Human Growth & Development Flashcards by Ellen Meystedt

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are _______.

A. psychometric
B. psychodiagnostic
C. psychopharmacological
D. psychosocial

Pg. 39

D. psychosocial

Freudian stages
- oral, anal, phallic, latency, & genital

Erikson’s stages
- trust vs. mistrust, integrity vs. despair

psychometric = mental testing or measurement

psychodiagnostic = studying one’s personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues

psychopharmacological = studies the effects that medications have on psychological functions

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2 In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists _______.

A. emphasize id process
B. refute the concept of the superego
C. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior
D. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists

Pg. 40

C. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior

Psychodynamic theories focus on unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients!!!

Id = sex, aggression, not rational or logical, chaotic, concerned only with body and not outside world

Ego = logical, rational, utilizes the power of reasoning & control to keep impulses in check, power of control

Superego = refers to moralistic & idealistic portion of personality

Behaviorists = generally believe that if it can’t be measured it doesn’t exist

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The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was ______.

A. Erik Erikson
B. Milton H. Erikson
C. A. A. Brill
D. Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory

Pg. 41

A. Erik Erikson

Erikson = 8 stages in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or turning point. Last stage begins at age 60.

Brill = analytic, career theory

Milton Erickson = brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis

Piaget = cognitive development in children; 4-stage theory based on the notion that one must successfully complete previous stage in order to advance to next one

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True or False

Psychodynamic theories focus on unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients.

Pg. 40

True

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True or False

Many scholars DO feel that Freud’s theory truly covers the entire life span.

Pg. 41

False; they do NOT

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The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of _______.

A. Erik Erikson
B. Sigmund Freud; who created psychodynamic theory.
C. Jay Haley
D. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan

Pg. 41

B. Sigmund Freud; who created psychodynamic theory.

Jay Haley = strategic and problem-solving therapy, often utilizing paradoxes

Lazarus = pioneer in behavior therapy movement (systematic desensitization - phobias), associated with multimodal therapy

Robert Kegan = adult cognitive development, stresses interpersonal development

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True or False

Erik Erikson does not emphasize the role of the id, but rather the POWER of control or the ego.

Pg. 42

True

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True or False

Robert Berry is known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students.

Pg. 42

False; it’s Robert PERRY

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Robert Perry stresses the concept of ________ that is common among teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong. This is also referred to as “black and white” thinking.

A. dualistic thinking
B. relativistic thinking
C. dualism
D. both A & C

Pg. 42

D. both A & C

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As teens transition into adulthood they begin to have _______, in which the individual now has the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation.

A. relativistic thinking
B. dualistic thinking
C. dualism
D. none of the above

Pg. 42

A. relativistic thinking

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Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is ________.

A. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor.
B. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor.
C. sensorimotor, preoperations, concerte operations, formal operations.
D. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations.

Pg. 43

C. sensorimotor, preoperations, concerte operations, formal operations.

Memory device:
1. sensorimotor = child begins to learn their senses and motor skills

preoperational = pre must come BEFORE the others
concrete = after PREoperational
formal operations = people seem to get more formal as they get older

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Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as ________.

A. he utilized the t test too frequently
B. he failed to check for Type I or alpha errors.
C. he worked primarily with minority children.
D. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.

Pg. 43

D. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.

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A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered ________.

A. symbolic schema
B. conservation
C. androgynous psychosocial issues
D. trust vs. mistrust

Pg. 44

B. conservation

Memory device:
conservation, counting, and concrete - all start with “c”!

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In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to _______.

A. volume or mass
B. defenses of the ego
C. the sensorimotor intelligence stage
D. a specific psychosexual stage of life

Pg. 45

A. volume or mass

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A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as _______.

A. formal operations - 12 years and older
B. concrete operations - ages 7-11 years
C. preoperations - ages 2-7
D. sensorimotor intelligence - birth to 2 years

Pg. 46

B. concrete operations - ages 7-11 years

Memory device:
conservation, counting, and concrete - all start with “c”!

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_______ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.

A. Erik Erikson
B. Lev Vygotsky
C. Lawrence Kohlberg
D. John B. Watson

Pg. 46

C. Lawrence Kohlberg

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_______ disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages take place naturally. They insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention.

