Attraction and aggression Flashcards
Define
Sexual Scripts
Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group
Define
Weapons Effect
The increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon
Define
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
The theory that people learn social behaviour (e.g., aggression or altruism) in large part through observation and imitation of others and by cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs
Define
Secure Attachment Style
An attachment style characterised by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked
Define
Propinquity Effect
The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
Define
Passionate Love
An internse longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal
Define
Investment Model
The theory that people’s commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by ending it
Define
Mere Exposure Effect
The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it
Define
Instrumental Aggression
Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
Define
Hostile Aggression
Aggression stemming from feelins of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury
Define
Halo Effect
A cognitive bias by which we tend to assume that an individual with one positive characteristic also possesses other (even unrelated) positive characteristics
Define
Frusteration-Aggression Theory
The theory that frusteration - the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal - increases the probability of an aggressive response
Define
Exchange Relationships
Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)
Define
Evolutionary Psychology
The attempt to explain social behaviour in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the priniciples of natural selection
Define
Equity Theory
The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal
Define
Comparison Level
People’s expectations about the level of rewards and costs they are likely to receive in a particular relationship
Define
Comparison Level for Alternatives
People’s expectations about the level of rewards and costs they would receive in an alternative relationship
Define
Catharsis
The notion that “blowing off steam” - by behaving aggressively or watching others do so - relieves built-up anger and aggressive energy and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behaviour
Define
Communal Relationships
Relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responseive to the other person’s needs
Define
Companionate Love
The feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal
Define
Avoidant Attachment Style
An attachment style characterised by difficulty developing intimate relationships becaused previous attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed
Define
Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style
An attachment style characterised by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy; resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety
Define
Attachment Styles
The expectations people develop about relationships with others based on the relationships they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
Define
Aggression
Intentional behaviour aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person
Define
Social Exchange Theory
The idea that people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
Definition
Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group
Sexual Scripts
Definition
The increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon
Weapons Effect
Definition
The theory that people learn social behaviour (e.g., aggression or altruism) in large part through observation and imitation of others and by cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Definition
An attachment style characterised by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked
Secure Attachment Style
Definition
The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
Propinquity Effect
Definition
An internse longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal
Passionate Love
Definition
The theory that people’s commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by ending it
Investment Model
Definition
The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it
Mere Exposure Effect
Definition
Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
Instrumental Aggression
Definition
Aggression stemming from feelins of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury
Hostile Aggression
Definition
A cognitive bias by which we tend to assume that an individual with one positive characteristic also possesses other (even unrelated) positive characteristics
Halo Effect
Definition
The theory that frusteration - the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal - increases the probability of an aggressive response
Frusteration-Aggression Theory
Definition
Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)
Exchange Relationships
Definition
The attempt to explain social behaviour in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the priniciples of natural selection
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal
Equity Theory
Definition
People’s expectations about the level of rewards and costs they are likely to receive in a particular relationship
Comparison Level
Definition
People’s expectations about the level of rewards and costs they would receive in an alternative relationship
Comparison Level for Alternatives
Definition
The notion that “blowing off steam” - by behaving aggressively or watching others do so - relieves built-up anger and aggressive energy and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behaviour
Catharsis
Definition
Relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responseive to the other person’s needs
Communal Relationships
Definition
The feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal
Companionate Love
Definition
An attachment style characterised by difficulty developing intimate relationships becaused previous attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed
Avoidant Attachment Style
Definition
An attachment style characterised by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy; resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety
Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style
Definition
The expectations people develop about relationships with others based on the relationships they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
Attachment Styles
Definition
Intentional behaviour aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person
Aggression
Definition
The idea that people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
Social Exchange Theory
Need for affiliation can be defined as:
Need for affiliation can be defined as the desire to establish social contact with others
What is the need for ‘self expansion’?
The desire to blend with another person to access their knowledge and broaden our own life experience
What are the keys to attraction?
Physical proximity
Mere exposure effect
Similarity
Circumstances of first meeting
Physical appearance
Social matching
What is reciprocal liking?
Liking people who like us
According to Cunninham, what features of male and female faces are universally attractive?
Female faces: large eyes, small nose, small chin, big smile
Male faces: large eyes, prominent cheekbones, large chin, large smile
Are people’s perception of beauty similar across cultures?
There is some agreement
Some faces are just more attractive than others
Symmetry
Composite faces v/s separate faces
What assumptions do we have about attractive people?
More average income
Higher grades
Winning elections
Halo Effect: bias where one positive characteristic leads to the belief that the person possesses other positive characteristics too
Good social skills
Which sex values physical attractiveness more?
