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PSY2042 > Prejudice, discrimination and prosocial behaviour > Flashcards

Prejudice, discrimination and prosocial behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

A

The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

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2
Q

Define

Stereotype

A

A generalisation about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members

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3
Q

Define

Urban Overload Hypothesis

A

The theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

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4
Q

Define

Social Identity

A

The part of a person’s self-concept that is based on hir or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation

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5
Q

Define

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

An expectations of one’s own or another person’s behaviour that comes true because of the tendency of the person holding it to act in ways that bring it about

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6
Q

Define

Prosocial Behaviour

A

Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

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7
Q

Define

Realistic Conflict Theory

A

The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

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8
Q

Define

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not

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9
Q

Define

Prejudice

A

A hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group; it contains cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components

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10
Q

Define

Out-Group Homogeneity

A

The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other (homogeneous) that they really are, as well as more similar that members of the in-group are

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11
Q

Define

Out-Group

A

Any group with which an individual does not identify

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12
Q

Define

Norm of Reciprocity

A

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

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13
Q

Define

Normative Conformity

A

The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance

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14
Q

Define

Jigsaw Classroom

A

A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, multi-ethnic groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in class

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15
Q

Define

Kin Selection

A

The idea that behaviours that help a genetic relative are favoured by natural selection

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16
Q

Define

Interdependence

A

The situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each other

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17
Q

Define

Institutional Discrimination

A

Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice

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18
Q

Define

In-Group Bias

A

The tendency to favour members of one’s own group and give them special preference over people who belong to other groups; the group can be temporary and trivial as well as significant

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19
Q

Define

In-Group

A

The group with which an individual identifies as a member

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20
Q

Define

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A

The test thought to measure unconscious (implicit) prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face (e.g., black or white, old or young, Asian or white) with a positive or negative association (e.g., the words honest or evil)

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21
Q

Define

Empathy

A

The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them

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22
Q

Define

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one’s own ethinic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others

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23
Q

Define

Discrimination

A

Injustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his or her membership in that group

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24
Q

Define

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

The phenomenon wherein each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases

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25
Q

Define

Bystander Effect

A

The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help

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26
Q

Define

Blaming the Victim

A

The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimisation, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place

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27
Q

Define

Altruistic Personality

A

The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

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28
Q

Define

Altruism

A

The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper

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29
Q

Define

Stereotype Threat

A

The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behaviour might confirm a cultural stereotype

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30
Q

Definition

The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

A

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

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31
Q

Definition

A generalisation about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members

A

Stereotype

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32
Q

Definition

The theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

A

Urban Overload Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
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33
Q

Definition

The part of a person’s self-concept that is based on hir or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation

A

Social Identity

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34
Q

Definition

An expectations of one’s own or another person’s behaviour that comes true because of the tendency of the person holding it to act in ways that bring it about

A

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

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35
Q

Definition

Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

A

Prosocial Behaviour

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36
Q

Definition

The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

A

Realistic Conflict Theory

How well did you know this?
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37
Q

Definition

The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not

A

Pluralistic Ignorance

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38
Q

Definition

A hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group; it contains cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components

A

Prejudice

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39
Q

Definition

The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other (homogeneous) that they really are, as well as more similar that members of the in-group are

A

Out-Group Homogeneity

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40
Q

Definition

Any group with which an individual does not identify

A

Out-Group

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41
Q

Definition

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

A

Norm of Reciprocity

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42
Q

Definition

The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance

A

Normative Conformity

How well did you know this?
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43
Q

Definition

A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, multi-ethnic groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in class

A

Jigsaw Classroom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Definition

The idea that behaviours that help a genetic relative are favoured by natural selection

A

Kin Selection

45
Q

Definition

The situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each other

A

Interdependence

46
Q

Definition

Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice

A

Institutional Discrimination

47
Q

Definition

The tendency to favour members of one’s own group and give them special preference over people who belong to other groups; the group can be temporary and trivial as well as significant