A. Kolhberg
B. Erikson
C. Vygotsky
D. Freud

Pg. 46

C. Vygotsky

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_______ is perhaps the leading theorist in moral development. They used stories to determine the level of moral development in children.

A. Kolhberg
B. Erikson
C. Vygotsky
D. Freud

Pg. 46

A. Kolhberg

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_______ means that each stage emerges from the one before it. Recently, the definition has focused on the fact that environmental factors can influence genetic expression.

A. behaviorism
B. epigenetic
C. conservation
D. abstract thought

Pg. 46

B. epigenetic

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According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests ________.

A. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift.
B. the child is ambidextrous.
C. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.
D. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.

Pg. 47

D. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.

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During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of ________.

A. egocentrism
B. conservation
C. centration
D. abstract thought

Pg. 47

A. egocentrism

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Lawrence Kohlberg suggested _________.

A. a single level of morality
B. two levels of morality
C. three levels of morality
D. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality

Pg. 47

C. three levels of morality

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The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as ________.

A. a brick is to a house
B. Freud is to Jung
C. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback
D. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered

Pg. 48

D. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered

The Heinz dilemma = expensive drug that a dying person cannot afford so they steal the drug

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The term identity crisis comes from the work of ______.

A. counselor who stress RS involvement issues with clients
B. Erikson
C. Adler
D. Jung

Pg. 49

B. Erikson

RS means Religious & Spiritual

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_______ refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom. A. positive psychology B. holistic psychology C. modern psychology D. current psychology Pg. 49

A. positive psychology

#16 Kohlberg's three levels of morality are ________. A. preconventional, conventional, postconventional B. formal, preformal, self-accepted C. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed D. preconventional, formal, authority directed Pg. 49

A. preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Kohlberg's three levels of morality: ``` _______ = reward and punishment greatly influence behavior _______ = desire to meet standards of family, society, and even the nation _______ = concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights ``` Pg. 50

Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

#17 Trust vs. mistrust is _______. A. an Adlerian notion of morality B. Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development C. essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism D. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg Pg. 50

B. Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development

________ postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. This theorist focuses on social influences. A. Erik Erikson B. Jean Piaget C. Harry Stack Sullivan D. Sigmund Freud Pg. 50

C. Harry Stack Sullivan

#18 A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage. A. generativity vs. stagnation B. initiative vs. guilt C. identity crisis of the later years D. integrity vs. despair Pg. 51

D. integrity vs. despair

#19 In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by _______. A. psychosexual urges B. consequences C. periodic fugue states D. counterconditioning Pg. 51

B. consequences

#20 Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by ________. A. psychosexual urges B. a desire to live up to society's expectations C. a desire to conform D. B & C Pg. 52

D. B & C

#21 Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual _______. A. must truly contend with psychosexual urges B. has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation C. has self-imposed morals and ethics D. A & B Pg. 52

C. has self-imposed morals and ethics

#22 According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles, ________. A. refers to the naive hedonism stage. B. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals. C. a & b. D. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level. Pg. 52

D. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level. Hedonism = belief that "if I'm nice others will be nice to me and I'll get what I want."

#23 The zone of proximal development _________. A. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky B. was pioneered by Jean Piaget & Lawrence Kohlberg C. emphasized organ inferiority D. a, b, & c. Pg. 53

A. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky

True/False The zone of Hedonism describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which he or she is capable of with an instructor, and was pioneered by Vygotsky. Pg. 53

False; the zone of Proximal Development

#24 Freud and Erikson ________. A. could be classified as behaviorists. B. could be classified as maturationists. C. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual. D. were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement. Pg. 53

B. could be classified as maturationists.

#25 John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with ________. A. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist. B. developmental stage theories C. bonding and attachment D. the unconscious mind Pg. 54

C. bonding and attachment Memory device: Bolwby & bonding both start with "B"

Who was a pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror to observe children? A. Arnold Palmer B. Arnold Gesell C. Rick Morty D. John Bowlby Pg. 54

B. Arnold Gesell

______ such as Gesell feel that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity. Hence, a child must be ready before they can accept a certain level of education (e.g., kindergarten). A. Generative theorists B. Attachment theorists C. Genetic theorists D. Maturationists Pg. 54

D. Maturationists

#26 In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. Integrity vs. despair C. a & b D. Erikson's stages do not address midlife issues Pg. 54

A. generativity vs. stagnation

#27 The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is ________. A. Harry Harlow B. John Bowlby C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. all of the above Pg. 55

A. Harry Harlow

#28 The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is ________. A. false B. true due to genetics C. true only in middle-aged men D. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin. Pg. 56

D. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin.