Men
In societies where women have less power, what characteristics are important in a partner?
Ability to provide
What are the two main types of aggression?
Hostile
Instrumental
What is the evolutionary perspective of aggression?
- Physical aggression is genetically programmed into men
- Men are more likely to commit crimes of violence
- Men are more likely to pick fights with strangers
- Role of testosterone hormone
- Aggression in animals
- Predatory: preying on other animals for food
- Antipredatory: defence from other animals (especially young ones)
When do cultures of honour develop?
A man’s resources can be stolen by other men
Weak governing body (lawless)
Which gender engages in more of the following: severe physical agression; less severe aggression; relational aggression?
Severe physical aggression: Men
Less severe agresssion: Relatively even
Relational aggression: Women
What three factors have significant physiological impact on aggression?
Alcohol
Pain
Heat/noise
What is the excitation transfer model?
Arousal transfers from one situation to another and promotes the likelihood of aggression
i.e. going for a run and responding aggressively to a neighbour
True or False:
Women are more likely to use physical aggression against their partners
True
but it tends to do less harm
What four ways do we deal with aggression?
Punishment
Catharsis
Dealing with anger
Disrupting the rejection-rage cycle
1) Aggression can be defined as
A) behaviour that results in personal injury or destruction of property
B) behaviour intended to harm another of the same species
C) the intentional infliction of some form of harm on others
D) all of the above are correct definitions
1) Aggression can be defined as
A) behaviour that results in personal injury or destruction of property
B) behaviour intended to harm another of the same species
C) the intentional infliction of some form of harm on others
D) all of the above are correct definitions
2) Despite some disagreement about what ‘aggression’ entails, there appears to be consensus that aggression at least involves
A) the intention to harm
B) actual harm or injury to persons
C) hurting people and the destruction of property
D) all of the above
2) Despite some disagreement about what ‘aggression’ entails, there appears to be consensus that aggression at least involves
A) the intention to harm
B) actual harm or injury to persons
C) hurting people and the destruction of property
D) all of the above
3) Let us say that we want to study violence in young children. We go to a pre-school setting where we set up a large, soft plastic doll and arrange for an adult to punch it. Later, we observe how often individual children hit the doll. The measure of hitting the doll is
A) a direct test of violence in children
B) unacceptable under ethical guidelines
C) an experimental analogue of aggression
D) bad luck for the doll
3) Let us say that we want to study violence in young children. We go to a pre-school setting where we set up a large, soft plastic doll and arrange for an adult to punch it. Later, we observe how often individual children hit the doll. The measure of hitting the doll is
A) a direct test of violence in children
B) unacceptable under ethical guidelines
C) an experimental analogue of aggression
D) bad luck for the doll
4) The debate about whether a biological or a social explanation offers a better account of aggression exemplifies the
A) subjectivity of psychological constructs
B) rift between psychologists and psychiatrists
C) multifaceted construct of aggression
D) nature-nurture controversy
4) The debate about whether a biological or a social explanation offers a better account of aggression exemplifies the
A) subjectivity of psychological constructs
B) rift between psychologists and psychiatrists
C) multifaceted construct of aggression
D) nature-nurture controversy
5) The view that aggression stems from an innate ‘death instinct’ (Thanatos) is the ________ approach.
A) social learning
B) psychodynamic
C) ethological
D) evolutionary
5) The view that aggression stems from an innate ‘death instinct’ (Thanatos) is the ________ approach.
A) social learning
B) psychodynamic
C) ethological
D) evolutionary
6) Evolutionary social psychology, ethology and Freudian theory all have a strong ________ emphasis in explaining aggression.
A) biological
B) group norm
C) societal
D) situational
6) Evolutionary social psychology, ethology and Freudian theory all have a strong ________ emphasis in explaining aggression.
