that values the needs of the individual self more than those of the group
Define
Self-Esteem
People’s evauations of their own self-worth - that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent
Define
Self-Concept
The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes
Define
Social Exchange Theory
The idea that people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
Definition
A state of exhausted self-control
Ego depletion
Definition
Willpower; the ability to control one’s oen behaviour
Self-control
Definition
The person you want to be
Ideal self
Definition
Narcissism including low extraversion and dominance but high neuroticism
Vulnerable narcissism
Definition
A model linking the distance between the actual self and the ought and ideal selves to emotion
Self-discrepancy theory
Definition
The selves you imagine you could be, whether ideal or feared
Possible selves
Definition
The difference between where you are (your actual self) and where you want to be (for example, your ideal and ought self)
Discrepancy
Definition
The person you think you should be
Ought self
Definition
The process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state
Self-regulation
Definition
Narcissism including high extraversion and dominance but low neuroticism
Grandiose narcissism
Definition
The awareness that all humans make mistakes
Common humanity
Definition
Being aware of your thoughts and feelings without becoming attached to them
Mindfulness
Definition
The experience of having fewer relationships than are desired
Loneliness
Definition
The belief that one will be effective and successfully work toward goals
Self-efficacy
Definition
Being kind to yourself
Self-kindness
Definition
The tendency to take crecit fot success but deny responsibility for failure
Self-serving bias
Definition
Being king to yourself; treating yourself with the same sense of compassion that you would treat others
Self-compassion
Definition
The experience of feeling like a phony, a fraud, or a fake
Imposter phenomenon
Definition
Self-esteem you are aware of having
Explicit self-esteem
Definition
The desire to maintain and increase the positivity of the self-concept
Self-enhancement
Definition
A theory linking level of self-esteem with level of belongingness
Sociometer theory
Definition
Self-esteem you are not necessarily aware of having
Implicit self-esteem
Definition
The actions involved in maintaining high self-esteem
Self-esteem regulation
Definition
A relationship in which someone can be who they really are
Authentic relationships (as part of authenticity)
Definition
Ability to see the good and the bad in the world and make decisions based on this information
Unbiased processing (as part of authenticity)
Definition
A person’s moral center
Spiritual self
Definition
Acting in a way that reflects the true self
Behaviour (as part of authenticity)
Definition
The part of the self related to group membership
Social self
Definition
The tendency to adapt behaviour to fit the demands of the situation
Self-monitoring
Definition
Awareness of your motives, strengths, and weaknesses
Awareness (as part of authenticity)
Definition
The extent to which a person feels aligned to his or her true self
Authenticity
Definition
The person you really are
True self
Definition
The extension of the self into the body, clothes, and possessions
Material self
Definition
A cultural system that values the needs of the group more than those of the individual self
Collectivism
Definition
A cultural system that values the needs of the individual self more than those of the group
Individualism
Definition
People’s evauations of their own self-worth - that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent
Self-Esteem
Definition
The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes
Self-Concept
Definition
The idea that people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
Social Exchange Theory
Who were the early psychologists who studied the self?
- William James
- Chapter on the self in The Principles of Psychology
- Sigmund Freud
- Discussed German concept of “selbst” (or “self”)
- Was translated to “ego” in English
- Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers
- Changing the self is basic to psychotherapy
How is the self typically examined?
- Twenty Statements Test (TST)
- Ask a person to complete the statement “I am . . .” in 20 different ways.
- Responses can be categorized in one of five ways.
- Social groups and classifications
- Ideological beliefs
- Interests
- Ambitions
- Self‐evaluation
What are the four main aspects of self-concept?
The material self
The social self
The spiritual self
The true self
What is self-verification?
Desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves
What are the four components of authenticity?
Awareness
Unbiased processing
Behavior
Authentic relationships
How is self-esteem typically measured?
Rosenberg self-esteem scale
What are the two types of self-esteem?
Implicit
Explicit
Which phenomenons allow us to maintain our self-esteem?
Self-enhancement
Self-esteem regulation
Self-serving bias
What are the three components of self-compassion?
Self‐kindness
Common humanity
Mindfulness
True or False:
Self-esteem is better than self-efficacy at predicting work performance
False
Self‐efficacy is twice as good at predicting job performance as self‐esteem.
