Social class and education- internal factors

Question 1

What do internal factors mean?

Answer 1

Interactionalist’s theory
The w/c underachievement is due to the interactions between pupils and teachers + institutions can determine if pupils are successful or not

Question 2

what are different internal factors?

Answer 2

-stereotyping, labelling and the
self fulfilling prophecy
-setting and streaming
-unequal access to classroom knowledge
-pupil subcultures
-wider educational policy’s

Question 3

Rutters beliefs’ on teachers part to play in students achievement?

Answer 3

Schools make a difference on success and failure
Teachers have an important role to play for success

Question 4

Rutters characteristics of good teachers?

Answer 4

Teachers should be:
-well prepared for lesson
-high expectations
-emphasis or reward and punishment not punish and blame
-teachers lead by example e.g. punctual
-teachers treat pupils as responsible people
-mixed ability classes
-generate an ethos
-genuine interest

Question 5

What does the labelling theory suggest?

Answer 5

To label someone as bright and hardworking compared to those who are thick, trouble makers and unable
Creating stereotypes based on ideal pupil based on class background

Question 6

Becker and labelling?

Answer 6

interviewed 60 high school teachers and found that teachers stereotype based on work, conduct + appearance
means the m/c are ideal and w/c arent

Question 7

Hargraves and labelling?

Answer 7

We get the halo affects
the ideal pupils get imaginary halos in educational career
future interactions with teachers based on halos

Question 8

Circous and Kitsuse on labelling?

Answer 8

Counsellors assess students based on social class and race
Play a large role in judging students ability of a course
M/C students referred to more academic and high ability courses

Question 9

Rists theory of labelling?

Answer 9

Labelling starts at primary school
Found in american kindergartens teachers use info about child’s background to place pupils in different groups

Question 10

Findings of Rists theory’s?

Answer 10

-Fast learners called tigers and were sat near the teacher and got lots of attention usually m/c
-Cardianals and clowns further away from teachers, lower reading levels and get less attention. Mainly W/C

Question 11

Whats the self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 11

when teachers label children as dumb or clever. Pupils take this in and believe that are what there labelled as so therefore either do well or not
stage 1- teacher labels
stage 2- teachers interact on labels
stage 3- pupil internalises

Question 12

Rosenthal and Jacobson theory on the self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 12

R&J told school about an ability test to identify the ‘spurters’ (smart children).
All pupils tested and R&J selected 20% of students and identify them as spurters lying to the teachers
-a year later 43% of students made significant progress compared to other 53%
R&J came to the conclusion that the teachers interact with the spurters differently to other pupils. The pupils internalise this and do better than ‘non spurters’

Question 13

Unequal access to classroom knowledge- Keddie?

Answer 13

Found teachers unevenly distribute knowledge
High ability students have a higher status knowledge
Low ability students get a lower status knowledge

Question 14

What consist of low ability vs high ability groups?

Answer 14

-High ability groups- maily w/c, abstract knowledge,theoretic, detailed and a full curriculum
-Low ability groups- mainly m/c descriptive knowledge, common sense, basic and dumbed down

Question 15

Hargraves and setting+streaming?

Answer 15

Damaging to the w/c
Stops them from gaining rewards
Sets are contradictory in term of own progress frustration (anti school subcultures)
Status created + new set of values

Question 16

Ball beachside comprehensive- setting and streaming?

Answer 16

-setting has negative consequence on pupils
-At beachside comprehensive streaming and setting fazed out and replaced with mixed ability’s
-Ball still found teachers differentiate between social class reflecting exam results creating the self fulfilling prophecy

Question 17

Lacey hightown grammar- subcultures? the 2 concepts?

Answer 17

differentiation- teachers differentiated pupils based on ability, setting and streaming included
-polarisation, ways pupils respond to differentiation

Question 18

What are the two ways differentiation dealt with in polarisation?

Answer 18

The pro school subcultures
The anti school subcultures

Question 19

What is the pro school subcultures?

Answer 19

-Associated with m/c
-positive stereotypes, labelling
-halos
-high sets and streams
-high status knowledge and more attention
-high expectations
-positive self fulfilling prophecy
-warmed up

Question 20

What is the anti school subcultures?

Answer 20

-Associated with the w/c
-negative stereotypes and labeling
-no halos
-low sets and streams
-low status knowledge and less attention
-low expectations
-negative self fulfilling prophecy’s
-cooled down

Question 21

Wider educational policy’s- Education reform act 1988?

Answer 21

Margret thatcher introduced schools to resemble a marketplace to get competition
Introduction of forual funding, league tables and free marketisation/ parentocracy

Question 22

How do league tables, formula funding and free marketisation increase competition affecting social class?

Answer 22

Puts pressure on schools to perform and do better on league tables to attract more students
- schools therefore spend more time and recourses on able students to boost position, usually m/c

Question 23

Barlett- what is cream skimming?

Answer 23

Selecting higher ability pupils to look better and be more likely to succeed, usually m/c

Question 24

Barlett- what is silt shifting?

Answer 24

‘off loading’/turning away pupils who prove to be difficult and expensive to teach, usually w/c

Question 25

Gillbourn and Youdell- Rationing education A-C education?

Answer 25

Due to pressure of league tables and formula funding schools rationing time on most able students creating a triage of education

Question 26

Education triage diagram?

Answer 26

> A- Those who pass either way- less time and resources m/c
/
Pupils –> B- Borderline case-
\ A Lot of time and
\ recourse’s w/c
>
C-Hopeless case- less
recourses and time -W/C

Question 27

Critics of internal factors- Marxist?

Answer 27

Ignores wider structural problems e.g. inequality’s due to capitalism

Question 28

Criticisms of internal factors- Stereotypes?

Answer 28

-Assumes all teachers label and stereotypes’ pupils
-Assumes once labels made it always sticks
- to deterministic

Question 29

Criticisms of internal factors- Woods

Answer 29

Ritualism and retreatism

Question 30

Critics of internal factor- Furlong?

Answer 30

Pupils go through many teaching so labelling isnt fixed

Question 31

Criticisms of internal factor- Cultural and maternal deprivation factors?

Answer 31

Ignores factors such as cultural and material deprivation

Question 32

Criticisms of internal factors-
Other factors

Answer 32

Ignores factors such as gender and ethnicity

Question 33

Criticisms of internal factors- City technical collages?

Answer 33

Specialist voactioanl based schools have been set up to improve the educational chances of underachieving groups