#29 The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is ________. A. actually the major theme in all of Erikson's 8 stages. B. generativity vs. stagnation -- ages 35-60 yrs. C. intimacy vs. isolation -- ages 23-34 yrs. D. a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention. Pg. 56

C. intimacy vs. isolation -- ages 23-34 yrs.

#30 We often refer to individual's as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers? A. A 19-year-old male college student B. A 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band C. A 57-year-old female stockbroker D. A 13-year-old male middle school student Pg. 56

D. A 13-year-old male middle school student

#31 In Harry Haslow's experiments with baby monkeys ________. A. a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version. B. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother. C. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol. D. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol. Pg. 57

B. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.

#32 Freud postulated the psychosexual stages: A. id, ego, and superego. B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital C. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego D. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic Pg. 57

B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

The terms manifest and latent refer to the nature of a dream in psychoanalysis. _______ content describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer. _______ content (which is seen as far more important by the Freudians) refers to the hidden meaning of the dream. A. manifest; latent B. latent; manifest C. imagination; latent D. manifest; psychology Pg. 58

A. manifest; latent

#33 In adolescence ________. A. females commit suicide more than males B. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare C. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious D. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often Pg. 58

D. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

#34 In general U.S. population ________. A. the suicide rate is 2/100,000 B. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts C. suicide rates tend to increase with age D. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts, and suicide rates tend to increase with age. Pg. 58

C. suicide rates tend to increase with age

#35 The fear of death ________. A. is greatest during middle age B. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon C. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years D. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years Pg. 59

A. is greatest during middle age

#36 In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor _______. A. in the preconscious mind B. in the mind of the child in latency C. which evolves primarily during the oral age D. a & b Pg. 59

C. which evolves primarily during the oral age

#37 When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general ________. A. girls grow up to smile more B. girls are using more feeling words by age 2 C. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age D. all of the above Pg. 60

D. all of the above Boys are more physically active & aggressive

#38 The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is ________. A. oral B. anal C. phallic D. latency Pg. 60

D. latency Note: Latency is the ONLY Freudian stage that isn't primarily psychosexual. Years 6-12.

#39 In terms of parenting young children _______. A. boys are punished more than girls B. girls are punished more than boys C. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion D. boys show more empathy toward others Pg. 60

A. boys are punished more than girls

#40 When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean _______. A. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development B. that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes C. a & b D. a theory proposed by B. F. Skinner's colleagues Pg. 61

A. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development

#41 Stage theorists assume _______. A. qualitative changes between stages occur B. differences surely exist but usually can't be measured C. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint D. b & c Pg. 62

A. qualitative changes between stages occur

#42 Development ________. A. begins at birth B. begins during the first trimester of pregnancy C. is a continuous process which begins at conception D. a & c Pg. 62

C. is a continuous process which begins at conception

#43 Development is cephalocaudal, which means ________. A. foot to head B. head to foot C. limbs receive the highest level nourishment D. b & c Pg. 62

B. head to foot

#44 Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and _______. A. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes B. assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes C. assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code D. all of the above Pg. 63

D. all of the above

#45 Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage _______. A. abstract thinking emerges B. problems can be solved using deduction C. a & b D. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless Pg. 63

C. a & b

#46 Kohlberg lists ______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels. A. 6; 3 B. 6; 6 C. 3; 6 D. 3; 3 Pg. 64

A. 6; 3

What is the first level and stage 1 & 2 of Kohlberg's moral development theory? Pg. 64

Level = Preconventional Stage 1 = punishment/obedience orientation Stage 2 = naive hedonism (also called instrumental or egotistic) orientation

What is the second level and stage 3 & 4 of Kohlberg's moral development theory? Pg. 64

Level = Conventional Stage 3 = good boy/good girl orientation Stage 4 = authority, law, and order orientation

What is the third level and stage 5 & 6 of Kohlberg's moral development theory? Pg. 64

Level = Postconventional Stage 5 = democratically accepted law or "social contract" Stage 6 = principles of self-conscience and universal ethics