What are the two forms of narcissism?
Grandiose
Vulnerable
- The person’s perceptions of the world make up the
a) person’s construct system.
b) person’s phenomenal field.
c) ego.
d) self.
- The person’s perceptions of the world make up the
a) person’s construct system.
b) person’s phenomenal field.
c) ego.
d) self.
- In terms of his view of people, Carl Rogers
a) has a Pollyanna view.
b) denies that people can be hostile or selfish.
c) emphasises the potential for destruction.
d) emphasises positive tendencies.
- In terms of his view of people, Carl Rogers
a) has a Pollyanna view.
b) denies that people can be hostile or selfish.
c) emphasises the potential for destruction.
d) emphasises positive tendencies.
- According to Carl Rogers, the direction of our movement basically is toward
a) self-actualization.
b) maturity.
c) socialisation.
d) all of the above.
- According to Carl Rogers, the direction of our movement basically is toward
a) self-actualization.
b) maturity.
c) socialisation.
d) all of the above.
- A measure of the self-concept used frequently by Carl Rogers in his research is called
a) the REP test.
b) the Q technique.
c) the Rorschach test.
d) self-as-object.
- A measure of the self-concept used frequently by Carl Rogers in his research is called
a) the REP test.
b) the Q technique.
c) the Rorschach test.
d) self-as-object.
- For Carl Rogers, the self is made up of `
a) an organisation of parts.
b) parts.
c) stimulus-response units.
d) parts that basically are stable and unchanging.
- For Carl Rogers, the self is made up of `
a) an organisation of parts.
b) parts.
c) stimulus-response units.
d) parts that basically are stable and unchanging.
- The concept of self-actualization
a) can be measured in terms of projective tests.
b) is too concrete to be of scientific utility.
c) has yet to be tied to an objective measure.
d) all of the above.
- The concept of self-actualization
a) can be measured in terms of projective tests.
b) is too concrete to be of scientific utility.
c) has yet to be tied to an objective measure.
d) all of the above.
- Freud is to drives as Rogers is to
a) tension reduction.
b) self-actualization.
c) incongruence.
d) subception.
- Freud is to drives as Rogers is to
a) tension reduction.
b) self-actualization.
c) incongruence.
d) subception.
- Carl Rogers’ concept for the experiencing of a stimulus without bringing it into awareness is
a) incongruence.
b) subception.
c) self-actualization.
d) defensiveness.
- Carl Rogers’ concept for the experiencing of a stimulus without bringing it into awareness is
a) incongruence.
b) subception.
c) self-actualization.
d) defensiveness.
- According to Carl Rogers, through the defense mechanism of denial we
a) allow an experience into awareness, but in a form consistent with the self.
b) experience a stimulus without bringing it into awareness.
c) preserve the self-structure from threat.
d) none of the above.
- According to Carl Rogers, through the defense mechanism of denial we
a) allow an experience into awareness, but in a form consistent with the self.
b) experience a stimulus without bringing it into awareness.
c) preserve the self-structure from threat.
d) none of the above.
- For Carl Rogers, defense occurs due to the threat of
a) punishment.
b) loss of positive regard.
c) reflected appraisal.
d) the ideal self.
- For Carl Rogers, defense occurs due to the threat of
a) punishment.
b) loss of positive regard.
c) reflected appraisal.
d) the ideal self.
- With regard to the interaction of parent and child during the child’s development, it has been found that
a) there appears to be an inverse relationship between the types of evaluations a parent makes of himself and the types of evaluations he makes of the child.
b) children of democratic parents tend to be more aggressive in filling their needs.
c) children of authoritarian parents tend to have greater intellectual development.
d) the most critical determinant of what a child feels about himself is his perception of his parents’ feeling about him.
- With regard to the interaction of parent and child during the child’s development, it has been found that
a) there appears to be an inverse relationship between the types of evaluations a parent makes of himself and the types of evaluations he makes of the child.
b) children of democratic parents tend to be more aggressive in filling their needs.
c) children of authoritarian parents tend to have greater intellectual development.
d) the most critical determinant of what a child feels about himself is his perception of his parents’ feeling about him.
