Social & Cultural Diversity Flashcards
101
America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as _______.
A. cross-cultural counseling.
B. multicultural counseling
C. intercultural counseling
D. all of the above.
Pg. 92
D. all of the above.
________ implies that we champion the idea of celebrating diversity and this can be age, sexual orientation, religion, social class, country of origin, race, and even health status.
Pg. 93
Multicultural
________ suggests that a minority cultural group will keep their own unique cultural values, yet they still participate in the wider or dominant culture.
Pg. 93
Cultural Pluralism
102
Culture refers to _________.
A. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups.
B. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group.
C. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation.
D. all of the above.
Pg. 93
D. all of the above.
________ refers to the dominant culture or the culture that is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given society.
Pg. 94
Macroculture or Majority culture
_______ refers to the fact that some individuals have an unearned advantage, giving that person dominance, access to resources, and therefore power. Ideally, this power should be shared with others who don’t have it rather than discriminating against those who do not.
Pg. 94
Privilege
103
Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client ________.
A. is culturally biased.
B. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity
C. belongs to a different culture from the helper.
D. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues.
Pg. 94
C. belongs to a different culture from the helper.
_________ connotes that a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of a given culture. The behavior must be evaluated relative to the culture.
Pg. 95
Cultural relativity
The _________ counselor must assess the client’s behavior based on the client’s own culture - not merely based on the counselor’s culture. The meaning or desirability of a given behavior, trait, or act is based on the culture.
Pg. 95
Multicultural
104
In order to diagnose clients from a different culture _________.
A. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.
B. the counselor will find the DSM useless.
C. the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory.
D. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis.
Pg. 95
A. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.
_______ culture = books, paintings, homes, artifacts, and tools
Pg. 95
Material culture
_______ culture = customs, values, humor, social ideas, traditions
Pg. 95
Nonmaterial culture
_______ = when the counselor understands a client’s cultural factors
Pg. 95
Cultural awareness
___________ = suggests that all cultures - like children - pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing. However, recently, multicultural experts have come to believe that this is not a valid notion.
Pg. 95
Culture Epoch Theory
105
In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents ________.
A. a separate race
B. a separate culture
C. the concept of color blindness
D. a separate national culture
Pg. 96
B. a separate culture
_____ = based on genetic origin. Refers to the identification of individuals via distinct physical or bodily characteristics such as skin color or facial features.
Pg. 96
race
106
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
A. Freud
B. Durkheim
C. McDougall
D. Berne
Pg. 96
D. Berne
107
______ and ______ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.
A. Maslow; Rogers
B. Ellis; Harper
C. Freud; Lorenz
D. Glasser; Rogers
Pg. 97
C. Freud; Lorenz
108
_______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.
A. instinct theorists
B. innate aggression theorists
C. social learning theorists
D. followers of Erik Erikson
Pg. 98
C. social learning theorists
109
The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by _________.
A. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
B. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area.
C. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients.
D. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses.
Pg. 99
A. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
110
Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He ________.
A. is the father of multicultural counseling.
B. wrote the 1978 classic “Seasons of a Man’s Life” and the 1997 sequel “Seasons of a Woman’s Life”.
C. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately 5 years earlier.
D. b & c
Pg. 99
D. b & c
________’s theory is now viewed as biased against women since it does not truly deal adequately with women’s development proposing that women receive fulfillment by meeting the needs of their husbands and families.
Pg. 100
Levinson’s
111
The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:
A. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength.
B. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.
C. culture, race, assertiveness.
D. ego strength, anxiety, race.
Pg. 100
B. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.
_______, or the study of proximity, relates to personal space, interpersonal distance, and territoriality.
Pg. 100
Proxemics
Social psychologists refer to the tendency for people who are in close proximity (say working at the same office or living close) to be attracted to each other as ________.
Pg. 100
Propinquity
_______ of attraction of liking suggests we are attracted to people who like us and find us attractive. For long-term relationships, the matching hypothesis asserts we very often pick a partner who roughly matches our level of attractiveness.
