Career Counseling Flashcards
E.G. Williamson based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. Relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude, and interests with a given occupation.
Pg. 312
Trait-and-factor-matching theory
_________ six personality and six work environments career typology is visually depicted with a hexagon that includes six personality types/work environments:
Realistic (machine shop worker or dog walker)
Investigative (researcher or chemist)
Artistic (singer or book author)
Social (teacher or counselor)
Enterprising (sales personnel or business owner)
Conventional (secretary or file clerk)
RIASEC
Congruence between the person and the job is emphasized.
Person is categorized using three digit codes such as SEC.
Pg. 312
John Holland’s
This theory is also referred to as a life span, life-space model. Self-concept, as well as career/vocational maturity, influences one’s career throughout the life span. His life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner. This theorist initially didn’t believe he created a theory, but felt his work might be the basis for segments of future theories. He felt mislabeled.
Pg. 313
Donald Super’s self-concept and developmental stage theory
Vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age. Is the client person-oriented (teaching) or nonperson-oriented (computer programming)? This theorist was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines (the importance of the parent-child relationship) as well as Maslow. This work has generated a wealth of research. Studies do not totally support this approach, however, it is extremely difficult to control the longitudinal variables involved. The Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and the Career Occupational Preference System make use of this theory’s fields and levels taxonomy.
Pg. 313
Anne Roe’s early childhood needs-theory approach
Initially dubbed as a social learning theory. Four factors can be used to simplify the career development process:
- genetic endowment and unique abilities
- environmental conditions and life events
- learning experiences (either Pavlonian, social learning theory, or Skinnerian)
- task approach skills (problem solving, cognitive responses, and emotional patterns)
Research validates the original social learning theory, but additional studies are needed to back up the newer learning theory of career counseling.
Pg. 313
John Krumboltz’s learning theory of career counseling (LTCC)
Created by an economist, a psychiatrist, a sociologist, and a psychologist. The first developmental approach to occupational choice.
The developmental stages are:
- ages 11 and under = fantasy; early adolescence
- ages 11-17 = tentative
- ages 17 into early adulthood = realistic
Original hypothesis was that career choice was irreversible was later dropped.
Pg. 314
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma’s developmental approach… aka the Ginzberg Group… or Ginzberg and Associates
This theorist, who worked with Donald Super, is critical of most traditional theories. His work is heavily rooted in narrative therapy in which the client’s life is viewed as a story he or she has constructed, and intervention focuses on recurring themes to re-author the story.
Pg. 314
Mark Savickas’ career construction postmodern theory
Focuses on how one’s belief system impacts career choice.
Pg. 314
Social cognitive counseling theory (SCCT)
This is a developmental approach taking one’s childhood into account. Social space refers to the zone or territory of jobs where they fit into society.
Pg. 314
Linda Gottfredson’s theory of cicumscription (rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender, stereotypes, and social class) and compromise (change mind, major etc. if career path is not truly realistic)
Career anchors manifest approximately 5-10 years after a person begins work and guide future career choices. Career anchors are based on the self-concept, abilities, and what the person is good at. Originally, Schein identified five anchors, but now eight are used:
- autonomy/independence
- security/stability
- technical/functional competence
- general managerial competence
- entrepreneurial creativity
- service/dedication to a cause
- pure challenge
- lifestyle
Pg. 314
Edgar H. Schein’s eight career anchors theory
501
Lifetsyle and career development have been emphasized _________.
A. only since the late 1950s
B. only since the late 1960s
C. only since nondirective counseling became popular
D. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern
Pg. 314
D. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern
502
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the “glass ceiling phenomenon”. Assuming that a counselor’s behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?
A. “Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother’s attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?”
B. “Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I’d say you should be optimistic and go for the position.”
C. “Let’s be rational: a woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
D. “In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?”
Pg. 316
C. “Let’s be rational: a woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
The _________ suggests that women are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work. This is a form of occupational sex-role stereotyping that can limit women’s careers.
Pg. 316
glass ceiling phenomenon
The _________ is analogous to the glass ceiling phenomenon, however, is referring to the LGBTQ+ population.
Pg. 316
lavender ceiling
A _________ is a woman with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family.
Pg. 316
displaced homemaker
503
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to student indicates that _________.
Pg. 317
a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college
________’s motivation and management expectancy theory suggests that an employee’s performance is influenced by
- valence (will the works provide rewards such as money, a promotion, or satisfaction)
- expectancy (what does the person feel they are capable of doing?)
- instrumentality (will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward such as a raise?)
Pg. 318
Victor Vroom
________ couples are now the norm.
Pg. 318
Dual-career
505
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman __________.
Pg. 319
is typically secure in her career before she has children
507
Statistics reveal that on average, a worker with a _________ earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
Pg. 319
bachelor’s degree
The phrase “___________” generally indicates that in the past work was seen as drudgery, while today it is seen as a vehicle to express our identity, self-esteem, and status.
Pg. 320
“Changing View of Work”
A leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money is often referred to as an ________.
Pg. 321
avocation
________ is sometimes defined as the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure.
Pg. 312
career
509
In 1964 the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (amended in 1972) stated that women would have ___________.
Pg. 322
equal work opportunities and equal job pay
