Counseling Families, Diagnosis, Neurocounseling, and Advanced Concepts Flashcards
The first DSM was released in ______ with approximately 100 diagnostic categories.
Pg. 535
1952
The DSM-5 sets diagnostic criteria, while the ICD-10 provides __________.
Pg. 539
billing codes
________ of a formal diagnosis:
- The DSM is the most popular diagnostic system for counselors.
- It gives counselors a shared language to communicate with other practitioners, clients, families, and the health system.
- Putting a label on a person’s condition/behavior can sometimes be a good thing. The client might feel better knowing they are not the only person with a given condition. Family and friends might be more compassionate towards the person.
Pg. 539
Benefits
________ of a formal diagnosis:
- The diagnosis becomes a part of the client’s identification (e.g., “I can’t help it, I suffer from ADHD”)
- Diagnostic labels make the client feel like the difficulty is outside their control and therefore, they are not responsible for various behaviors and could become the scapegoat for family problems or coddled and not allowed to be independent.
Pg. 539
negative factors
_________ focuses on the science of brain function, and the nervous system rather than just overt behavior.
Pg. 540
neuroscience
_________ or the concept that the human brain can change and new neural connections can be made even in later life regardless of our genetics or life experience. It’s as if the brain is rewiring itself.
Pg. 540
neuroplasticity
_________ suggests that new neurons can be formed.
Pg. 540
neurogenesis
Counseling techniques that focus too much on the ________ can have an undesirable impact by influencing the interaction between the amygdala and the frontal cortes. __________ does roughly the opposite and can increase serotonin, ergo positive thoughts, just like prescription antidepressants.
Pg. 540
negative; cognitive therapy or reframing
901
A married couple brings their two children to counseling for behavioral problems. The 14-year-old daughter stays out late and their 17-year-old son is using drugs. According to most marriage and family therapists the identified patient would be __________.
Pg. 542
the family
**the entire family is the identified patient and in need of treatment
According to ethics guidelines counselors must not disclose information about one family member in counseling to another without _________.
Pg. 542
prior consent
Counselors should ________ in sexual or romantic relationships with current student or supervisees. Likewise for sexual harassment. This refers to in-person AND electronic relationships.
Pg. 543
never engage
904
The fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons __________.
Pg. 543
experiencing marriage and family problems
905
Family counselors generally believe in _________.
Pg. 544
circular/reciprocal causality (e.g., dynamics of family members)
________ is where you assume A causes B. For example, a person was physically abused as a child and so now that person becomes an abusive parent. This concept is generally accepted as valid in individual counseling; however, marriage and family therapist usually prefer the notion of circular causality.
Pg. 544
linear causality
In _________, the belief is that everybody is influencing everybody else and the problem resides in the family rather than a given individual.
Pg. 544
circular causality
________ was pioneered in the early 1940s and named by Norbert Wiener. In family therapy, __________ suggests that the family has feedback loops to self-correct a family system.
Pg. 545
cybernetics; cybernetics
907
A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of __________.
Pg. 545
homeostasis
**refers to maintaining a balanced state. Not always good!
908
Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance ________.
Pg. 546
stability and change & morphostasis (family’s ability to balance stability) and morphogenesis (family’s ability to change)
909
A family wants to see you for counseling; however, they have a very limited income and can’t afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free (i.e., pro bono). The term that best describes your actions would be ________.
Pg. 546
aspirational ethics
**the answer to this question would be the same whether the question was asking about individual, group, or family treatments.
mandatory ethics is also referred to as _________.
Pg. 546
standards of practice
910
Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of __________.
Pg. 547
Virginia Satir
**the term “conjoint” means two or more family members are in the therapy session at the same time
911
Virginia Satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication (i.e., communication between family members). According to Satir, four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. These defensive postures or stress positions are: ___________.
Pg. 547
placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, and being irrelevant
Placating means ___________.
Pg. 547
you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection
912
The placater is a people pleaser under stress while the blamer _________.
Pg. 548
will sacrifice others to feel good about themself
will often say “if it weren’t for you…”
will point the finger at others to avoid dealing with their own issues
913
The person who becomes overly reasonable _________.
Pg. 548
is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization (over analyze the situation more than most)
914
According to Virginia Satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style _________.
Pg. 548
will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics
915
Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family therapy. ________ is sometimes called the dean of experiential family therapy.
Pg. 549
Carl Whitaker
Carl Whitaker was fond of saying that experience, not _______, changes families.
Pg. 549
education
916
Carl Whitaker’s interaction with the family could best be described as ________.
Pg. 549
joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member
917
According to Carl Whitaker, _________.
Pg. 550
a co-therapist is helpful
918
Psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily related to the work of _________.
Pg. 550
Carl Whitaker
**Whitaker could be wild at times. A couple who was in a power struggle, for example, might be asked to have a tug of war in order to prove who really had control.
919
A behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, “You must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family car and go out with your friends.” Which theorist is primarily guiding her intervention strategy?
Pg. 550
David Premack’s principle or law
**Premack’s principle suggests that a family member must complete an unpleasant task (low probability behavior - LPB) before they would be allowed to engage in a pleasant task (high probability behavior - HPB)
__________ is a Latin phrase meaning “one thing for another”, or “this for that”. This technique is based on the notion that one person in the family will do something as long as the other member agrees to do something comparable. This technique generally makes use of a behavioral contingency contract in sessions.