A

In-Group Bias

48
Q

Definition

The group with which an individual identifies as a member

A

In-Group

49
Q

Definition

The test thought to measure unconscious (implicit) prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face (e.g., black or white, old or young, Asian or white) with a positive or negative association (e.g., the words honest or evil)

A

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

50
Q

Definition

The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them

A

Empathy

51
Q

Definition

The belief that one’s own ethinic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others

A

Ethnocentrism

52
Q

Definition

Injustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his or her membership in that group

A

Discrimination

53
Q

Definition

The phenomenon wherein each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases

A

Diffusion of Responsibility

54
Q

Definition

The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help

A

Bystander Effect

55
Q

Definition

The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimisation, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place

A

Blaming the Victim

56
Q

Definition

The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

A

Altruistic Personality

57
Q

Definition

The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper

A

Altruism

58
Q

Definition

The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behaviour might confirm a cultural stereotype

A

Stereotype Threat

59
Q

1) Steph has just started her first semester of studying psychology at university. She hasn’t met many people on campus yet but has made a small group of friends in her psychology classes. At lunch time, the group starts chatting about other students around campus. Steph says that ‘all engineering students drink a lot, are only interested in sport, and have really bad dress sense’. Steph is showing signs of

A) prejudice

B) prejudice and discrimination

C) dehumanisation

D) discrimination

A

1) Steph has just started her first semester of studying psychology at university. She hasn’t met many people on campus yet but has made a small group of friends in her psychology classes. At lunch time, the group starts chatting about other students around campus. Steph says that ‘all engineering students drink a lot, are only interested in sport, and have really bad dress sense’. Steph is showing signs of

A) prejudice

B) prejudice and discrimination

C) dehumanisation

D) discrimination

60
Q

2) The term ‘prejudice’ refers to

A) the behavioural component of an attitude

B) an instinctual emotional response to outgroup members

C) a pre-judgement based on a person’s group membership

D) a set of beliefs arising from contact with members of an outgroup

A

2) The term ‘prejudice’ refers to

A) the behavioural component of an attitude

B) an instinctual emotional response to outgroup members

C) a pre-judgement based on a person’s group membership

D) a set of beliefs arising from contact with members of an outgroup

61
Q

3) Sara, who works at a flower shop, dislikes students. She knows that if students came into the shop she simply would not serve them. According to Allport (1954), her intention is which part of her attitude?

A) The effective part

B) The conative part

C) The cognitive part

D) The affective part

A

3) Sara, who works at a flower shop, dislikes students. She knows that if students came into the shop she simply would not serve them. According to Allport (1954), her intention is which part of her attitude?

A) The effective part

B) The conative part

C) The cognitive part

D) The affective part

62
Q

4) If certain prejudices persevere over time and eventually become enshrined in society, they

A) eventually disappear as they lose their salience

B) become illegal

C) can become legitimised by the norms of the community

D) are not necessarily accepted

A

4) If certain prejudices persevere over time and eventually become enshrined in society, they

A) eventually disappear as they lose their salience

B) become illegal

C) can become legitimised by the norms of the community

D) are not necessarily accepted

63
Q

5) A shared and simplified image of members of a group is referred to as

A) a stereotype

B) a schema

C) a prototype

D) prejudice

A

5) A shared and simplified image of members of a group is referred to as

A) a stereotype

B) a schema

C) a prototype

D) prejudice

64
Q

6) According to Fiske (1998), one of the main differences between sex stereotypes applied to males and females is that

A) there are several male subtypes whereas there is more or less only one female stereotype

B) women are regarded as the less homogenous group

C) male stereotypes are more likely to be based on competence

D) male subtypes are more clear cut than female subtypes

A

6) According to Fiske (1998), one of the main differences between sex stereotypes applied to males and females is that

A) there are several male subtypes whereas there is more or less only one female stereotype

B) women are regarded as the less homogenous group

C) male stereotypes are more likely to be based on competence

D) male subtypes are more clear cut than female subtypes

65
Q

7) There is evidence that when a woman experiences a tyre puncture on a busy road she can expect to receive reasonably prompt aid. This is likely to be due to

A) male chauvinism

B) sex stereotyping

C) the way she dresses

D) women’s incompetence

A

7) There is evidence that when a woman experiences a tyre puncture on a busy road she can expect to receive reasonably prompt aid. This is likely to be due to

A) male chauvinism

B) sex stereotyping

C) the way she dresses

D) women’s incompetence

66
Q

8) In times when sex-typical roles are being renegotiated, one predicted outcome is that

A) there will be a considerable change in sex stereotypes

B) traditionally male roles taken up by women will be devalued

C) women will increasingly enter masculine roles

D) all of the above

A

8) In times when sex-typical roles are being renegotiated, one predicted outcome is that

A) there will be a considerable change in sex stereotypes

B) traditionally male roles taken up by women will be devalued

C) women will increasingly enter masculine roles

D) all of the above

67
Q

9) Reverse discrimination

A) is the act of publically favouring members of a group against which one is prejudiced over other groups

B) has lasting, long term benefits for prejudiced minority groups

C) is the act of minority groups showing discrimination against majority groups

D) is not very common in modern society

A

9) Reverse discrimination

A) is the act of publically favouring members of a group against which one is prejudiced over other groups

B) has lasting, long term benefits for prejudiced minority groups

C) is the act of minority groups showing discrimination against majority groups

D) is not very common in modern society

68
Q

10) James and Liz work for the same company, doing the same job. Although both succeed, their rather traditional co-workers still

A) think that Liz’s success is due to her being treated more leniently

B) put Liz’s achievement down to her picking the easy parts out

C) attribute James’s achievement to his skill and ability

D) all of the above

A

10) James and Liz work for the same company, doing the same job. Although both succeed, their rather traditional co-workers still

A) think that Liz’s success is due to her being treated more leniently

B) put Liz’s achievement down to her picking the easy parts out

C) attribute James’s achievement to his skill and ability

D) all of the above

69
Q

11) The concept of tokenism can be summed up by which of the following statements?

A) I actually really like them.

B) If I make this gesture I won’t need to do any more.

C) This gesture is a token of good faith and there’s more to come.

D) I really hate them.

A

11) The concept of tokenism can be summed up by which of the following statements?

A) I actually really like them.

B) If I make this gesture I won’t need to do any more.

C) This gesture is a token of good faith and there’s more to come.

D) I really hate them.

70
Q

12) Discrimination, sometimes unintentional, is involved in the case of

A) failing to provide ramp access into public buildings

B) underfunding for research into mental illness

C) denying homosexual couples the right to marry

D) all of the above

A

12) Discrimination, sometimes unintentional, is involved in the case of

A) failing to provide ramp access into public buildings

B) underfunding for research into mental illness

C) denying homosexual couples the right to marry

D) all of the above

71
Q

13) Some people have a characteristic that provides them with an identity, but is also sometimes devalued. This is called

A) a social stigma

B) negative self-esteem

C) tokenism

D) prejudice

A

13) Some people have a characteristic that provides them with an identity, but is also sometimes devalued. This is called

A) a social stigma

B) negative self-esteem

C) tokenism

D) prejudice

72
Q

14) Western society’s discrimination against the mentally ill is reflected in

A) low funding for research into mental illness

B) lack of adequate resources for care and therapy of psychiatric patients

C) deinstitutionalisation of chronic psychiatric patients

D) all of the above

A

14) Western society’s discrimination against the mentally ill is reflected in

A) low funding for research into mental illness

B) lack of adequate resources for care and therapy of psychiatric patients

C) deinstitutionalisation of chronic psychiatric patients

D) all of the above

73
Q

15) Individuals from a minority group who believe they have been employed by a company as a token often

A) take their employers to court

B) act as negative role models

C) suffer from lower self-esteem

D) surprise their employers with their skills

A

15) Individuals from a minority group who believe they have been employed by a company as a token often

A) take their employers to court

B) act as negative role models

C) suffer from lower self-esteem

D) surprise their employers with their skills

74
Q

16) Mr Uppity thinks that immigrant kids who can’t speak fluent English should not be in his classroom, so he doesn’t give them too much of his time. Then, as he expects, they do not perform too well in the tests he marks. Here we have a clear case of

A) the failure of immigration policies

B) a self-fulfilling prophecy

C) a melted pot policy

D) the need for special classes for immigrant children

A

16) Mr Uppity thinks that immigrant kids who can’t speak fluent English should not be in his classroom, so he doesn’t give them too much of his time. Then, as he expects, they do not perform too well in the tests he marks. Here we have a clear case of

A) the failure of immigration policies

B) a self-fulfilling prophecy

C) a melted pot policy

D) the need for special classes for immigrant children

75
Q

17) People’s fear of confirming stereotypes by which they might be judged is referred to as

A) stereotype threat

B) discrimination threat

C) social stigmatisation

D) self-fulfilling prophecy

A

17) People’s fear of confirming stereotypes by which they might be judged is referred to as

A) stereotype threat

B) discrimination threat

C) social stigmatisation

D) self-fulfilling prophecy

76
Q

18) The frustration-aggression hypothesis

A) purports that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration

B) purports that people with high-trait aggression are more easily frustrated

C) is grounded in cognitive psychology theory

D) provides an explanation for why irritating and frustrating individuals are more likely to be physically attacked

A

18) The frustration-aggression hypothesis

A) purports that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration

B) purports that people with high-trait aggression are more easily frustrated

C) is grounded in cognitive psychology theory

D) provides an explanation for why irritating and frustrating individuals are more likely to be physically attacked

77
Q

19) You’ve been reading about the frustration-aggression hypothesis, and find that a scapegoat refers to

A) an animal that is slaughtered as a sign of goodwill

B) a group member who must be sacrificed for the greater good

C) a target against whom one can legitimately aggress without fear

D) a virulent form of a catharsis

A

19) You’ve been reading about the frustration-aggression hypothesis, and find that a scapegoat refers to

A) an animal that is slaughtered as a sign of goodwill

B) a group member who must be sacrificed for the greater good

C) a target against whom one can legitimately aggress without fear

D) a virulent form of a catharsis

78
Q

20) The concept of authoritarianism is limited as an explanation of prejudice because it

A) implies that one’s personality can give a sufficient account

B) underemphasises sociocultural factors

C) downplays situational factors

D) all of the above

A

20) The concept of authoritarianism is limited as an explanation of prejudice because it

A) implies that one’s personality can give a sufficient account

B) underemphasises sociocultural factors

C) downplays situational factors

D) all of the above

79
Q

21) Prosocial behaviour can generally be defined as acts that

A) are performed without expecting any gain

B) define the best kind of society in which to live

C) are positively valued by society

D) are intended to benefit someone else

A

21) Prosocial behaviour can generally be defined as acts that

A) are performed without expecting any gain

B) define the best kind of society in which to live

C) are positively valued by society

D) are intended to benefit someone else

80
Q

22) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prosocial behaviour?

A) It follows all religious principles

B) It contributes to physical or psychological wellbeing

C) It is voluntary

D) It is socially valued

A

22) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prosocial behaviour?

A) It follows all religious principles

B) It contributes to physical or psychological wellbeing

C) It is voluntary

D) It is socially valued

81
Q

23) Prosocial behaviour includes the concepts of

A) bystander intervention

B) sympathy

C) helping

D) all of the above

A

23) Prosocial behaviour includes the concepts of

A) bystander intervention

B) sympathy

C) helping

D) all of the above

82
Q

24) Altruistic behaviour refers to behaviour that

A) involves a payoff for the helper

B) cannot be classified as prosocial behaviour

C) is intended to benefit the person helped rather than the helper

D) hurts the helper

A

24) Altruistic behaviour refers to behaviour that

A) involves a payoff for the helper

B) cannot be classified as prosocial behaviour

C) is intended to benefit the person helped rather than the helper

D) hurts the helper

83
Q

25) Mutualism explanations of cooperative behaviour argue that

A) it is evolutionarily disadvantageous to engage in cooperative behaviour

B) we are motivated to engage in cooperative behaviour because it benefits the cooperator as well as others