Pg. 101
Reciprocity
112
The term contextualism implies that ________.
A. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession.
B. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
C. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate.
D. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling.
Pg. 101
B. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
113
Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development ________.
A. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic
B. as she felt it was too behavioristic
C. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans.
D. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.
Pg. 101
D. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.
114
________ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement.
A. Arthur Jensen’s views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism).
B. The civil right movement
C. Jung’s feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious.
D. The Tarasoff duty
Pg. 102
B. The civil right movement
115
When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to ________.
A. the prognosis
B. the diagnosis
C. the intervention
D. attending behavior
Pg. 102
A. the prognosis
116
When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to ________.
A. recommendations
B. the diagnosis
C. the prognosis
D. the notion of transference
Pg. 103
A. recommendations
117
The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that ________.
A. passivity is the norm for most individuals
B. assertive behavior is clearly the healthiest behavioral alternative
C. it takes people several weeks to change their behavior
D. people conform to social roles
Pg. 103
D. people conform to social roles
118
A wealth of research demonstrates that _______.
A. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian Americans counselors.
B. surprisingly enough, Asian Americans generally request African American counselors.
C. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.
D. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture.
Pg. 104
C. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.
119
The frustration-aggression theory is associated with _______.
A. Albert Ellis
B. Robert Havinghurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept.
C. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA).
D. John Dollard and Neal Miller.
Pg. 104
D. John Dollard and Neal Miller.
120
A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is _______ cognitive dissonance theory.
A. Dollard & Miller’s
B. Crites & Roe’s
C. Festinger’s
D. Holland & Super’s
Pg. 105
C. Festinger’s
The concept of ______ theory suggests that people strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems. Simply put, individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs.
Pg. 105
Balance theory
121
Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that ________.
A. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another
B. culture excludes customs
C. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct
D. culture is never socially learned
Pg. 106
C. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct
122
A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm _______.
A. describes how people are supposed to act
B. has little to do with expectations
C. is irrelevant when counseling a client
D. all of the above
Pg. 106
A. describes how people are supposed to act
123
Mores are beliefs and social customs ________.
A. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior
B. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling
C. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power
D. that are identical with the folkways in the culture
Pg. 106
A. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior
_______ = people are generally punished for violating this.
_______ = if violated, the individual will be looked down upon (not as serious)
Pg. 107
Mores
Folkways
124
_______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.
A. Mark Savickas, a major figure in career construction theory relying on narrative therapy
B. Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology
C. Maxie Maultsby, the father of rational behavior therapy
D. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance
Pg. 108
D. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance
125
A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be _______.
A. universal culture
B. national culture
C. ecological culture
D. b &. c
Pg. 108
D. b &. c
126
Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by ________.
A. ecological culture
B. mores
C. regional and national culture
D. universal culture
Pg. 108
D. universal culture
127
Early vocalization in infants _______.
A. is more complex in African American babies
B. is more complex in white babies
C. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe
D. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance
Pg. 109
C. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe
128
In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated ________.
A. socioeconomic trends
B. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups
C. disadvantaged youth
D. language barriers between African Americans and Asian Americans
Pg. 109
B. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups
Wanting to keep a social distance from a certain group of people is seen as a form of ________.
Pg. 110
Prejudice
129
According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client’s home _______.
A. should conduct the interview from the porch
B. should double-bind the client
C. should ask to come in the home
D. should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home
Pg. 110
C. should ask to come in the home
130
Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by ________.
A. national culture
B. human culture
C. regional culture
D. ecological culture
Pg. 111
A. national culture
The term _________ has been used to describe children raised primarily in a culture that is different than their parents’ culture during their formative years.
Pg. 111
third culture kid (TCK)
131
Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society _______.
A. is defined as a set of mores
B. has a distinct lack of norms
C. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory
D. none of the above
Pg. 111
C. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory
_______ operates within _______; however, all members of a given society may not share the same culture.
Pg. 111
Cultures; societies
132
Ethnocentrism __________.
A. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others
B. means race
C. is a genetic term
D. all of the above
Pg. 112
A. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others
______ conveys the notion that one’s own group is superior to others.
Pg. 112
Ethnocentrism
133
All of these statements are ethnocentric EXCEPT ________.
A. you can’t trust anyone over the age of 40
B. Americans are generous
C. blue-collar workers are mean and selfish
D. the Gross Domestic Product in the U.S. exceeds the figure in Mexico
Pg. 112
D. the Gross Domestic Product in the U.S. exceeds the figure in Mexico
134
Ethnocentrism ________.
A. is not universal
B. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty
C. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age
D. b & c
Pg. 112
D. b & c
_______ suggests that ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture.
Pg. 113
Acculturation
135
Regardless of culture, the popular individual _______.
A. has good social skills
B. values race over ethnicity
C. dresses in the latest styles
D. never possesses a modal personality
Pg. 113
A. has good social skills
A ______ personality is the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question.
Pg. 113
modal
136
Social exchange theory postulates that _______.
A. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive
B. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs
C. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other
D. men work harder to keep a relationship strong
Pg. 113
B. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs
137
Balance theory postulates ________.
A. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency.
B. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency
C. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state
D. b & c
Pg. 114
D. b & c
Inconsistent thoughts are often referred to as _______. Most counselors agree that this is a distasteful state of mind which the individual will attempt to change.
Pg. 114
Dissonance
138
Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive ________.
A. are nonassertive
B. are aggressive
C. have other positive traits
D. are socially adept but not very intelligent
Pg. 114
C. have other positive traits
139
A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that ________.
A. too many counselors choose gerontology as their specialty
B. individuals over 65 tend to overuse hotline and helpline crisis counseling services
C. surprisingly, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment
D. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment
Pg. 115
D. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment
The theory of “_______” or “_______” postulates that a dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning does occur, but even according to this theory, it only occurs during the final 5 years of life. It usually centers around verbal skills.
Pg. 115
“terminal drop” or “terminal decline”
Counseling clients over the age of 65 is often called ________ counseling or therapy.
Pg. 116
gerontological counseling
140
Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis _______.
A. must be performed without regard to cultural issues.
B. must be done within a cultural context.
C. a & b
D. none of the above
Pg. 116
B. must be done within a cultural context.
141
A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect _______ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture.
A. less
B. more
C. the same
D. more realistic
Pg. 116
A. less
We demand more rigid standards from our own culture.
142
In terms of diagnosis,
A. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.
B. culture is irrelevant in children under 14.
C. culture is an issue with males, but not with females.
D. culture is an issue with females, but not with males.
Pg. 117
A. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.
143
In the U.S., a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy.
A. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world.
B. This is true for Licensed Professional Counselor (LPCs).
C. This is true for LPCs and LCSWs but not licensed clinical psychologists.
D. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.
Pg. 117
D. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.
144
According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch.
A. She will feel intense guilt.
B. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch - and possibly negative reviews about the gold watch - after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance.
C. According to the theory she will remain a tad ambivalent about her choice.
D. She will be angry because in reality she wanted both watches, but could not afford them.
Pg. 118
B. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch - and possibly negative reviews about the gold watch - after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance.
_______ is a fancy word for harmony.
Pg. 118
Consonance
145
A woman who is being robbed
A. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders.
B. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
C. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to help her.
D. none of the above.
Pg. 118
B. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
The number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the number of bystanders increases. This Phenomenon is “_________”.
Pg. 118
bystander effect/apathy
Everybody assumes somebody else will step in and take charge. This is referred to as __________.
Pg. 118
diffusion of responsibility
146
A counselor reading this book says, “I couldn’t care less about passing my comprehensive exam”. This ________.
A. is displacement
B. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
C. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, this minimizing tension.
D. is projection
Pg. 119
C. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, this minimizing tension.
147
The statement “Even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low” ________.