A) biological
B) group norm
C) societal
D) situational
7) Warren has just been stood up by Christine—again! He is upset and angry, and yells at his housemates, who have not tidied up the backyard after a house party. The model of aggression that best predicts Warren’s outburst is
A) frustration-aggression
B) ethology
C) social learning
D) in-group bias
7) Warren has just been stood up by Christine—again! He is upset and angry, and yells at his housemates, who have not tidied up the backyard after a house party. The model of aggression that best predicts Warren’s outburst is
A) frustration-aggression
B) ethology
C) social learning
D) in-group bias
8) It is possible that some acts of aggression arise from: (a) a learned aggressive behaviour, (b) a person’s arousal from an earlier, unrelated source, and (c) a later interpretation of the cause of the arousal state such that an aggressive response seems appropriate. A model that argues this way is the
A) vicarious learning model
B) aptly named three-component model
C) excitation-transfer model
D) frustration-aggression model
8) It is possible that some acts of aggression arise from: (a) a learned aggressive behaviour, (b) a person’s arousal from an earlier, unrelated source, and (c) a later interpretation of the cause of the arousal state such that an aggressive response seems appropriate. A model that argues this way is the
A) vicarious learning model
B) aptly named three-component model
C) excitation-transfer model
D) frustration-aggression model
9) According to social learning theory, an aggressive response
A) does not require a direct reinforcer in order to be learned
B) is delivered in the form of a shock, as in Milgram’s study
C) is common among macho types
D) all of the above
9) According to social learning theory, an aggressive response
A) does not require a direct reinforcer in order to be learned
B) is delivered in the form of a shock, as in Milgram’s study
C) is common among macho types
D) all of the above
10) Marta watches her Mum praise Jim, Marta’s older brother, for drying the dishes. Marta is a bit jealous and decides she will dry the dishes tomorrow. In the language of social learning theory she has just
A) experienced a powerful emotion
B) learned by direct experience
C) learned by vicarious experience
D) started to idolise Jim
10) Marta watches her Mum praise Jim, Marta’s older brother, for drying the dishes. Marta is a bit jealous and decides she will dry the dishes tomorrow. In the language of social learning theory she has just
A) experienced a powerful emotion
B) learned by direct experience
C) learned by vicarious experience
D) started to idolise Jim
11) Research has indicated that there may be a link, albeit a weak one, between aggression and an individual’s
A) level of testosterone
B) Type A personality
C) gender orientation
D) all of the above
11) Research has indicated that there may be a link, albeit a weak one, between aggression and an individual’s
A) level of testosterone
B) Type A personality
C) gender orientation
D) all of the above
12) ‘I think I will be a peaceful person if I learn to box and vent my frustrations in the boxing ring.’ This belief is an example of the ________ hypothesis at work.
A) frustration-aggression
B) cathartic
C) fundamental attribution
D) contact
12) ‘I think I will be a peaceful person if I learn to box and vent my frustrations in the boxing ring.’ This belief is an example of the ________ hypothesis at work.
A) frustration-aggression
B) cathartic
C) fundamental attribution
D) contact
13) June grows up witnessing her father cursing and driving aggressively in traffic. As an adult she finds herself cursing and driving erratically in traffic. The likely cause of June’s behaviour is
A) a script
B) catharsis
C) alcohol
D) hormones
13) June grows up witnessing her father cursing and driving aggressively in traffic. As an adult she finds herself cursing and driving erratically in traffic. The likely cause of June’s behaviour is
A) a script
B) catharsis
C) alcohol
D) hormones
14) With regard to weather patterns, violence is most likely to occur when
A) there is a high pressure system
B) it is cold
C) it is hot
D) there are extremely changeable conditions
14) With regard to weather patterns, violence is most likely to occur when
A) there is a high pressure system
B) it is cold
C) it is hot
D) there are extremely changeable conditions
15) People who live in close proximity are more likely to be attracted to each other because
A) it is easy for them to interact
B) they simply expect to meet each other more frequently
C) interaction makes them more familiar to each other
D) all of the above
15) People who live in close proximity are more likely to be attracted to each other because
A) it is easy for them to interact
B) they simply expect to meet each other more frequently
C) interaction makes them more familiar to each other
D) all of the above
16) A reason why sharing similar attitudes is thought to lead to attraction is because
A) similarities make first dates less awkward
B) when people agree with you, this acts as a positive reinforcement for you
C) similarities have been proven to result in less arguments
D) none of the above
16) A reason why sharing similar attitudes is thought to lead to attraction is because
A) similarities make first dates less awkward
B) when people agree with you, this acts as a positive reinforcement for you
C) similarities have been proven to result in less arguments
D) none of the above
17) Finding a person more attractive the more we see them is a function of
A) similarity
B) the mere exposure effect
C) the reinforcement model
D) the gain-loss hypothesis
17) Finding a person more attractive the more we see them is a function of
A) similarity
B) the mere exposure effect
C) the reinforcement model
D) the gain-loss hypothesis
18) You hear that although William doesn’t like you that much, James does. Then you hear that William has changed his mind and thinks you are wonderful! You decide that you like William more than James. In simple terms, this phenomenon is called the
A) reciprocity principle
B) back-door tactic
C) reinforcement model
D) gain-loss hypothesis
18) You hear that although William doesn’t like you that much, James does. Then you hear that William has changed his mind and thinks you are wonderful! You decide that you like William more than James. In simple terms, this phenomenon is called the
A) reciprocity principle
B) back-door tactic
C) reinforcement model
D) gain-loss hypothesis