#47 A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles _______. A. has, according to Kohlberg, reacher the highest stage of moral development B. is in the preconventional level C. is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles D. a & c Pg. 64

D. a & c

#48 Freud's Oedipus complex (or Oedipus stage) _______. A. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relationship with the opposite-sex parent occur B. occurs during the phallic stage C. a & b D. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his history Pg. 65

C. a & b Memory device: both Oedipus & phallic have the letter "P" in them

#49 In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as ________. A. systematic desensitization B. covert desensitization C. in vivo desensitization D. the Electra complex Pg. 64

D. the Electra complex

#50 The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stage is: A. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital B. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency C. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal D. phallic genital, latency, oral, and anal Pg. 66

A. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

#51 Eleanor Gibson researcher the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing ________. A. Piaget's concept of conservation B. Erikson's trust vs. mistrust paradigm C. Piaget's formal operations D. an apparatus known as a visual cliff Pg. 66

D. an apparatus known as a visual cliff

#52 Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as ________. A. organismic theorists B. statistical developmentalists C. empiricists D. all of the above Pg. 66

C. empiricists

#53 An empiricist view of development would be ________. A. psychometric B. behavioristic C. against the use of formal statistical testing D. a & c Pg. 67

B. behavioristic

#54 In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers ________. A. showed marked borderline personality traits B. surprisingly enough became quiet friendly C. demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion D. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers Pg. 67

D. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

#55 A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? A. Behaviorism B. Organicism C. Statistical developmentalism D. all of the above Pg. 68

B. Organicism

#56 In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the _______. A. sensorimotor stage B. formal operational stage C. preoperational stage D. acquisition of conservation Pg. 68

A. sensorimotor stage

#57 A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered _______. A. object permanence B. reflexive response C. representational thought D. a & c Pg. 69

D. a & c

#58 The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the ________. A. sensorimotor stage -- birth-2 yrs B. preoperational stage -- ages 2-7 yrs C. concrete operational stage -- ages 7-12 yrs D. formal operational stage -- 12 yrs and up Pg. 69

A. sensorimotor stage -- birth-2 yrs

#59 John Bowlby has asserted that ________. A. attachment is not instinctual B. attachment is best explained via the Skinnerian principle C. a & b D. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood Pg. 70

D. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

#60 The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life ________. A. still developed in a normal fashion B. still related very well with animals reared normally C. appeared to be autistic D. were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns Pg. 70

C. appeared to be autistic

#61 According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, they may _______ a given psychosexual stage. A. skip B. become fixated at C. ignore D. a & c Pg. 70

B. become fixated at Fixated = be stuck

#62 An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that _______. A. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive B. watching violence tends to make children less aggressive C. reality TV shows or videos have no impact on a child's behavior D. what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring Pg. 71

A. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

#63 A counselor who utilizes the term "instinctual" technically means _______. A. behavior results from unconscious aggression B. women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men C. a & b D. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species Pg. 71

D. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species

#64 The word "ethology", which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to ________. A. Piaget's famous case study methodology B. the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment C. studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs D. all of the above Pg. 71

B. the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment

#65 A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of _________. A. egocentrism B. centration C. formal abstract reasoning D. deductive processes Pg. 72

B. centration Occurs in the preoperational stage. Characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it.

________ refers to Piaget's preoperational stage in which a child is unable to see the world from anyone else's point of view. Pg. 72

Egocentrism

________ thinking processes allow an individual to apply general reasoning to specific situations. Pg. 72

Deductive

#66 Piaget felt ________. A. that homework depresses the elementary child's IQ. B. strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in "Schools Without Failure" should be made mandatory in all elementary settings. C. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily. D. that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation. Pg. 73

D. that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation.

#67 Piaget's preoperational stage ________. A. is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning. B. includes mastering conservation. C. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. D. all of the above. Pg. 73

C. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.

Piaget's preoperational stage occurs from age ___ to age ___. Pg. 73

2 - 7 years

#68 Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that _______. A. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage. B. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual. C. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial. D. a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved. Pg. 74

A. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage.