C) those who cooperate are biased towards blood relatives because it helps them propagate their own genes

D) none of the above

A

25) Mutualism explanations of cooperative behaviour argue that

A) it is evolutionarily disadvantageous to engage in cooperative behaviour

B) we are motivated to engage in cooperative behaviour because it benefits the cooperator as well as others

C) those who cooperate are biased towards blood relatives because it helps them propagate their own genes

D) none of the above

84
Q

26) The case of the Kitty Genovese murder has been a major stumbling block in explaining helping behaviour as

A) racial violence

B) entirely biologically predisposed

C) socially learned

D) the outcome of circumstances

A

26) The case of the Kitty Genovese murder has been a major stumbling block in explaining helping behaviour as

A) racial violence

B) entirely biologically predisposed

C) socially learned

D) the outcome of circumstances

85
Q

27) The bystander-calculus model

A) is a means of carrying out computations of effective queuing

B) explains how person perception works by solely using cognitive processes

C) explains helping on the basis of cognitive and physiological processes

D) is a method that waiting persons use to estimate the value of a tip

A

27) The bystander-calculus model

A) is a means of carrying out computations of effective queuing

B) explains how person perception works by solely using cognitive processes

C) explains helping on the basis of cognitive and physiological processes

D) is a method that waiting persons use to estimate the value of a tip

86
Q

28) When the bystander-calculus model is applied to the Kitty Genovese murder, bystander apathy could be accounted for by

A) considering the personal costs of helping, e.g., being killed

B) failing to experience sufficient empathic concern

C) thinking the victim was ‘asking for it’

D) both A and B

A

28) When the bystander-calculus model is applied to the Kitty Genovese murder, bystander apathy could be accounted for by

A) considering the personal costs of helping, e.g., being killed

B) failing to experience sufficient empathic concern

C) thinking the victim was ‘asking for it’

D) both A and B

87
Q

29) Paula watches her older sister Jenny share her bag of jelly beans with their little brother, Ryan. The next week, Paula is given two biscuits for morning tea. She walks over to Ryan and offers to share one with him. Paula’s behaviour is an example of

A) empathy

B) modelling

C) social loafing

D) all of the above

A

29) Paula watches her older sister Jenny share her bag of jelly beans with their little brother, Ryan. The next week, Paula is given two biscuits for morning tea. She walks over to Ryan and offers to share one with him. Paula’s behaviour is an example of

A) empathy

B) modelling

C) social loafing

D) all of the above

88
Q

30) Barry is a macho type, and was not sympathetic when reading a police report about a young woman being hospitalised after a sexual assault at a gang party. ‘She would have had it coming to her’, he thinks. This is an example of

A) the just-world hypothesis

B) new-look prejudice

C) a normative influence

D) the modelling effect

A

30) Barry is a macho type, and was not sympathetic when reading a police report about a young woman being hospitalised after a sexual assault at a gang party. ‘She would have had it coming to her’, he thinks. This is an example of

A) the just-world hypothesis

B) new-look prejudice

C) a normative influence

D) the modelling effect

89
Q

31) Latane and Darley’s (1968) cognitive model of bystander intervention proposed that

A) once the person thinks they might help other influences are irrelevant

B) the major predictor for a person’s helping behaviour is the person’s values

C) there are considerable differences in people’s abilities to empathise with a victim

D) a person’s helping behaviour depends on a series of decisions

A

31) Latane and Darley’s (1968) cognitive model of bystander intervention proposed that

A) once the person thinks they might help other influences are irrelevant

B) the major predictor for a person’s helping behaviour is the person’s values

C) there are considerable differences in people’s abilities to empathise with a victim

