Counseling & Helping Relationships Flashcards
If the goal of counseling is to return the client to their original level of functioning prior to the tragedy or crisis then it is ___________ since the symptoms are the result of the crisis.
Pg. 149
Crisis intervention/counseling
_________ is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.
Pg. 149
Counseling
201
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. _______ and _______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
A. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler
B. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
C. Josef Breuer; A. A. Brill
D. Alfred Adler; Rollo May
Pg. 149
B. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
Because the question included the word, “respectively”, Adler’s name must come before Carl Jung’s name.
202
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes ________.
A. oral, anal, and phallic
B. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
C. a & b
D. id, ego, and superego
Pg. 150
D. id, ego, and superego
203
In transactional analysis (TA), the _______ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ________.
A. adult, unconscious
B. parent, ego
C. parent, superego
D. parent, id
Pg. 150
C. parent, superego
204
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by ________.
A. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
B. analysis during the childhood years
C. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor.
D. transference
Pg. 151
A. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
205
Freudians refer to the ego as _________.
A. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
B. the guardian angel of the mind
C. the pleasure principle
D. the seat of libido
Pg. 152
A. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
206
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by _______.
A. Eros
B. Eros and the id
C. Thanatos
D. both Eros and Thanatos
Pg. 152
C. Thanatos
207
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the ________.
A. reality principle
B. notion of transference
C. Eros principle
D. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst
Pg. 152
D. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst
______ = pleasure principle
Pg. 153
id
_______ = reality principle
Pg. 153
ego
_______ = ego ideal
Pg. 153
superego
208
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the ________.
A. id, which has no concept of rationality or time
B. ego
C. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong
D. BASIC-ID
Pg. 153
B. ego
The ego or reality principle attempts to balance the ______ and the _______.
Pg. 153
id; superego
209
A therapist who says to a patient “Say whatever comes to mind” is practicing ________.
A. directive counseling
B. transactional analysis
C. paraphrasing
D. free association
Pg. 153
D. free association
210
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ________, rather than _______ like the id.
A. perfection; pleasure
B. pleasure; perfection
C. morals; ethics
D. logic; reality
Pg. 154
A. perfection; pleasure
The ________ is composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society. It is more concerned with the ideal and personal aspirations than what is real.
Pg. 154
superego
The _____ is chaotic and has no sense of time.
Pg. 154
id
211
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement EXCEPT:
A. Freud
B. Jung
C. Adler
D. Wolpe
Pg. 154
D. Wolpe
_________ developed a paradigm known as “systematic desensitization,” which is useful when trying to weaken (i.e., desensitize) a client’s response to an anxiety-producing stimuli.
Pg. 155
Joseph Wolpe
_________ is a form of behavior therapy. It is based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning.
Pg. 155
Systematic desensitization
Other treatment modalities that are derived from _____________ include: assertiveness training, flooding, implosive therapy, and sensate focus.
Pg. 155
classical conditioning
212
Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled “The Interpretation of Dreams” was his most influential. Dreams have ________.
A. manifest and latent content
B. preconscious and unconscious factors
C. id and ego
D. superego and id
Pg. 155
A. manifest and latent content
For Freud, the ______ was the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind.
Pg. 155
dream
213
When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called ________.
A. free association
B. insight
C. transference
D. resistance
Pg. 155
C. transference
214
Which case is NOT associated with the psychodynamic movement?
A. Little Hans
B. Little Albert
C. Anna O.
D. Daniel Paul Schreber
Pg. 156
B. Little Albert
215
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy _________.
A. utilizes fewer sessions per week
B. does not utilize the couch
C. is performed face to face
D. all of the above
Pg. 157
D. all of the above
216
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as _________.
A. catharsis and/or abreaction
B. resistance
C. accurate empathy
D. reflection of emotional content
Pg. 158
A. catharsis and/or abreaction
________ do not emphasize diagnosis nor giving advice.
Pg. 158
Rogerians
217
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ________ is to topographical theory.
A. Child, Adult, Parent
B. abreaction, catharsis, introspection
C. ego ideal
D. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
Pg. 159
D. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
_________ theory is where the mind is seen as an iceberg.
Pg. 159
Topographical theory
218
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is _________.
A. catharsis
B. the Oedipus complex
C. the notion of the preconscious mind
D. the interpretation of dreams
Pg. 159
B. the Oedipus complex
219
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these EXCEPT:
A. Hypnosis
B. Slips of the tongue and humor
C. Dreams
D. Subjective units of distress scale
Pg. 159
D. Subjective units of distress scale
Slips of the tongue can also be referred to as ________.
Pg. 160
Parapraxis
220
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and a half minutes. The client began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the __________.
A. preconscious mind
B. ego ideal
C. conscious mind
D. unconscious mind
Pg. 160
A. preconscious mind
221
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called ________.
A. slips of the tongue
B. ego defense mechanisms
C. id defense processes
D. latent dream material
Pg. 161
B. ego defense mechanisms
222
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is __________.
A. repression
B. reaction formation
C. denial
D. sublimation
Pg. 161
A. repression
__________ trained counselors attempt to help the client recall a repressed memory and make it conscious so it can be dealt with. This is called insight and is often curative.
Pg. 162
Psychoanalytically
223
Suppression differs from repression in that ________.
A. suppression is stronger
B. repression only occurs in children
C. repression is automatic or involuntary
D. all of the above
Pg. 162
C. repression is automatic or involuntary
224
An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying ________.
A. suppression
B. rationalization
C. sublimation
D. displacement
Pg. 162
C. sublimation
225
An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of ________.
A. sublimation
B. repression
C. introjection
D. none of the above
Pg. 163
D. none of the above
226
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a 1 dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of _________.
A. displacement
B. denial
C. identification
D. a Type II error
Pg. 164
A. displacement
227
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A student are eggheads.” This demonstrates ________.
A. introjection
B. reaction formation
C. sour grapes rationalization
D. sweet lemon rationalization
Pg. 164
C. sour grapes rationalization
228
A master’s level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illustrates _________.
A. sour grapes rationalization
B. sweet grapes rationalization
C. repression
D. sublimation
Pg. 165
B. sweet grapes rationalization
229
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by _________.
A. denial
B. displacement of anger
C. sublimation
D. organ inferiority
Pg. 165
A. denial
230
_______ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.
A. repression
B. sour grapes rationalization
C. projection
D. denial
Pg. 166
C. projection
231
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he ran view the material. This is ________.
A. reaction formation
B. introjection
C. projection
D. rationalization
Pg. 166
A. reaction formation
232
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is _________.
A. reaction formation
B. compensation
C. projection
D. rationalization
Pg. 166
B. compensation
233
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in _________.
A. projection
B. displacement
C. introjection
D. identification
Pg. 167
D. identification
234
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of ________.
A. introjection
B. repression
C. rationalization
D. displacement
Pg. 167
A. introjection
235
The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as ________.
A. resistance
B. sublimation
C. projection
D. individuation
Pg. 167
A. resistance
236
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that _________.
A. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo
B. he failed to emphasize sex
C. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
D. he was pro female.
Pg. 168
C. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
__________ is the oldest major form of therapy.
Pg. 168
Freud’s psychoanalysis
237
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to ________.
A. help the therapist appear genuine
B. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
C. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors
D. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood
Pg. 168
B. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
238
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of ________.
A. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology
B. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology
C. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
D. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria
Pg. 169
B. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology
239
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as ________.
A. individual psychology
B. confrontation
C. transference neurosis
D. insight
Pg. 169
D. insight
240
C.G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ________ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle.
A. Eros; Thanatos
B. Logos; Eros
C. reality; pleasure
D. transference; countertransference
Pg. 170
B. Logos; Eros
241
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them _________.
A. mandalas
B. projective drawings
C. unconscious automatic writing
D. eidetic imagery
Pg. 170
A. mandalas
242
_________ emphasized the drive for superiority.
A. Jung
B. Adler
C. constructivist therapists
D. Freud and Jung
Pg. 171
B. Adler
243
The statement “Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction” describes ________.
A. Sigmund Freud’s theory
B. Alfred Adler’s theory
C. insight
D. Carl Jung’s theory
Pg. 172
B. Alfred Adler’s theory
244
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized ________.
A. baseline measures
B. social factors
C. unconditional positive regard
D. insight
Pg. 172
B. social factors
245
The terms “introversion” and “extroversion” are associated with _________.
A. psychoanalysis
B. Freud
C. Adler
D. Jung
Pg. 173
D. Jung
246
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of ________.
A. psychoanalysis
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Alfred Adler
D. Carl G. Jung
Pg. 173
D. Carl G. Jung
The bipolar preference scales on the ________ are:
- extroversion/introversion
- sensing/intuition
- thinking/feeling
- judging/perceiving
Pg. 173
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
247
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs, ________.
A. created the TAT
B. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
C. was a noted Freud hater
D. created the hierarchy of needs
Pg. 174
B. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
248
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as ________.
A. superiority
B. social connectedness
C. the collective unconscious
D. animus
Pg. 174
B. social connectedness
249
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to __________.
A. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class
B. practice relaxation techniques for 10-20 minutes before the speech
C. practice rational self-talk
D. practice rational thinking
Pg. 175
A. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class
________ pioneered logotherapy, a form of existential treatment.
Pg. 175
Viktor Frankl
250
C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ________ and women to deny their masculine side known as ________.
A. Eros; Thanatos
B. animus; anima
C. anima; animus
D. yin; yang
Pg. 175
C. anima; animus
251
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as _________.
A. a hierarchy of needs
B. instinctual
C. paradox
D. archetypes
Pg. 176
D. archetypes
252
Common archetypes include _________.
A. the persona – the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
B. animus, anima, and self
C. shadow – the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.
D. all of the above
Pg. 176
D. all of the above
253
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is known as ________.
A. active listening
B. confrontation
C. accurate empathy
D. summarization
Pg. 177
B. confrontation
_________ occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client’s point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions.
Pg. 177
accurate empathy
________ is a subjective understanding of the client in the here and now. It deals with the client’s perception rather than your own.
Pg. 177
Empathy
254
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor _________.
A. is using ACT or acceptance and commitment therapy, a mindfulness-based behavior therapy.
B. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modification.
C. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution.
D. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
Pg. 177
D. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
__________ do strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concepts of symptom substitution.
Pg. 178
Behaviorists
_____ is a type of therapy created by Steve Hayes in 1986 which does NOT focus on symptom reduction; this therapy wants clients to take effective action in their lives. The goal is to perceive feelings and thoughts as harmless, albeit uncomfortable.
Pg. 178
ACT therapy
255
An eclectic counselor _________.
A. is analytic
B. is behavioristic
C. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation
D. insists on including all family members in the treatment
Pg. 178
C. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation
256
The word “eclectic” is most closely associated with ________.
A. Frederick C. Thorne
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Jean Piaget
D. Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Pg. 178
A. Frederick C. Thorne
257
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of ________.
A. cognitive dissonance
B. transference
C. countertransference
D. positive transference
Pg. 179
C. countertransference
__________ suggests that humans will feel quite uncomfortable if they have two incompatible or inconsistent beliefs and thus the person will be motivated to reduce the dissonance.
Pg. 179
Cognitive dissonance
258
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by _________.
A. Freud
B. Jung
C. Adler
D. Thorne & Lazarus
Pg. 179
C. Adler
259
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservation but display leadership qualities is most likely ________.
A. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind
B. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in insolation
C. a Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship
D. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract
Pg. 180
B. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in insolation
260
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
A. operants
B. associationism
C. Skinner
D. Socrates
Pg. 180
B. associationism
261
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on ________.
A. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect
B. Alfred Adler’s concept of lifestyle
C. Arnold Lazarus’s concept of the BASIC-ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic
D. symptom substitution
Pg. 181
A. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect
When practicing _________ therapy the counselor focuses on 7 key modalities or areas of the client’s functioning:
B = behavior including acts, habits, and reactions A = affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood S = sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, small and taste I = images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams C = cognitions such as our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life I = interpersonal relationships (i.e., the way we interact with others) D = drugs, that would include alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug usage, diet and nutritional supplementation
Pg. 182
multimodal therapy
When practicing _________ therapy the counselor focuses on 7 key modalities or areas of the client’s functioning:
B = behavior including acts, habits, and reactions A = affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood S = sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, small and taste I = images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams C = cognitions such as our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life I = interpersonal relationships (i.e., the way we interact with others) D = drugs, that would include alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug usage, diet and nutritional supplementation
Pg. 181
multimodal therapy
262
Classical conditioning relates to the work of ________.
A. E. G. Williamson
B. B. F. Skinner
C. Viktor Frankl, who create logotherapy
D. Ivan Pavlov
Pg. 182
D. Ivan Pavlov
__________ is the father of the Minnesota Viewpoint that was popular several years ago with career counselors. This approach attempts to match the client’s traits with a career; it is sometimes called the “trait-factor” approach.
Pg. 182
E. G. Williamson
263
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditional response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called _________.
A. an operant
B. a conditioned stimulus (CS)
C. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
D. an acquisition period
Pg. 182
C. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
264
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as ________.
A. instrumental learning
B. classical conditioning
C. cognitive learning
D. learning via insight
Pg. 183
A. instrumental learning
265
Respondent behavior refers to _________.
A. reflexes
B. operants
C. a type of phobia
D. punishment
Pg. 183
A. reflexes
Pavlonian conditioning is ________ while Skinner’s is __________.
Pg. 183
respondent; instrumental/operant
266
A reinforcers _________.
A. are plastic tokens
B. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
C. are secondary
D. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers behavior
Pg. 184
B. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
True/False
All reinforcers – both positive and negative – raise the probability that an antecedant (prior) behavior will occur.
Pg. 184
True
267
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and ________.
A. is really the same as punishment
B. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children
C. is not the same thing as punishment
D. is a psychodynamic conceptualization
Pg. 184
C. is not the same thing as punishment
________ is not punishment. All reinforcers raise or strengthen the probability that a behavior will occur; punishment will lower it. In the case of a negative reinforcer, it generally provides relief.