________ proposed developmental tasks for each stage of life. For example: ``` Infancy - Early Childhood = learning to walk and eat solid foods Middle Childhood (6-12yrs) = learning to get along with peers or developing a conscience Adolescence (12-18yrs) = preparing for marriage and an economic career Early Adulthood (19-30yrs) = selecting a mate and starting a family Middle-Age (30-60yrs) = assisting teenage children to become responsible adults and developing leisure-time activities Later Maturity (60 yrs and up) = dealing with the death of a spouse and adjusting to retirement ``` Pg. 74

Robert J. Havinghurst

______ was a theorist who focused on ego development via 7 stages and 2 transitions, the highest level being "integrated" (similar to Maslow's self-actualized individual of Kohlberg's self-accepted universal principles stage). Pg. 74

Jane Loevinger

#69 The tendency for adult females in the U.S. to wear high heels is best explained by ________. A. the principle of negative reinforcement B. sex-role socialization C. Lorenz's studies on imprinting D. ethological data Pg. 74

B. sex-role socialization

#70 The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of _______. A. Freud B. Adler on birth order C. Erikson D. Bowlby Pg. 75

D. Bowlby

#71 A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that _______. A. in general, boys possess better verbal skills than girls B. in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys C. in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls. D. b & c Pg. 75

D. b & c

#72 Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is ________. A. the primal scene B. preconscious psychic processes C. sibling rivalry D. BASIC-ID Pg. 76

C. sibling rivalry

#73 A preschool child's concept of casuality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to ________. A. Jung's concepts of anima, animus. B. Freud's wish fulfillment. C. Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 years. D. ego identity. Pg. 77

C. Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 years.

C. G. Jung is the father of analytic psychology. Jung describes two "archetypes". The first is _______, which represents the female characteristics of the personality, while the second, ________, represents the male characteristics. Pg. 77

Anima; animus Memory device: "ma" in anima = mama (female) & "mus" in animus = muscles (male)

#74 Elementary school counseling and guidance services _______. A. have been popular since the early 1900's. B. became popular during WWII. C. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960's. D. none of the above. Pg. 78

C. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960's.

Why has there been a slow development of elementary school counseling? A. majority of people believed that schoolteachers could double as counselors. B. counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues. C. secondary schools utilized social workers and psychologists who would intervene if emotional problems were still an issue as the child got older. D. all of the above. Pg. 78

D. all of the above.

#75 Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that ________. A. counselor of this ilk work hard, but just don't seem to have an impact on youngsters' lives. B. these counselor are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed. C. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work. D. these counselors should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts. Pg. 78

B. these counselor are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed.

________ school counseling has been defined as the only organized profession to work with individuals from a purely preventative and developmental standpoint. Pg. 79

Elementary

#76 According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson ________. A. Erikson's generativity vs. stagnation stage simply doesn't exist. B. 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises. C. an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes. D. b & c Pg. 79

D. b & c

#77 Erikson's middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity vs. stagnation. Generativity refers to _______. A. the ability to do creative work or raise a family. B. the opposite of stagnation. C. the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. D. all of the above. Pg. 79

D. all of the above.

#78 A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels _______. A. the burden of senile psychosis. B. ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage. C. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life's precious opportunities. D. the burden of generalized anxiety disorder as described in the DSM, published by the APA. Pg. 80

B. ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage.

#79 Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ______ is to Erikson. A. integrity vs. despair B. Kohlberg C. trust vs. mistrust D. play therapy Pg. 81

C. trust vs. mistrust

_____ therapy and _____ therapy are often preferable to traditional counseling and therapy because cultural differences have less impact on these types of intervention. Pg. 81

Play; art

#80 Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? A. A. Lazarus B. H. Harlow C. J. Wolpe D. A. Ellis Pg. 81

B. H. Harlow

________ was a New York clinical psychologist who developed a form of treatment known as rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), which teaches clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner. Pg. 82

Albert Ellis

________ pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization, a behavioristic technique used in both individual and group settings to ameliorate phobic reactions. Pg. 81

Joseph Wolpe

#81 When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client ________. A. has "learned helplessness" syndrome B. suffers from a phobia C. suffers from a fixation D. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon Pg. 82

C. suffers from a fixation

In counseling, a ______ is often distinguished from anxiety. In an ______ reaction, the client is unaware of the source of the fear. Pg. 82

phobia; anxiety

_______ is a positive psychology pioneer who experimentally induced learned helplessness in dogs via giving them electric shocks while places in a harness. Pg. 82

Martin E. P. Seligman

#82 Kohlberg proposed 3 levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the ______. A. superego B. ego C. id D. eros Pg. 83