Pg. 551
quid pro quo
921
A male is supervising a female counselor for state licensing. He tells her that he will continue to supervise her as long as she has sex with him. This is an example of __________.
Pg. 552
quid pro quo
922
A behavioristic family counselor suggests that the family chart the number of times that 6-year-old Billy says “no” when he is told to do something. The baseline of the chart would refer to the period __________.
Pg. 552
before the behavior modification
923
The family counselor explains to Mrs. Smith that the next time that 9-year-old Sally hits her little brother she must sit in the family room by herself. The counselor is using __________.
Pg. 552
time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction
The concept of ________ in marriage asserts that in most cases two people will reinforce each other at about the same level over time (chores, income, responsibilities, etc.). When this doesn’t happen marital discord may result.
Pg. 553
reciprocity
925
A couple is having sexual problems that stem from anxiety. A marriage counselor who is a strict behaviorist would most likely __________.
Pg. 553
rely on systematic desensitization procedures
In the behavioristic technique of _________, a client would be taught to yell in their mind “stop!” anytime an unfavorable thought occurred.
Pg. 554
thought stopping
If research occurred in the past and the researcher did not have control over the independent variable this qualifies as _________ research.
Pg. 555
casual comparative
Casual comparative and correlational research and surveys are called _________.
Pg. 555
nonexperimental designs
928
All of the techniques listed below would be used by a behavioristic family therapist EXCEPT:
a. family sculpting
b. a functional analysis of behavior followed by operant conditioning
c. modeling
d. chaining and extinction
Pg. 555
a. family sculpting
_________, popularized by Virginia Satir, is an experimental/expressive technique in which the therapist asks a family member places other family members in positions that symbolize their relationship with other members of the family. Finally, the member places themself. This technique helps the therapist understand family dynamics that might be missing from a mere discussion of family issues.
Pg. 555
Family sculpting
The divorce rate in the U.S. hovers around ____%.
Pg. 556
50%
The average divorce takes place after ______ years. On average, after the marriage ends the partners will remarry in ______ years.
Pg. 556
8; 3 or 4 years
931
The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with _________.
Pg. 556
Nathan Ackerman
**although Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, it was Ackerman – an analytically trained child psychiatrist – who as early as 1938, recommended studying the family and not just the child who was brought into treatment. Some experts consider this the true beginning of the family therapy movement.
Because _________ was analytically trained – unlike many family therapists – he was concerned with the internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamics between them. Prior to this theorist, it was considered inappropriate to include family members in analytic treatment sessions.
Pg. 556
Ackerman
932
In psychoanalytic family therapy the word “object” means _________.
Pg. 557
a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond
**this is the belief that the child (or their ego) attempts to establish a relationship with an object – often a person or a part of the body – to satisfy needs. When this does not occur anxiety is manifested.
933
In psychoanalytic family therapy the term “introjects” really means that the client ________.
Pg. 557
unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves
**introjects = taking in personality attributes of others that become part of your own self-image
“A client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities.”
“A client who sees her therapist as all bad.”
These statement are examples of __________.
Pg. 557
splitting
**splitting = when someone views someone or something as all bad or all good.
936
A family actually changes the structure of their family system. According to Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch the family has achieved _________.
Pg. 558
second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change
________-order change can be defined as changes that are superficial. Behavioral changes do occur, however, the organization or structure of the system does not change. Therefore, this change often ameliorates symptoms but the changes are often temporary.
Pg. 558
first-order change
________-order change involves an actual change in the family structure that alters an undesirable behavioral pattern.
Pg. 559
second-order change
_______ is a term that refers to a procedure used by attorneys and trained mental health professionals to settle disputes between couples getting a divorce without going to court.
Pg. 559
mediation
__________ refers to a consultant or supervisory team that observes a session from behind a one-way mirror and sends messages to the therapist or the family.
Pg. 559
Greek chorus
________ believes that important objects (usually parents) often fuel “love-hate” feelings in kids. The more pathological the early life experiences are the more that person as an adult will make all relationships fit the internal “love-hate” scenario from childhood.
Pg. 560
James Framo
________ feels that kids who had poor role models as children possess protective systems. This means that such individuals harbor unrealistic expectations of people in current relationships carried over from childhood.
Pg. 560
Robin Skynner
939
Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the _________ school of family counseling.
Pg. 560
strategic
The family therapist _________ was impacted by the Milton Erikson who believed in “designing a strategy for each specific problem”. Some say that _______ helped alter Erikson’s work so that it helped families as well. This theorist coined the term Strategic Therapy to explain Erikson’s method.
Pg. 560
Jay Haley; Jay Haley
940
When Jay Haley began investigating psychotherapy he had a degree in the __________ rather than the helping professions. He later went on to train people with virtually no background in psychotherapeutic intervention, just like how he started.
Pg. 560
arts and communication
A __________ is when the therapist tells a client or family what to do.
Pg. 561
directive or prescription
942
You are trying to help a client stop smoking.
“You hypnotize your client and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days.”
This response is an example of the ________ concept used in Haley’s strategic therapy.
Pg. 561
double-bind
**a double-bind is a no-win situation characterized by contradictory messages such as a never smoke again and then smoke as much as you want.
**this technique can also be referred to as a “paradoxical intervention”
One definition of a ________ is that the helper prescribes what the client or family would probably do anyway and can even tell them to exaggerate it.
Pg. 562
paradox
944
A couple tells a therapist using strategic family therapy that they have a fight at least once every evening. The therapist says, “Between now and the next time I see you I want you to have a serious fight at least twice every evening.” This is an example of __________.
Pg. 563
prescribing the symptom
_________ occurs when you redefine a situation in a positive context (i.e., make the situation or behavior seem acceptable to the client). The situation is described in a positive light to evoke a different emotional response.
Pg. 563
reframing
946
In strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family _________.
Pg. 564
has the authority to make rules and enforce them
**Haley believes the therapist should speak to this individual first during the initial session.
947
Psychoanalytic practitioners do not attack symptoms directly. Strategic therapy _________.
Pg. 564
is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms
948
Cloe Madanes insisted that symptoms serve a function. A child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. The daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. This brings her mother out of her depressed state and makes her angry and powerful. This is known as _________.
Pg. 564
incongruous hierarchy
_________ believed that one of the keys to family functioning is to help children find more direct ways to help their parents so that their symptoms no longer serve a viable purpose.
Pg. 565
Cloe Madanes
In a _________ hierarchy, the mother controls her daughter.
In a _________ hierarchy, the child is in control.
_________ hierarchy is evident in most dysfunctional families.
Pg. 565
normal; incongruous; malfunctioning
949
Madanes advocated pretend techniques that are somewhat paradoxical. An example might be _________.
Pg. 565
a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help them
**most experts believe that the pretend technique is more gentle and less confrontational than traditional paradoxical interventions.
950
A strategic family therapist says to a family, “I don’t know what else you can do to stop the bickering and fighting in your house.” This is an example of ________.
Pg. 565
restraining
**this technique helps overcome resistance by suggesting that it might be best if the family does not change.
951
A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic counselor remarks, “It is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it.” Her comment is an example of _________.
Pg. 566
positioning
________ occurs when a helper accepts the client’s predicament and then exaggerates the condition. Doing this paints an even more negative picture of the situation for the client than restraining does.
Pg. 566
positioning
The strategic techniques of restraining, positioning, prescribing the symptom, and relabeling (also called redefining and reframing) are all examples of _________ interventions since they defy common sense.
Pg. 566
paradoxical
________ refers to the degree of bonding between family members or group members.
Pg. 566
cohesion
In _________, the client tries to behave in a way that is markedly different from their normal, though undesirable, pattern.
Pg. 566
behavioral dispute
952
A family counselor treats an Asian American family exactly like he treats the Arab American families in his caseload. He also imposes values from his own culture on them. This counselor has been described in the literature as __________.
Pg. 566
lacking cultural sensitivity & culturally encapsulated
_________ occurs when a counselor imposes goals from their own culture on people from another culture.
Pg. 567
cultural encapsulation
953
Which statement is true of African American families?
a. they are the largest minority in the U.S.
b. fewer African Americans are getting married
c. African Americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles (e.g., men and women can cook meals or work outside of the home).
d. b & c
Pg. 567
d. b & c
**LatinX is the largest minority in the U.S.
Several studies indicate that African American families are less likely to seek professional treatment because they often rely on the extended family and the church for support and guidance. This is viewed as a strength. When family counseling is utilized, ___________ approaches seem to fit best.
Pg. 567
problem-focused, brief, or multigenerational
**such as Bowen’s family therapy, Minuchin’s structural family therapy, or Haley’s strategic family therapy
955
When counseling Asian American families the best approach would must likely be __________.
Pg. 568
solution-focused/problem-focused modalities
Researchers found that ________ might be mentally healthier than the general population (8.6% had mental health symptoms compared to 17.9% for the general pop.). Also, those with a DSM diagnosis were less likely to seek treatment (34.1% sought treatment vs. 41.1% for the general pop.).
Pg. 568
Asian Americans
In general, _______ tend to have higher unemployment rates, are more likely to live in poverty, and earn high school diplomas or college degrees less frequently. This population typically prefers short-term behavioral family therapy or structural approaches.
Pg. 568
LatinX
957
A model by Olson, Sprenkle, and Russell suggests that family functioning can be described in two dimensions – cohesion and adaptability. The family therapy term “cohesion” refers to the level of emotional bonding between family members. “Adaptability” refers to _________.
Pg. 569
how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is
“_________” refers to the family’s balance between stability, known as morphostasis and change, also known as morphogenesis.
Pg. 569
adaptability
According to the _________ model, the key factor is that the family should have balance in cohesion as well as adaptability.
Pg. 569
circumplex family model
958
Which statement is true regarding Native American families?
a. they are a very diverse group as they belong to over 550 state-recognized tribes, with over 220 in Alaska.
b. extended family and the tribe are very significant.
c. a high percentage of children have been placed in foster care homes, residential facilities, or adoption homes that are non-Native American.
d. all of the above are true
Pg. 569
d. all of the above are true
959
The statement “Native Americans, also called American Indians, have a problem with alcoholism and suicide” is _________.
Pg. 569
true
**suicide is the second leading cause of death among this group between ages 10-34. Alcohol is involved in 69% of the suicides for all age brackets for this group as well.
960
Murray Bowen is known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation he means _________.
Pg. 570
when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict
961
One of the primary goals of Bowen’s intergenerational family therapy is differentiation. Differentiation is _________.
Pg. 570
the extent that one can separate one’s intellect from one’s emotional self
962
Bowen popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as _________.
Pg. 571
a genogram
Bowen suggested that the genogram should depict ______ or more generations.
Pg. 571
3
963
An intergenerational family therapist says she is concerns with the nuclear family emotional system. She is referring to _________.
Pg. 571
the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead
Bowen originally referred to the nuclear family emotional process as an “undifferentiated family ego mass” since families with difficulties often display __________.
Pg. 572
a high degree of fusion
964
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Salvador Minuchin is to ________.
Pg. 572
structural family therapy
**Salvador starts with an S and so does structural family therapy!
__________ family therapy suggests that an individual’s behavior can only be interpreted by analyzing family interaction. Moreover, a change in the family’s patterns of communication and interaction must occur to create a healthy family.
Pg. 572
structural
965
An important technique in structural family therapy is joining. Which statement most accurately depicts this intervention?
Pg. 572
The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis (which means that the therapist will mimic communication patterns).
_______ occurs during the initial session to boost the family’s confidence in the treatment process and reduce resistance. In subsequent sessions the therapist will challenge the dysfunctional communication patterns and the structure of the family.
Pg. 573
joining
966
A family is seeing a structural family therapist because there is a huge argument every time the subject of the 16-year-old daughter’s boyfriend comes up. The therapist says, “Ok, I want you to play like you are at home and act out precisely what transpires when the subject of your daughter’s boyfriend is mentioned.” The structural family therapist is using a technique called _________.
Pg. 573
enactment
________ is a strategy that allows the counselor to see an instant replay, if you will, of what genuinely transpires in the family.
Pg. 573
enactment
967
When a structured therapist uses the term “boundaries” they really mean _________.
Pg. 573
the physical and psychological entities that separates individuals and subsystems from others in the family
When structural therapists attempt to help the family create healthy boundaries it is known as _________ or the _________ technique. In this technique the family seating is often altered and family members are placed at a different distance from each other.
Pg. 573
changing boundaries; boundary marking
968
In Minuchin’s structural approach, clear boundaries are __________.
Pg. 574
ideal – firm yet flexible
When _________ are clear persons in the family are supported and nurtured, but each has the freedom to be their own person (i.e., individuate).
Pg. 574
boundaries
______ boundaries are characterized by individuals or subsystems being disengaged.
Pg. 574
rigid
970
A mother insists on accompanying her 20-year-old daughter on a date. A structural therapist would assume they the family _________.
Pg. 574
has diffuse boundaries
971
Minuchin would often mimic the family’s style. This is know as ________.
Pg. 575
mimesis
972
Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen is intergenerational. Another well-known intergenerational family therapist would be __________.
Pg. 575
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
_________ is an analytically trained psychiatrist who discusses the importance of give and take fairness or relational ethics in the family.
Pg. 575
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
According to the notion of _________ a healthy family can negotiate imbalances and preserve a sense of fairness and accountability.
Pg. 575
relational ethics
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy introduced the term ________, which refers to expectations handed down from generation to generation.
Pg. 575
family legacy
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy is also known for his ________ technique. This technique includes a multigenerational balance sheet or accounting system. It outlines who gave what to whom and who owes what to whom.
Pg. 576
family ledger
973
A family member who is emotionally distant is _________.
Pg. 576
disengaged
________ is often defined as an isolated lack of connectedness between family members.
Pg. 576
disengagement
974
During the course of a family session you discover that the man and his 14-year-old son are putting pressure on mom to quit her job. Mom very much likes her work. In Haley’s theory this set of dynamics would be called ________.
Pg. 576
the perverse triangle
The _________ is a situation when two members who are at different levels of the family hierarchy (usually a parent and child) team up against another family member. The alliance between the two may be overt or covert, and the alliance against the other parent undermines their power and authority.
Pg. 576
perverse triangle
975
_________ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy.
Pg. 576
Alfred Adler
**Adler opened over 30 child guidance clinics in Vienna in the 1920s.
The clinics opened in Vienna by Adler would often perform _________ in which Adler worked with the family as well as the open forum audience.
Pg. 577
open forum therapy
976
Which therapist could best be described as atheoretical?
a. Jay Haley
b. Carl Whitaker
c. Alfred Adler
d. Nathan Ackerman
Pg. 577
b. Carl Whitaker
**he believed that theory is often used as an excuse to keep therapists emotionally distant from the family. He promoted “craziness” and creativity of family members.
977
Solution-oriented therapy as practiced by William O’Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and Michelle Weiner Davis focuses primarily on ________.
Pg. 577
the future
The __________ approach put little or no emphasis on understanding the problem. The therapist’s verbalizations center on the future. The therapist co-formulates a plan of action with the client or family.
Pg. 577
solution-oriented therapy
978
Narrative therapy (NT), which highlights stories in counseling, is associated with the work of _________.
Pg. 577
Michael White, Cheryl White (his wife), and David Epston
In _________ therapy the therapist asks questions or uses language to externalize the problem (meaning separate the problem from the person).
Pg. 578
narrative
___________ asserts that a client constructs or invents the way they perceive the world. Clients come up with a story about their lives and they can reauthor these stories in therapy.
Pg. 578
constructivism or social constructivism
979
Postmodernist Tom Anderson, a psychiatrist for Norway, became bored with traditional family therapy. He began using a radical approach based primarily on ________.
Pg. 578
a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team
_________ assumes that there are no fixed truths in the world, only people’s individual perceptions of what constitutes reality or the truth.
Pg. 578
Postmoderism
_________ theory stresses that therapy should be less hierarchical. A helper does not treat a client, instead the client and the therapist have a conversation to work together in a collaborative effort.