- Which of the following was not true of Carl Rogers’ theory of personality?
a) His theory emphasised processes of change.
b) His theory used few structural concepts.
c) His theory emphasised the defensive processes present in the person.
d) His theory emphasised self-report.
- Which of the following was not true of Carl Rogers’ theory of personality?
a) His theory emphasised processes of change.
b) His theory used few structural concepts.
c) His theory emphasised the defensive processes present in the person.
d) His theory emphasised self-report.
- As a scientist, George A. Kelly viewed the person as
a) basically good.
b) basically active.
c) basically evil.
d) a “tabula rasa” (blank slate).
- As a scientist, George A. Kelly viewed the person as
a) basically good.
b) basically active.
c) basically evil.
d) a “tabula rasa” (blank slate).
- People have many different notions about what the goals of science are. George A. Kelly felt that the goal of science is
a) the development of construct systems that are helpful in anticipating events.
b) the discovery of truth.
c) the uncovering of things heretofore unknown.
d) none of the above.
- People have many different notions about what the goals of science are. George A. Kelly felt that the goal of science is
a) the development of construct systems that are helpful in anticipating events.
b) the discovery of truth.
c) the uncovering of things heretofore unknown.
d) none of the above.
- The value of constructs is that they
a) help us to gratify our instincts.
b) help us to impose order and regularity on the world.
c) are associated with affect and motivation.
d) all of the above.
- The value of constructs is that they
a) help us to gratify our instincts.
b) help us to impose order and regularity on the world.
c) are associated with affect and motivation.
d) all of the above.
- According to George A. Kelly, to understand a construct we must know its
a) similarity pole.
b) contrast pole.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).
- According to George A. Kelly, to understand a construct we must know its
a) similarity pole.
b) contrast pole.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).
- George A. Kelly’s theory advocates that a person’s own personality is made up of
a) their entire construct system.
b) those parts of the construct system that relate to the self.
c) those parts of the construct system that are potentially related to the self.
d) those constructs which relate to the “self” in conjunction with those constructs which relate to the ideal self.
- George A. Kelly’s theory advocates that a person’s own personality is made up of
a) their entire construct system.
b) those parts of the construct system that relate to the self.
c) those parts of the construct system that are potentially related to the self.
d) those constructs which relate to the “self” in conjunction with those constructs which relate to the ideal self.
- George A. Kelly’s concept of a submerged construct is most similar to
a) Freud’s instinct.
b) Rogers’ subception.
c) Freud’s repression.
d) none of the above.
- George A. Kelly’s concept of a submerged construct is most similar to
a) Freud’s instinct.
b) Rogers’ subception.
c) Freud’s repression.
d) none of the above.
- If an anticipated event does not occur the person
a) may develop a new construct.
b) may loosen a construct.
c) may reorganise the construct system.
d) may do any of the above.
- If an anticipated event does not occur the person
a) may develop a new construct.
b) may loosen a construct.
c) may reorganise the construct system.
d) may do any of the above.
- In George A. Kelly’s theory, a person experiences anxiety when
a) one is aware of imminent, comprehensive change in one’s environment.
b) one recognises events that are outside the range of convenience of one’s construct system.
c) undertaking a dangerous task.
d) one experiences invalidated constructs.
- In George A. Kelly’s theory, a person experiences anxiety when
a) one is aware of imminent, comprehensive change in one’s environment.
b) one recognises events that are outside the range of convenience of one’s construct system.
c) undertaking a dangerous task.
d) one experiences invalidated constructs.
- According to George A. Kelly’s system whenever people feel that a major shake-up in the construct system is about to occur, they feel
a) anxiety.
b) fear.
c) frustration.
d) threat.
- According to George A. Kelly’s system whenever people feel that a major shake-up in the construct system is about to occur, they feel
a) anxiety.
b) fear.
c) frustration.
d) threat.
- Which of the following is true of George A. Kelly’s theory?
a) It is based on clinical experience.
b) It is behavioral.
c) It is based on laboratory research.
d) It uses questionnaires.
- Which of the following is true of George A. Kelly’s theory?
a) It is based on clinical experience.
b) It is behavioral.
c) It is based on laboratory research.
d) It uses questionnaires.
