Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY2042 > Attraction and aggression > Flashcards

Attraction and aggression Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Sexual Scripts

A

Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define

Weapons Effect

A

The increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define

Social Cognitive Learning Theory

A

The theory that people learn social behaviour (e.g., aggression or altruism) in large part through observation and imitation of others and by cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define

Secure Attachment Style

A

An attachment style characterised by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define

Propinquity Effect

A

The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define

Passionate Love

A

An internse longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define

Investment Model

A

The theory that people’s commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by ending it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define

Mere Exposure Effect

A

The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define

Instrumental Aggression

A

Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define

Hostile Aggression

A

Aggression stemming from feelins of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define

Halo Effect

A

A cognitive bias by which we tend to assume that an individual with one positive characteristic also possesses other (even unrelated) positive characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define

Frusteration-Aggression Theory

A

The theory that frusteration - the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal - increases the probability of an aggressive response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define

Exchange Relationships

A

Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The attempt to explain social behaviour in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the priniciples of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define

Equity Theory

A

The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define

Comparison Level

A

People’s expectations about the level of rewards and costs they are likely to receive in a particular relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define

Comparison Level for Alternatives

A

People’s expectations about the level of rewards and costs they would receive in an alternative relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define

Catharsis

A

The notion that “blowing off steam” - by behaving aggressively or watching others do so - relieves built-up anger and aggressive energy and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define

Communal Relationships

A

Relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responseive to the other person’s needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define

Companionate Love

A

The feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define

Avoidant Attachment Style

A

An attachment style characterised by difficulty developing intimate relationships becaused previous attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style

A

An attachment style characterised by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy; resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define

Attachment Styles

A

The expectations people develop about relationships with others based on the relationships they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define

Aggression

A

Intentional behaviour aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define

Social Exchange Theory

A

The idea that people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Definition

Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group

A

Sexual Scripts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Definition

The increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

A

Weapons Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Definition

The theory that people learn social behaviour (e.g., aggression or altruism) in large part through observation and imitation of others and by cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

A

Social Cognitive Learning Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Definition

An attachment style characterised by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked

A

Secure Attachment Style

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Definition

The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

A

Propinquity Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Definition

An internse longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal

A

Passionate Love

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Definition

The theory that people’s commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by ending it

A

Investment Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Definition

The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

A

Mere Exposure Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Definition

Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

A

Instrumental Aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Definition

Aggression stemming from feelins of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

A

Hostile Aggression

36
Q

Definition

A cognitive bias by which we tend to assume that an individual with one positive characteristic also possesses other (even unrelated) positive characteristics

A

Halo Effect

37
Q

Definition

The theory that frusteration - the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal - increases the probability of an aggressive response

A

Frusteration-Aggression Theory

38
Q

Definition

Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)

A

Exchange Relationships

39
Q

Definition

The attempt to explain social behaviour in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the priniciples of natural selection

A

Evolutionary Psychology

40
Q

Definition

The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal

A

Equity Theory

41
Q

Definition

People’s expectations about the level of rewards and costs they are likely to receive in a particular relationship

A

Comparison Level

42
Q

Definition

People’s expectations about the level of rewards and costs they would receive in an alternative relationship

A

Comparison Level for Alternatives

43
Q

Definition

The notion that “blowing off steam” - by behaving aggressively or watching others do so - relieves built-up anger and aggressive energy and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behaviour

A

Catharsis

44
Q

Definition

Relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responseive to the other person’s needs

A

Communal Relationships

45
Q

Definition

The feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal

A

Companionate Love

46
Q

Definition

An attachment style characterised by difficulty developing intimate relationships becaused previous attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed

A

Avoidant Attachment Style

47
Q

Definition

An attachment style characterised by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy; resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety

A

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style

48
Q

Definition

The expectations people develop about relationships with others based on the relationships they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

A

Attachment Styles

49
Q

Definition

Intentional behaviour aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person

A

Aggression

50
Q

Definition

The idea that people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else

A

Social Exchange Theory

51
Q

Need for affiliation can be defined as:

A

Need for affiliation can be defined as the desire to establish social contact with others

52
Q

What is the need for ‘self expansion’?

A

The desire to blend with another person to access their knowledge and broaden our own life experience

53
Q

What are the keys to attraction?

A

Physical proximity

Mere exposure effect

Similarity

Circumstances of first meeting

Physical appearance

Social matching

54
Q

What is reciprocal liking?

A

Liking people who like us

55
Q

According to Cunninham, what features of male and female faces are universally attractive?

A

Female faces: large eyes, small nose, small chin, big smile

Male faces: large eyes, prominent cheekbones, large chin, large smile

56
Q

Are people’s perception of beauty similar across cultures?

A

There is some agreement

Some faces are just more attractive than others

Symmetry

Composite faces v/s separate faces

57
Q

What assumptions do we have about attractive people?