Pg. 579
constructivism
980
Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies __________.
a. because they are androcentric (i.e., they use male views to analyze the personality).
b. because they are gendercentric (i.e., they assume that there are two separate psychological developmental patterns - one for men and one for women).
c. because they emphasize heterosexism and debase same-sex relationships
d. all of the above
Pg. 579
d. all of the above
_________ therapies are said to be “gender free”, in the sense that differences between man and women are seen to be the result of socialization - not whether they are male or female.
Pg. 579
feminist
_______ strive for equality in human relationships and the counselor can help in this area by avoiding ________.
Pg. 579
feminists; complex clinical jargon
The __________ and its emphasis on abating sexism is that it helped illuminate the special issues in counseling men, masculinity, and men’s psychology. Since the early to mid-1980s, counseling and clinical services for men have become much more common.
Pg. 580
women’s counseling movement (feminist therapy)
981
The term “skeleton keys” as used in Steve de Shazer’s brief solution-focused therapy (BSFT) indicates _________.
Pg. 580
a standard intervention that will work for numerous problems
A technique that Steve de Shazer used, in which the therapist hands the client or clients a sheet of paper with a says a nice thing about them on it would be called a _________.
Pg. 580
compliment
In a technique known as _________ the therapist may compliment the client’s past successes without specifically relating them to the current obstacles.
Pg. 580
past successes
982
One criticism of using cognitive-behavioral methods like REBT with families or individuals in multicultural counseling would be _________.
Pg. 581
that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages
**Ellis (the creator of REBT) views dependency as unhealthy while some cultures see this as a positive.
983
Most experts predict that in the twenty-first century, theories of counseling and psychotherapy will become more __________.
Pg. 581
integrative, since about 30-50% of all therapists say they are eclectic
_________ sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required.
Pg. 582
Brief solution-oriented therapy
_______ refers to the fact that larger systems often impact client and family functioning (e.g., schools, church, or health care system).
Pg. 582
ecosystem
985
A researcher takes a group of clients and gives them a depression inventory. He then provides each client with two sessions of brief solution-oriented therapy and gives them the same depression inventory. A t test is used to compare the two sets of scores on the same people (i.e., the before and after measures of depression). This would be _________.
Pg. 582
a related measures within-subject design
In the ________ design, each subject acts as their own control.
Pg. 583
within-subjects
The _________ design (which relies on separate people in the control and experimental groups) is a popular form of research.
Pg. 583
between-groups
When a single group is used in research or two groups that are not equivalent this may be referred to as a _________ design.
Pg. 583
pre-experimental
986
A question on the NCE regarding a pre-experimental design uses the letters XO. The letters stand for _________.
Pg. 583
treatment (X) and observation, measurement, or score (O)
**Most popular abbreviations for experimental designs are:
O = observation, measurement, or score (dependent variable)
X = treatment
E = experimental group
C = control group
R = random sampling
NR = no random sampling
987
Another type of pre-experimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by _______.
Pg. 584
XO (treatment, score)
989
The Solomon four-group is considered a true experimental design since each group is chosen via a random sample. When using this design _________.
Pg. 585
one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not.
**in this design one pair of control/experimental groups receives a pretest while the other pair does not. This design helps weed out the impact of a pretest.
990
John Gottman is known for _________.
Pg. 585
creating a paradigm to predict which marriages would likely end in divorce
_________ postulates 6 predictors of divorce:
- The marriage got off to a harsh “start up”
- The relationship is characterized via negativity which includes criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling.
- There is “flooding” in the sense that the negativity comes on suddenly and is overwhelming.
- “Body language” changes such as a pulse rate between 110 and 165.
- Attempts to repair the marriage fail.
- A lack of fond memories from the early days of the relationship.
Pg. 585
Gottman
Dr. ________ conducted a research experiment where she placed 70-80-year-old men in an environment commensurate with the one they lived in 20 years ago and told them to act like it was 20 years earlier – their biomarkers of aging actually went backwards! People even thought the participants looked younger at the end of the study. The book, “Counter Clockwise”, was written about the experiment and is now a classic in the mindfulness movement.
Pg. 586
Ellen Langer
991
The newest career theory would be __________.
Pg. 586
constructivist and cognitive approaches
TWA = __________
This theory suggests that the person must fit the job and also that the work must meet the needs of the person. The theory espouses that higher work satisfaction generally results in greater productivity.
This theory was proposed by __________.
Pg. 587
Theory of Work Adjustment; Rene Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist
995
A question on your comprehensive exam asks you to compute the coefficient of determination. You are given a correlation coefficient of .70. How would you mathematically accomplish this task?
Pg. 588
you would square the .70.
**the coefficient of determination is computer by squaring the correlation coefficient. Thus, in this question the variance would be 49%.
996
A correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is .60. If we square this figure we now have the coefficient of determination or true common variance of 36%. What is the coefficient of nondetermination that shows unique rather than common variance?
Pg. 588
it would be 64%
**you subtract the coefficient of determination from 100.
997
John Krumboltz proposes a ________ model of career development.
Pg. 589
social learning behavioristic
998
Krumboltz’s social learning theory is sometimes referred to as a cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work. When Krumboltz speaks of self-observation generalizations he really means _________.
Pg. 589
in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation
__________ really deals with the personal question of, “Can I really do this and what will happen is I try to do this?”
Pg. 590
self-efficacy
1000
Career counselors refer to job shadowing and volunteering as _________ activities, while reading the job hunting book “What Color Is Your Parachute?” is _________.
Pg. 590
interactive; noninteractive
**interactive activities are also referred to as linear, and noninteractive activities are referred to as nonlinear
1003
The school psychometrician refers Katie to you for individual counseling. She indicates that Katie’s IQ is at the 50th percentile. Katie’s IQ __________.
Pg. 592
is approximately 100
**the 50th percentile is directly in the middle of the normal curve. Since an average IQ is approximately 100, this would be the best answer.
1004
The psychometrician calls you and tells you that she has another student, who has an IQ that falls near the 84th percentile. This student’s IQ _________.
Pg. 592
is approximately 115
**the 84th percentile is about a standard deviation above the mean. A standard deviation about the mean is roughly 15 IQ points about the mean, thus 100 plus 15, so an IQ of 115.
1005
An exam has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation os 20. Phil has a score of 90. His score would fall _________.
Pg. 593
near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine
**looking at the normal curve you can see that this is an exceptionally high score, placing it in the top or 9th stanine.
1007
The mean score on a new counseling exam is 65. The standard deviation is 15. Tanja scored a 35. This tells us that ________.
Pg. 594
she had a z-score of -2.
**z-score is the same as the standard deviation. In this case Tanja scored 2 standard deviations below the mean.
Dr. _________ created the behavioristic approach of virtual reality therapy (VRT). In this approach, the client experiencing the virtual environment (VE) generally has the same physiological reactions as they would experience in an actual situation such as a higher heart rate and sweaty palms.
Pg. 594
Barbara Rothbaum
1009
The DSM-5 provides diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability (ID), formerly billed as mental retardation. It starts that __________.
Pg. 595
the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18. The client’s ability to adapt to normal life in school, work, or family at home must also be impaired.
1010
Measures of central tendency are used to summarize data. A counseling researcher wants to use a measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution. He will thus _________.
Pg. 595
use the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average
**The mean is the ONLY measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution.
The _______ would generally be superior to the mean when you have a skewed distribution with a glut of high or low extreme scores.
Pg. 596
median
EQ = __________
Pg. 596
emotional intelligence
1012
A counseling agency decides to pay their employees once a week. The agency is using a __________.
Pg. 596
fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement
**all interval scales deal with time!!!!!!
1013
As a gambling addiction counselor Laura is well aware that slot machines operate on a __________.
Pg. 597
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
**if it is completely random, then it is a variable scale.
_________ occurs when several studies on the same topic are utilized in order to examine a hypothesis.
Pg. 598
meta-analysis or meta-research
In psychometrics, the ________ effect (also called the Forer effect) refers to the fact that clients will often accept a general psychological test report, horoscope, or palm reading and believe it applies specifically to them!
Pg. 599
Barnum
1018
Neuroscience supports _________.
Pg. 600
the notion that empathy and exercise could benefit depressed individuals
The concept of _________ suggests that the actions of the client as well as the environment do change the brain.
Pg. 600
neuroplasticity
1019
Neuroscience seems to show that __________.
Pg. 600
cognitive therapy could raise serotonin, the feel good chemical in the brain, just like antidepressant medicine.
________ is the feel good chemical in the brain.
Pg. 600
serotonin
________ is the stress hormone.
Pg. 600
cortisol
1020
Which statement best reflects the position of neurogenesis?
a. A 76-year-old man signs up for a course in chess and generates more neurons.
b. A 9-year-old girl falls off her bicycle and now has a learning disability.
c. A 32-year-old man uses temperature/thermal biofeedback to help ward off headaches.
d. A 32-year-old man uses EMG biofeedback to help ward off headaches.
Pg. 601
a. A 76-year-old man signs up for a course in chess and generates more neurons.
1021
_________ seemingly is related to serotonin in the brain. Deficits of serotonin are thought to cause depression.
Pg. 601
Tryptophan, an amino acid
**when tryptophan is removed from the diet memory, anxiety, sleep, and mood decrease, while aggression increases.
1024
Neurocounseling research indicates that the _________ is dominant _________.
Pg. 603
left hemisphere; in most people
**the left hemisphere of the brain is dominant in over 95% of the population
Somatic symptom disorder often begins __________ and can literally last an entire lifetime.
Pg. 603
early in life (often in one’s teens)
1026
Millie has a panic attack whenever she drives across a bridge. She has __________.
Pg. 604
situationally bound / cued panic attacks
**situationally bound/cued panic attacks have a cue or environmental trigger.
1029
Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the _________ type of eating disorder.
Pg. 606
most common
1031
_________ describes an individual with male and female sexual characteristics and possibly male and female internal or external sex organs.
Pg. 606
intersexuality
**previously known as “hermaphrodite”
1033
Warren needs to conduct a study. His supervisor wants him to use a parametric inferential statistic. This means that he will need to use ________ sampling and the distribution is ________.
Pg. 608
random; normal
_________ designs use interval and ratio data, while _________ designs rely on nominal and ordinal data.
Pg. 608
parametric; nonparametric
_________ statistics are used when the distribution is normal (i.e., the mean, median, and mode are the same) and random sampling has been utilized.
Pg. 608
parametric
Anything you say to a client __________ could end up in court.
Pg. 608
over the phone
1035
The law requires clinicians to keep _________.
Pg. 609
progress notes
1041
A lesbian client wants to become heterosexual and asks for conversion or reparative therapy. You explain that you ethically do not believe in this form of intervention. She asks you to refer her to a practitioner who will perform this type of therapy. You should _________.
Pg. 613
tell the client you prefer not to refer her to a therapist who engages in this form of treatment. Discuss the potential harm and risks with the client emphasizing that this in an unproven form of treatment.
**The ACA states that conversion or reparative therapy treatments are not services within the scope of professional counseling, but rather some other profession (i.e., Christian counseling or faith-based healing).
1042
The ethical requirement to have a transfer plan in writing would apply to _________.
Pg. 613
a situation in which a counselor became disabled, died, or moved to another state
All counselors should include a __________ in their informed consent document given to the client at the beginning of treatment. The new contact person and custodian of the records will be listed with complete contact information.
Pg. 614
transfer plan
1043
You are counseling a 29-year-old man in your private practice who is seeing a primary care physician (PCP) for severe headaches. You are __________ to contact the PCP; however, attempting to secure permission to do so from your client would be considered the ________ course of action.
Pg. 614
not required; ideal
1044
As a private practice counselor your ________ would be most important in terms of filing claims.
Pg. 615
National Provider Identifier (NPI) number
1047
ACA ethical guidelines stipulate that a counselor can refrain from making a diagnosis if the counselor believes the diagnosis could harm the client or others. A counselor could refrain from making a diagnosis if it is ____________. A decision to refrain from making a diagnosis is ideally made ___________.
Pg. 616
in the best interest of the client; in collaboration with the client, although the counselor has the final say
1048
The agency you work for insists that you diagnose every client. Since this is in violation of the newer ACA ethics this would qualify as “negative conditions”. You could handle this by ________.
Pg. 617
- meeting with your supervisor and executive director of the agency and discussing other ways to secure funding that go beyond DSM reimbursement.
- advocate for the client by explaining to the insurance company asking for the diagnosis that in come cases it is best that a diagnosis not be given. You could even teach the client to advocate for herself by having her inform the insurance company that a diagnosis might not be in her best interest.
- show your supervisor, executive director, or insurance company the actual ACA Code of Ethics so they can see it in writing that the Code stipulates that “counselors may refrain from making and/or reporting a diagnosis if they believe it would cause harm.”
1049
You leave your practice to study mental health treatment in another country. Dr. Kline, another license counselor, is now the custodian of your records. This was clearly explained in your informed consent brochure given to the client during the first visit. The clients have Dr. Kline’s contact information. Ethically _________.
Pg. 618
Dr. Kline should contact each client when he receives the record.
An __________ parent expects their child to follow orders without explanations.
An __________ parent has give and take verbal explanations with the child.
Pg. 620
authoritarian; authoritative
1054
A counselor is using the memory device: IS PATH WARM? He is most likely working with __________.
Pg. 621
a client whom he feels could be suicidal
**
I = ideation
S = substance abuse
P = purposefulness A = anxiety T = trapped H = hopelessness
W = withdrawal A = anger R = recklessness M = mood changes
1055
Child-centered play therapy (CCPT) is experiencing rapid growth in popularity and spawning research. This modality was created by _________.
Pg. 622
Virginia Axline, an associate of Carl Rogers who penned “Dibs In Search of Self”
1056
In a children’s career counseling group, the group will help the children _________.
Pg. 622
have a sense of belonging
share feeling and ideas
engage in desirable peer interaction
A noncounselor intervention could be __________. This intervention occurs when a counselor is not present for the session.
Pg. 624
the use of a computer or software program
1062
Group career counseling _________.
Pg. 625
is an international phenomenon. It is used in China with college students
1063
The main purpose of a career group is _________.
Pg. 625
to provide information to participants, and to help folks explore vocations and enhance their decision-making skills
ABA stands for ___________.
Pg. 626
applied behavior analysis
1064
According to expert John Krumboltz, career decision issues are crucial in terms of _____________.
Pg. 626
one’s happiness
_________, the author of “What Color Is Your Parachute?”, champions the idea of securing a ____________ to help you with your job search.
Pg. 626
Richard Bolles; network of persons
1069
You create a career group to examine the clients’ roles in life as a child, student, citizen, homemaker/parent, worker, citizen, and time spent participating in leisure activities. You should use ___________.
Pg. 628
Donald Super’s life career rainbow
1071
According to the human growth and development notion of plasticity every client you see can __________.
Pg. 629
alter their traits at any point in the life span
_________ illuminates the idea that some people are more vulnerable than others to a particular experience, such as prescription pharmaceuticals, due to genetic difference.
Pg. 630
differential sensitivity
1074
Program evaluation (PE) helps agencies, organizations, and centers make wiser decisions. PE takes place in a natural, rather than a laboratory or controlled, setting and helps _________ answer questions posed via _________.
Pg. 630
programs; staff
1075
A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) answers the question: __________.
Pg. 631
was the money wisely spent or does the counseling center need a new program
OARS works well for treating client struggling with addiction disorders.
O = open questions (e.g., how is your gambling addiction impacting your life?) A = affirmations (any positive factors that counselor sees in the client's life such as awards, achievements, or success) R = reflection S = summary
Is what therapeutic technique?
Pg. 632
Motivational Interviewing
1078
The order of the four processes that MI uses is __________.
pg. 632
- engaging (create relationship with client (in MI the counselor is a partner, not an expert))
- focusing (keeping conversation focused on the behavior that the client wishes to change)
- evoking (stresses the client to use their own motivation to make changes)
- planning (creating a smart, measurable plan)
In _________ the change comes from the client and not an outside source. The client must overcome their ambivalence toward change. Aggressive confrontation, giving advice, and persuasion are not a part of this therapuetic technique.