Pg. 185
Negative reinforcement
_______ punishment is said to occur when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases.
Pg. 185
positive punishment
_______ punishment takes place when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases.
Pg. 185
negative punishment
268
Punishment _________.
A. is the same as negative reinforcement
B. is much more effective than reinforcement
C. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
D. is used extensively in reality therapy
Pg. 185
C. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
269
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______ and the meat was the _________.
A. CS; UCS
B. UCS; CS
C. CR; UCS
D. UCS; CR
Pg. 186
A. CS; UCS
CS = conditioned stimulus CR = conditioned response UCS = unconditioned stimulus UCR = unconditioned response
270
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US _________.
A. is irrelevant - it does not influence the learning process
B. is 5 seconds
C. is the .05 level according to social scientists
D. is .5 of half a second
Pg. 186
D. is .5 of half a second
When the CS is delayed until the US occurs, the procedure is known as __________.
Pg. 186
delay conditioning
If the CS terminates before the occurrence os the US, it is termed __________.
Pg. 186
trace conditioning
271
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in ________.
A. increased learning
B. anger on the part of the dog
C. experimental neurosis
D. no conditioning
Pg. 187
D. no conditioning
When you put the UCS before the CS, it generally doesn’t work and is ineffective. This is called _________.
Pg. 187
backward conditioning
If you present the UCS and CS at the exact same time this is called ___________ and conditioning will NOT occur.
Pg. 187
simultaneous conditioning
272
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
A. experimental neurosis had obviously set in
B. extinction
C. stimulus generalization of what Pavlov termed irradiation
D. stimulus discrimination
Pg. 187
C. stimulus generalization of what Pavlov termed irradiation
CR = Conditioned Response = __________
Pg. 188
Learned Response
A conditioned response is ____ as powerful as an unconditioned response.
Pg. 188
NOT
273
The department chairman found the poodle’s response to his car horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was not demonstrating _________.
A. experimental neurosis
B. irradiation
C. pica
D. stimulus discrimination
Pg. 188
D. stimulus discrimination
274
The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to e able to discriminate one CS from another. He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case _________.
A. experimental neurosis set in
B. irradiation became a reality
C. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role
D. a covert process confounded the experiment
Pg. 189
A. experimental neurosis set in
____ can also be termed NS or “neutral stimulus”.
Pg. 189
CS / conditioned stimulus
____ can also be termed as “reinforcing” or “charged stimulus”.
Pg. 189
UCS / unconditioned stimulus
275
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as _________.
A. instrumental learning via shaping
B. positive reinforcement
C. extinction, and the salivation will disappear
D. negative reinforcement
Pg. 189
C. extinction, and the salivation will disappear
276
John B. Watson’s name is associated with ________.
A. Little Hans
B. Anna O.
C. Little Albert
D. b & c
Pg. 190
C. Little Albert
Little Albert was a case the demonstrated that fears were “learned” and not the result of some unconscious conflict.
277
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing _________.
A. negative reinforcement
B. chaining
C. reciprocal inhibition
D. extinction
Pg. 190
D. extinction
Sometimes when using the extinction method the behavior in question will get worse before it is eliminated. This is called ________.
Pg. 190
response burst / extinction burst
A ______ is a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response will occur.
Pg. 191
Chain
A _______ is really just a series of operants joined together by reinforcers.
Pg. 191
chain
278
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ______, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________.
A. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
B. Pavlonian principles; Skinnerian principles
C. Skinnerian principles; Pavlonian principles
D. a & c
Pg. 191
D. a & c
279
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished __________.
A. using hypothesis
B. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention
C. using a biofeedback device
D. by counterconditioning
Pg. 191
B. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention
280
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by __________.
A. Edward Thorndike
B. Joseph Wolpe
C. Neal Miller
D. Ivan Pavlov
Pg. 192
C. Neal Miller
_________ is the process of hooking a client up to a sophisticated electronic device that provides biological feedback.
Pg. 192
biofeedback
__________ postulates the “law of effect,” which is also known as “trial and error learning” theory. This theory assumes that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be “stamped in”, while those associated with annoying consequences are “stamped out”.
Pg. 192
Edward Thorndike
281
The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that ________.
A. a phobia could be a learned behavior
B. it provided concrete proof that Skinner’s model was correct
C. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov’s model was correct
D. none of the above
Pg. 192
A. a phobia could be a learned behavior
The key take-away message from Watson’s Little Albert experiment was that fear was not due to psychopathology deep within the unconscious mind, but rather _______.
Pg. 193
learning
282
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to ________.
A. cure
B. Skinner
C. Piaget
D. NLP
Pg. 193
A. cure