A. superego

#83 Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? A. Carl Rogers B. B. F. Skinner C. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance D. Konrad Lorenz Pg. 83

D. Konrad Lorenz

________ compared humans to wolves or baboons and claimed that we are naturally aggressive. According to him, aggressiveness is part of our evolution and was necessary for survival. They said the solution was to get our anger out using methods such as competitive sports. Pg. 83

Konrad Lorenz

_______ created nondirective counseling, later called client-centered counseling, and more recently, person-centered counseling. Pg. 83

Carl Rogers

_______ has been called the father of guidance. In the early 1900s they set up centers to help individuals in search of work. Pg. 83

Frank Parsons

#84 The statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with ________. A. Kohlber's premoral stage at the preconventional level B. Kohlberg's conventional level C. the work of Carl Jung D. Piaget's autonomous stage, which begins at about age 8. Pg. 84

A. Kohlber's premoral stage at the preconventional level

#85 A critical period _______. A. makes imprinting possible B. emphasizes manifest dream content C. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all. D. a & c Pg. 84

D. a & c

#86 Imprinting - rapid learning during a critical period of development - is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by _______. A. Erik Erikson B. Milton H. Erikson C. Konrad Lorenz D. Harry Harlow Pg. 84

C. Konrad Lorenz

#87 Marital satisfaction ___________. A. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home. B. often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home. C. correlates high with performance IQ. D. is highest among couples who have 7 or more college-educated children. Pg. 85

B. often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home.

#88 Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates _________. A. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization B. that psychopathology rest within the id C. that unconscious drives control self-actualization D. that stimulus-response (S-R) psychology dictates behavioral attributes Pg. 85

A. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization

#89 To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow ________. A. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz B. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics C. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings D. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average" Pg. 86

D. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"

#90 Piaget is _______. A. a maturationist B. a behaviorist C. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative D. cognitive-behavioral Pg. 86

C. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative

#91 ________ factors cause Down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21. A. Environmental B. Genetic (conditions passed through genes) C. Chemical dependency D. Unconscious Pg. 87

B. Genetic (conditions passed through genes)

#92 Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called ________. A. counterbalancing B. equilibration C. balance theory D. ABA design Pg. 87

B. equilibration

_______ refers to an experimental process in which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables such as fatigue or practice effects. Pg. 88

Counterbalancing

_______ suggests that individuals avoid inconsistent or incompatible beliefs. In other words, people prefer consistent beliefs. Pg. 88

balance theory

_______ is experimental and research lingo. The ___ stands for the baseline, which is the behavior before an experimental or treatment procedure is introduced. ___ is the treatment. After the treatment is implemented the occurrence of ___ (the behavior in question) is measured to see if a change is evident. Pg. 88

ABA design; A; B; A

#93 There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists _________. A. conduct therapy in the here and now. B. focus primarily on nonverbal behavior. C. believe group work is most effective. D. allow clients to work through early conflicts. Pg. 88

D. allow clients to work through early conflicts.

#94 Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as ________. A. hysteria B. pica C. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli D. dysfunctional repetition Pg. 88

C. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli

#95 Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which ________. A. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group B. biofeedback training is highly recommended C. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction D. the activity of meaning making is discouraged Pg. 89

C. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

_________ suggests 6 stages of life span development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual. Pg. 89

Robert Kegan

#96 Most experts in the field of counseling agree that ________. A. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories. B. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality. C. a counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints. D. a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner that he or she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion. Pg. 90

A. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories.

#97 Equilibration is _________. A. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes. B. performed via the id according to the Freudians C. a synonym for concrete operational thought D. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changes (accommodation). Pg. 90

D. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changes (accommodation).

#98 A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on ________. A. Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization. B. building accurate empathy of family members C. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs. D. the identified patient. Pg. 90

C. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs.

_______, a pioneer in third force or humanistic psychology, suggested the following hierarchy of needs: survival, security, safety, love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. Pg. 90

Maslow

#99 The anal retentive personality is _________. A. charitable B. stingy C. kind D. thinks very little about money matters Pg. 91

B. stingy

#100 From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be ________. A. considered an oral character B. considered an anal character C. considered a genital character D. fixated at the latency stage Pg. 91

A. considered an oral character The oral region of the body (i.e., the mouth) would be the portion of the body most closely related to smoking and alcoholism.