Pg. 633
Motivational interviewing
1079
According to existential therapist __________, most therapists are afraid of their own mortality and avoid the topic of death.
Pg. 633
Yalom
________ is convinced that we are all hardwired to have anxiety about death. Nevertheless, when it crosses over to terror and immobilizes our life it is not healthy. He believes life can be richer by keeping death in mind.
Pg. 634
Yalom
What is cisgender?
Pg. 635
a person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth
1082
A correlation/association between variables x and y is .50. According to the notion of effect size (ES) the correlation is ________.
Pg. 635
medium
**a small correlation is .20 or less; medium is .50 or less, and large/strong/big is .80 or higher
The _________ helps us analyze the magnitude of the differences when looking at correlations, tests of significance, or even a meta-analysis.
Pg. 636
effect size (ES)
When describing a statistically significant result it is the researcher’s duty to provide the ________ statistic.
Pg. 636
effect size (ES)
1083
You conduct a true experiment. The results between the several groups are statistically significant. You have rejected the null hypothesis. You should still provide ___________.
Pg. 636
an effect size (ES) statistic
1084
A major meta-analysis of 375 outcome studies using effect size by Mary Smith, Gene Glass, and Thomas Miller revealed that psychotherapy had a ________ effect, checking in at a .85.
Pg. 636
strong or big
1086
All of the statements below are true about bullying except:
a. more girls are bullied than boys.
b. more whites are bullied than minorities.
c. fewer students claim they are being bullied in recent years.
d. more students are harassed in the hallways than on social media.
Pg. 638
d. more students are harassed in the hallways than on social media.
1088
The 1974 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) could also be called the Buckley Amendment. All of the following statements are true regarding FERPA except:
a. parents have access to a minor child’s educational records. Children over age 18 can view their own records.
b. a parent is able to have the educational record amended.
c. a counselor working in a private educational institution which does not receive federal funding would still be required to follow FERPA guidelines.
d. in situations involving imminent danger, a counselor could release information to protect the client, others, or ward off harm.
Pg. 638
c. a counselor working in a private educational institution which does not receive federal funding would still be required to follow FERPA guidelines.
**counselors working in schools and universities not receiving federal funds from appropriate government programs are EXEMPT from FERPA guidelines.
_________ theories assign a cause, explanation, or reason for a behavior or outcome of an event. When the cause or outcome is generated by the person it is said to be a _________.
Pg. 641
attribution; dispositional/internal attribution
**when the cause is attributed to factors outside the individual, it is said to be a situational or external attribution.
________ is the father of attribution theory.
Pg. 641
Fritz Heider
1092
Based on the information in the previous question, the best example of a fundamental attribution error would be:
a. the counselor blames the woman for carrying an expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes for her sexual assault and robbery.
b. the counselor blames the man who committed the rape and robbery.
c. the counselor blames the police force for not patrolling the area better.
d. the counselor becomes so emotional, she cannot discuss the incident with you as her supervisor.
Pg. 641
a. the counselor blames the woman for carrying an expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes for her sexual assault and robbery.
**fundamental attribution error occurs when a person attempts to look at somebody else’s negative behavior, failure, or undesirable event and come up with an explanation.
1093
According to attribution theory and the self-serving bias, if you pass your exam ________ and if you fail your exam _________.
Pg. 642
it is because of dispositional issues; it is because of situational issues
A positive event occurred because you are so wonderful etc.! A negative event occurred because of the situation or external circumstances! It had nothing to do with you. This tendency is called the ___________ bias.
Pg. 642
self-serving
A depressed client will typically do the opposite of a person who is _________ and will blame himself. In a situation like this the self-serving bias would NOT apply.
Pg. 642
not depressed
1096
A counselor is utilizing a thought log – also known as a thought record – with an anxious client. She is practicing ___________.
Pg. 643
CBT
_______ counselors often use thought records to help clients see how their thoughts are impacting their lives. The thought record is merely a chart depicting an activating event, the actual thought, the emotional consequence and/or behavior, and an alternative thought or perspective.
Pg. 644
CBT
______ is not the most popular modality in the U.S. as well as several other countries such as the U.K. Most likely because it has been deemed effective in hundreds of studies.
Pg. 644
CBT
Steven Hayes is generally cited as coming up with the first, second, and third wave categories of ___________
1st wave = classical & operant conditioning (Pavlov & Skinner)
2nd wave = focused heavily on cognitions (Ellis & Beck)
3rd wave = DBT, motivational interviewing, and ACT (acceptance & commitment therapy)
Pg. 644
behaviorist treatment
1098
A counselor is performing CBT. He believes his client is not dealing with the real or core issue causing the difficulty. The most effective ploy would be to _________.
Pg. 645
use the downward arrow technique, created by David Burns
The _________ technique is highly recommended to ferret out what the client is truly upset about and make the client aware of this issue. This happens by the counselor asking the client forms of the questions, “what is the worst thing what could happen?”.
Pg. 645
downward arrow
1100
Your supervisor insists you rely on a teleological approach with a client. Pick the correct statement.
a. you would simply talk to the client about her childhood.
b. you would prescribe a homework assignment related to her childhood.
c. you would focus exclusively on the here and now.
d. you would focus on the client’s goal to become a stock broker in four years when she finishes her business degree.
Pg. 646
d. you would focus on the client’s goal to become a stock broker in four years when she finishes her business degree.
**a teleological approach focuses on the future!