D) a person’s helping behaviour depends on a series of decisions

90
Q

32) People who are reluctant to help others are often themselves victims of

A) fear of social blunders

B) having being caught in a reality programme

C) childhood abuse

D) low self-esteem

A

32) People who are reluctant to help others are often themselves victims of

A) fear of social blunders

B) having being caught in a reality programme

C) childhood abuse

D) low self-esteem

91
Q

33) Among individuals, a variable that impacts helping behaviour is

A) attractiveness

B) self-esteem

C) perceiving oneself to be competent

D) time

A

33) Among individuals, a variable that impacts helping behaviour is

A) attractiveness

B) self-esteem

C) perceiving oneself to be competent

D) time

92
Q

34) Janet is studying at the library when she remembers that she needs to make a phone call. She can be more confident about leaving her books on the desk if she

A) makes them look old and useless

B) asks the student adjacent to her desk to look after her books

C) puts a note on the desk saying that the universe is watching

D) hides them under her cardigan, out of sight

A

34) Janet is studying at the library when she remembers that she needs to make a phone call. She can be more confident about leaving her books on the desk if she

A) makes them look old and useless

B) asks the student adjacent to her desk to look after her books

C) puts a note on the desk saying that the universe is watching

D) hides them under her cardigan, out of sight

93
Q

35) Annette has been a willing helper for Jacinta, who is trying to write a psychology essay. Annette is herself worried about an upcoming statistics test. She also knows that Jacinta shines at statistics. Annette’s helping behaviour probably includes a good dose of

A) domination

B) true altruism

C) operating on the reciprocity principle

D) cold-bloodedness

A

35) Annette has been a willing helper for Jacinta, who is trying to write a psychology essay. Annette is herself worried about an upcoming statistics test. She also knows that Jacinta shines at statistics. Annette’s helping behaviour probably includes a good dose of

A) domination

B) true altruism

C) operating on the reciprocity principle

D) cold-bloodedness

94
Q

What is the social exchange theory?

A

A non-genetic model of prosocial behaviour that states that people act in a way that maximises rewards and minimises costs

95
Q

____________: Goal to increase another person’s welfare

____________: Goal to increase ones own welfare

A

Altruism: Goal to increase another person’s welfare

Egoism: Goal to increase ones own welfare

96
Q

According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, what will happen if you observe someone in need of help but you do not feel empathy for them?

A

Egoism

You will help only if it is your self-interest to do so

97
Q

According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, what will happen if you observe someone in need of help and you feel empathy for them?

A

Altruism

You will help regardless of whether it is in your self-interest to do so

98
Q

What personal qualities impact prosocial behaviour?

A
  • Altruistic personality (selfless, empathy)
  • Individual differences in personality
  • Gender
  • Culture
  • Religion
  • Positive Mood
99
Q

True or False:

both men and women may be more willing to help someone of the opposite sex

A

True

100
Q

Are men or women more likely to act pro socially?

A

differences arise due to unequal sex distribution in occupations – teaching, health (community based) and leadership positions, emergency positions (agentic)

101
Q

When are we likely to help our in-group? What about an out-group?

A

In-group: we feel empathy

Out-group: furthers own self-interests

102
Q

True or False:

Religious people are more likely to help strangers

A

False

103
Q

Why can sadness lead to helping behaviour?

A
  • One kind of bad mood clearly leads to an increase in helping - feeling guilty.
  • People often act on the idea that good deeds cancel out bad deeds.
104
Q

Why does good mood increase prosocial behaviour?

A
  • Tendency to see the positive side in people
  • Helping prolongs our own positive mood
  • Good mood increases self attention
105
Q

What are the 5 steps of bystander intervention?

A

Notice the event

Interpret it as a problem

Assume personal responsibility

Know how to help

Implement the help - act

106
Q

What are the three components of prejudice?

A

Cognitive

Affective

Behavioural

107
Q

What is tokenism?

A

Giving little assistance to a member of a minority group to show that you’re not prejudiced.

i.e. posting BLM content to social media

108
Q

How do we measure implicit prejudice?

A

Bogus pipeline

Implicit associations test (IAT)

PSY2042 (12 decks)

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