A. is displacement
B. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
C. is projection
D. would never reduce dissonance in an individual.
Pg. 119
B. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
148
In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that ________.
A. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model.
B. he or she might sell the $50,000 watch immediately following the purchase.
C. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models.
D. a & c
Pg. 119
D. a & c
149
In the U.S., middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who ________.
A. will give them “a good talking to”.
B. gives a specific and steady stream of advice.
C. helps them work it out on their own.
D. is highly authoritarian and autocratic.
Pg. 120
C. helps them work it out on their own.
________ theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior.
Pg. 120
Cognitive dissonance theory
150
In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures, _________.
A. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner.
B. a client would be disappointed if her or she did not receive advice.
C. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate.
D. all of the above.
Pg. 120
D. all of the above.
151
Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with _______.
A. attraction
B. cognition and attitude formation
C. cognitions and emotion
D. none of the above
Pg. 121
D. none of the above
152
Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce ________.
A. less-aggressive children
B. more-aggressive children
C. passive-aggressive children
D. passive-dependent children
Pg. 121
A. less-aggressive children
153
Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling ________.
A. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling
B. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling
C. a & b
D. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.
Pg. 121
D. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.
154
In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term “therapeutic surrender” means __________.
A. nothing – it is not a valid term.
B. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident.
C. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.
D. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance.
Pg. 122
C. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.
155
The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:
A. an analysis of cognitive dissonance
B. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.
C. paradoxing the client
D. analyzing flight-to-health defense mechanism variables.
Pg. 122
B. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.
156
In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender, _______.
A. it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture.
B. lower-income people often don’t trust others from a higher social class.
C. lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.
D. all of the above.
Pg. 123
D. all of the above.
157
A(n) _______ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor.
A. white female
B. African American female
C. African American male
D. upper-class white male
Pg. 123
C. African American male
158
According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like their own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). They would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as _______.
A. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).
B. standardization
C. similar to his or her own
D. paraphrasing
Pg. 123
A. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).
159
When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference ________.
A. is interpreted as positive transference.
B. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.
C. is interpreted as white privilege.
D. none of the above.
Pg. 124
B. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.
160
Counselors who have good listening skills ________.
A. facilitate therapeutic surrender
B. hinder therapeutic surrender
C. often have a monolithic perspective
D. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender
Pg. 124
A. facilitate therapeutic surrender
A _________ perspective indicates that the counselor perceives all the people in a given group (i.e., African Americans or Latino/a Americans) as being identical.
Pg. 124
Monolithic
161
Counselors can more easily advise ________.
A. clients from their own culture
B. clients from a different culture
C. clients of a different race
D. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements
Pg. 124
A. clients from their own culture
162
It’s easiest to empathize with ________.
A. a client who is similar to you
B. a client who is dissimilar to you
C. Latino/a clients
D. Asian American male clients
Pg. 125
A. a client who is similar to you
163
In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective ________.
A. when structured exercises are utilized.
B. when a counselor takes an active-directive stance.
C. when nondirective procedures are emphasized.
D. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.
Pg. 125
D. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.
164
A client from another culture will ________.
A. talk to the counselor the same as they would to a peer.
B. speak to the counselor differently from the way they would when speaking to someone of their own background.
C. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor
D. generally play dumb to receive the counselor’s sympathy.
Pg. 126
B. speak to the counselor differently from the way they would when speaking to someone of their own background.
165
An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she want to last night was “bad”, though she literally means it was good. The counselor’s misunderstanding could best be described as a ________.
A. client of color error
B. cognitive dissonance error
C. connotative error
D. confounding variable
Pg. 126
C. connotative error
_______ applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different from the true or dictionary definition.
Pg. 126
Connotation
166
A monolingual U.S. counselor ________.
A. speaks only English
B. speaks English and Spanish
C. works as a counselor interpreter
D. fits the definition of bilingual
Pg. 127
A. speaks only English
167
________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.
A. Frankl’s experience in a concentration camp
B. Perl’s use of the German concept of gestalkt
C. Freud’s visits to the U.S.
D. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.
Pg. 127
D. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.
168
Multicultural counseling promotes _______.
A. eclecticism
B. rigidity
C. psychodynamic models
D. neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
Pg. 128
A. eclecticism
169
Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic ________.
A. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregation
B. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture
C. is associated with rational behavior therapy (RBT)
D. is a “culture-specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language
Pg. 128
D. is a “culture-specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language
_____ can be defined as an insider’s perception of the culture. A researcher/counselor using this frame of reference wants to know what somebody participating in the culture thinks. This viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences.
Pg. 128
Emic
_____ viewpoint adheres to the theory that humans are humans, regardless of background and culture, thus, the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps. This counselor emphasizes the sameness among clients - a universalism perspective - that literally transcends cultural boundaries.
Pg. 128
Etic
170
A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee “You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else” is espousing the _______.
A. emic viewpoint
B. alloplastic viewpoint
C. etic viewpoint, derived from the term “phonetic” referring to sounds that remain the same in any language
D. autoplastic viewpoint
Pg. 129
C. etic viewpoint, derived from the term “phonetic” referring to sounds that remain the same in any language
171
The statement “All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different “ is based on the ________.
A. emic viewpoint
B. alloplastic viewopint
C. etic viewpoint
D. autoplastic viewpoint
Pg. 130
C. etic viewpoint
172
A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the U.S. This counselor most likely believes in the ________.
A. emic viewpoint
B. alloplastic viewpoint
C. etic viewopint
D. autoplastic viewpoint
Pg. 130
A. emic viewpoint
173
An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, “If you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system.” This is the ________ viewpoint for coping with the environment.
A. emic
B. alloplastic
C. etic
D. autoplastic
Pg. 130
B. alloplastic
_______ viewpoint asserts that change comes from the self such as thoughts and behaviors.
Pg. 130
autoplastic
________ conceptualization is that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment.
Pg. 130
alloplastic
174
A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, “I hear what you’re saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.” In this case the counselor had suggested ________.
A. an alloplastic method of coping
B. an autoplastic method of coping
C. the emic-etic distinction
D. the emic viewpoint
Pg. 131
B. an autoplastic method of coping
175
You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be ________.
A. she is displaying malingering
B. she was severally abused as a young child
C. she is suicidal
D. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference
Pg. 131
D. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference
A client who is experiencing ________ disorders sometimes display ______ indifference, meaning they do not seem to be bothered or concerned by their condition.
Pg. 132
conversion disorders; la belle/belle indifference
_______ occurs when a person fakes a physical or emotional illness to avoid work, military duty, or prison.
Pg. 132
Malingering
176
Positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to _____.
A. anger
B. hate
C. uncertainty
D. admiration
Pg. 132
C. uncertainty
177
The word “personalism” in the context of multicultural counseling means ________.
A. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands
B. the counselor must adjust to the client’s cultural mores
C. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective
D. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must adjust to environmental demands
Pg. 132
A. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands
178
A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply _______.
A. too Rogerian
B. attacking the system
C. too Freudian
D. too cognitive
Pg. 133
B. attacking the system
179
Good multicultural counselor are ________.
A. flexible
B. rigid
C. utilize Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl’s gestalt therapy, and/or William Glasser’s reality therapy in nearly every case.
D. generally behavioristic
Pg. 134
A. flexible
180
A client remarks, “Hey, I’m African American and it’s nearly impossible to hide it.” This is illustrative of the fact that ________.
A. race is not the same as ethnicity
B. race and ethnicity are virtually identical
C. a connotative impediment exists
D. severe ambivalent transference exists
Pg. 134
A. race is not the same as ethnicity
181
Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor’s training ________.
A. must come from an APA-approved graduate program
B. must come from a supervisor who is from a different culture than the graduate student
C. should be broad and interdisciplinary
D. need not include rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Pg. 135
C. should be broad and interdisciplinary
182
Doing cross-cultural counseling ________.
A. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.
B. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of semantics.
C. is different since clients are more likely to return for help after the first session.
D. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism.
Pg. 136
A. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.
183
Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will _________.
A. perform better if they are alone
B. perform better if they are part of a group
C. perform better if they have undergone psychotherapy
D. perform better if they are an auditory learner
Pg. 136
B. perform better if they are part of a group
184
In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that _______.
A. sleep learning facilitates social skills
B. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
C. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator but forgets the message
D. REM sleep facilitates insight
Pg. 137
B. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
185
In 1908, books by _______ helped to introduce social psychology in America.
A. Moreno & Yalom
B. Holland & Roe
C. Barber & Salter
D. McDougall & Ross
Pg. 137
D. McDougall & Ross
186
________ is associated with obedience and authority.
A. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist.
B. Arthur Janov, who created primal scream therapy.
C. A. T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer.
D. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement.
Pg. 138
A. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist.
187
Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as ________.
A. a peer
B. an equal
C. an individual from another culture
D. an authority figure
Pg. 138
D. an authority figure
188
The tendency to affiliate with others ________.
A. is highest in the middle child
B. is highest in children with DSM diagnoses
C. is highest in firstborns and only children
D. is based on hormonal output
Pg. 139
C. is highest in firstborns and only children
189
A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an ________.
A. approach-avoidance conflict
B. approach-approach conflict
C. avoidance-avoidance conflict
D. avoidance vector
Pg. 139
B. approach-approach conflict
190
When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an _________.
A. approach-approach conflict
B. approach vector
C. avoidance-avoidance conflict
D. avoidance cohesiveness
Pg. 140
C. avoidance-avoidance conflict
191
A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to “a gorgeous women who is violent and chemically dependent.” This creates an _________.
A. approach-avoidance conflict
B. avoidance-avoidance conflict
C. avoidance of life space
D. approach affiliation
Pg. 140
A. approach-avoidance conflict
192
According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if ________.
A. the client likes the counselor
B. the client dislikes the counselor
C. the client distrusts the counselor
D. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket
Pg. 141
A. the client likes the counselor
193
An adept multicultural counselor _________.
A. generally believes in the melting pot concept
B. has a strong ethnocentric worldview
C. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development
D. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity
Pg. 141
D. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity
__________ is a term that refers to the belief that different cultures assimilate or melt into the dominant culture. This is of course, untrue.
Pg. 141
Melting pot concept
194
A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys’ summer camp near Robbers’ Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that ________.
A. most people cooperate in a social setting
B. competition plays a small role in most of our lives
C. a & b
D. a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.
Pg. 142
D. a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.
195
Sex-role stereotyping would imply that ________.
A. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client
B. a male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional status differently than he would a male client’s.
C. female clients are treated the same as male clients.
D. choice a & b
Pg. 142
D. choice a & b
196
The statement “whites are better than African Americans” illustrates ________.
A. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S.
B. racism
C. sexism
D. codependency
Pg. 143
B. racism
197
In terms of research related to affiliation ________.
A. misery loves miserable company
B. firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later
C. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear
D. all of the above
Pg. 143
D. all of the above
198
Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that ________.
A. he totally disagreed with their assessment.
B. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.
C. he really wasn’t certain how he felt about the activity.
D. a & c
Pg. 144
B. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.
Based on their social research experiments, ________ and _______ predict that that people will most likely conform with others.
Pg. 145
Solomon Asch & Muzafer Sherif
199
The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a ________.
A. 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator.
B. 49-year-old, white homeless male
C. 40-year-old, divorced white female who is out of work and has three children
D. 19-year-old Latina mother on welfare with two children
Pg. 145
A. 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator.
Clients in higher social classes have more time to “look within themselves” (introspect) since they need not dwell as much on external survival needs.
200
A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying _______.
A. severe negative transference
B. positive transference
C. normal behavior within the context of her culture
D. ambivalent transference
Pg. 145
C. normal behavior within the context of her culture