A

More average income

Higher grades

Winning elections

Halo Effect: bias where one positive characteristic leads to the belief that the person possesses other positive characteristics too

Good social skills

58
Q

Which sex values physical attractiveness more?

A

Men

59
Q

In societies where women have less power, what characteristics are important in a partner?

A

Ability to provide

60
Q

What are the two main types of aggression?

A

Hostile

Instrumental

61
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective of aggression?

A
  • Physical aggression is genetically programmed into men
  • Men are more likely to commit crimes of violence
  • Men are more likely to pick fights with strangers
  • Role of testosterone hormone
  • Aggression in animals
    • Predatory: preying on other animals for food
    • Antipredatory: defence from other animals (especially young ones)
62
Q

When do cultures of honour develop?

A

A man’s resources can be stolen by other men

Weak governing body (lawless)

63
Q

Which gender engages in more of the following: severe physical agression; less severe aggression; relational aggression?

A

Severe physical aggression: Men

Less severe agresssion: Relatively even

Relational aggression: Women

64
Q

What three factors have significant physiological impact on aggression?

A

Alcohol

Pain

Heat/noise

65
Q

What is the excitation transfer model?

A

Arousal transfers from one situation to another and promotes the likelihood of aggression

i.e. going for a run and responding aggressively to a neighbour

66
Q

True or False:

Women are more likely to use physical aggression against their partners

A

True

but it tends to do less harm

67
Q

What four ways do we deal with aggression?

A

Punishment

Catharsis

Dealing with anger

Disrupting the rejection-rage cycle

68
Q

1) Aggression can be defined as

A) behaviour that results in personal injury or destruction of property

B) behaviour intended to harm another of the same species

C) the intentional infliction of some form of harm on others

D) all of the above are correct definitions

A

1) Aggression can be defined as

A) behaviour that results in personal injury or destruction of property

B) behaviour intended to harm another of the same species

C) the intentional infliction of some form of harm on others

D) all of the above are correct definitions

69
Q

2) Despite some disagreement about what ‘aggression’ entails, there appears to be consensus that aggression at least involves

A) the intention to harm

B) actual harm or injury to persons

C) hurting people and the destruction of property

D) all of the above

A

2) Despite some disagreement about what ‘aggression’ entails, there appears to be consensus that aggression at least involves

A) the intention to harm

B) actual harm or injury to persons

C) hurting people and the destruction of property

D) all of the above

70
Q

3) Let us say that we want to study violence in young children. We go to a pre-school setting where we set up a large, soft plastic doll and arrange for an adult to punch it. Later, we observe how often individual children hit the doll. The measure of hitting the doll is

A) a direct test of violence in children

B) unacceptable under ethical guidelines

C) an experimental analogue of aggression

D) bad luck for the doll

A

3) Let us say that we want to study violence in young children. We go to a pre-school setting where we set up a large, soft plastic doll and arrange for an adult to punch it. Later, we observe how often individual children hit the doll. The measure of hitting the doll is

A) a direct test of violence in children

B) unacceptable under ethical guidelines

C) an experimental analogue of aggression

D) bad luck for the doll

71
Q

4) The debate about whether a biological or a social explanation offers a better account of aggression exemplifies the

A) subjectivity of psychological constructs

B) rift between psychologists and psychiatrists

C) multifaceted construct of aggression

D) nature-nurture controversy

A

4) The debate about whether a biological or a social explanation offers a better account of aggression exemplifies the

A) subjectivity of psychological constructs

B) rift between psychologists and psychiatrists

C) multifaceted construct of aggression

D) nature-nurture controversy

72
Q

5) The view that aggression stems from an innate ‘death instinct’ (Thanatos) is the ________ approach.

A) social learning

B) psychodynamic

C) ethological

D) evolutionary

A

5) The view that aggression stems from an innate ‘death instinct’ (Thanatos) is the ________ approach.

A) social learning

B) psychodynamic

C) ethological

D) evolutionary

73
Q

6) Evolutionary social psychology, ethology and Freudian theory all have a strong ________ emphasis in explaining aggression.

A) biological

B) group norm

C) societal

D) situational

A

6) Evolutionary social psychology, ethology and Freudian theory all have a strong ________ emphasis in explaining aggression.

A) biological

B) group norm

C) societal

D) situational

74
Q

7) Warren has just been stood up by Christine—again! He is upset and angry, and yells at his housemates, who have not tidied up the backyard after a house party. The model of aggression that best predicts Warren’s outburst is

A) frustration-aggression

B) ethology

C) social learning

D) in-group bias

A

7) Warren has just been stood up by Christine—again! He is upset and angry, and yells at his housemates, who have not tidied up the backyard after a house party. The model of aggression that best predicts Warren’s outburst is

A) frustration-aggression

B) ethology

C) social learning

D) in-group bias

75
Q

8) It is possible that some acts of aggression arise from: (a) a learned aggressive behaviour, (b) a person’s arousal from an earlier, unrelated source, and (c) a later interpretation of the cause of the arousal state such that an aggressive response seems appropriate. A model that argues this way is the

A) vicarious learning model

B) aptly named three-component model

C) excitation-transfer model

D) frustration-aggression model

A

8) It is possible that some acts of aggression arise from: (a) a learned aggressive behaviour, (b) a person’s arousal from an earlier, unrelated source, and (c) a later interpretation of the cause of the arousal state such that an aggressive response seems appropriate. A model that argues this way is the

A) vicarious learning model

B) aptly named three-component model

C) excitation-transfer model

D) frustration-aggression model

76
Q

9) According to social learning theory, an aggressive response

A) does not require a direct reinforcer in order to be learned

B) is delivered in the form of a shock, as in Milgram’s study

C) is common among macho types

D) all of the above

A

9) According to social learning theory, an aggressive response

A) does not require a direct reinforcer in order to be learned

B) is delivered in the form of a shock, as in Milgram’s study

C) is common among macho types

D) all of the above

77
Q

10) Marta watches her Mum praise Jim, Marta’s older brother, for drying the dishes. Marta is a bit jealous and decides she will dry the dishes tomorrow. In the language of social learning theory she has just

A) experienced a powerful emotion

B) learned by direct experience

C) learned by vicarious experience

D) started to idolise Jim

A

10) Marta watches her Mum praise Jim, Marta’s older brother, for drying the dishes. Marta is a bit jealous and decides she will dry the dishes tomorrow. In the language of social learning theory she has just

A) experienced a powerful emotion

B) learned by direct experience

C) learned by vicarious experience

D) started to idolise Jim

78
Q

11) Research has indicated that there may be a link, albeit a weak one, between aggression and an individual’s

A) level of testosterone

B) Type A personality

C) gender orientation

D) all of the above

A

11) Research has indicated that there may be a link, albeit a weak one, between aggression and an individual’s

A) level of testosterone

B) Type A personality

C) gender orientation

D) all of the above

79
Q

12) ‘I think I will be a peaceful person if I learn to box and vent my frustrations in the boxing ring.’ This belief is an example of the ________ hypothesis at work.

A) frustration-aggression

B) cathartic

C) fundamental attribution

D) contact

A

12) ‘I think I will be a peaceful person if I learn to box and vent my frustrations in the boxing ring.’ This belief is an example of the ________ hypothesis at work.

A) frustration-aggression

B) cathartic

C) fundamental attribution

D) contact

80
Q

13) June grows up witnessing her father cursing and driving aggressively in traffic. As an adult she finds herself cursing and driving erratically in traffic. The likely cause of June’s behaviour is

A) a script

B) catharsis

C) alcohol

D) hormones

A

13) June grows up witnessing her father cursing and driving aggressively in traffic. As an adult she finds herself cursing and driving erratically in traffic. The likely cause of June’s behaviour is

A) a script

B) catharsis

C) alcohol

D) hormones

81
Q

14) With regard to weather patterns, violence is most likely to occur when

A) there is a high pressure system

B) it is cold

C) it is hot

D) there are extremely changeable conditions

A

14) With regard to weather patterns, violence is most likely to occur when

A) there is a high pressure system

B) it is cold

C) it is hot

D) there are extremely changeable conditions

82
Q

15) People who live in close proximity are more likely to be attracted to each other because

A) it is easy for them to interact

B) they simply expect to meet each other more frequently

C) interaction makes them more familiar to each other

D) all of the above

A

15) People who live in close proximity are more likely to be attracted to each other because

A) it is easy for them to interact

B) they simply expect to meet each other more frequently

C) interaction makes them more familiar to each other

D) all of the above

83
Q

16) A reason why sharing similar attitudes is thought to lead to attraction is because

A) similarities make first dates less awkward

B) when people agree with you, this acts as a positive reinforcement for you

C) similarities have been proven to result in less arguments

D) none of the above

A

16) A reason why sharing similar attitudes is thought to lead to attraction is because

A) similarities make first dates less awkward

B) when people agree with you, this acts as a positive reinforcement for you

C) similarities have been proven to result in less arguments

D) none of the above

84
Q

17) Finding a person more attractive the more we see them is a function of

A) similarity

B) the mere exposure effect

C) the reinforcement model

D) the gain-loss hypothesis

A

17) Finding a person more attractive the more we see them is a function of

A) similarity

B) the mere exposure effect

C) the reinforcement model

D) the gain-loss hypothesis

85
Q

18) You hear that although William doesn’t like you that much, James does. Then you hear that William has changed his mind and thinks you are wonderful! You decide that you like William more than James. In simple terms, this phenomenon is called the

A) reciprocity principle

B) back-door tactic

C) reinforcement model

D) gain-loss hypothesis

A

18) You hear that although William doesn’t like you that much, James does. Then you hear that William has changed his mind and thinks you are wonderful! You decide that you like William more than James. In simple terms, this phenomenon is called the

A) reciprocity principle

B) back-door tactic

C) reinforcement model

D) gain-loss hypothesis

PSY2042 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions