Social Flashcards
1
Q
The scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other individuals, or "social stimuli," is referred to as what?
A
Social
Psychology
2
Q
Kurt Lewin developed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which examined interaction patterns between the individual and the total environment, and posited that people typically move toward goals in the field that are satisfying and away from goals that are negative or threaten their needs.
A
Field Theory
(field = one’s
immediate
environment)
3
Q
Lewin’s Field Theory holds that conflict occurs
when forces directing one toward or away from
goals are opposite in direction and about equal in
strength. The 3 types of conflicts are ________,
which occurs when one is forced to choose
between 2 equally attractive goals, _______,
which occurs when one has to choose between 2
equally unattractive goals, and ________, which
occurs when one is both attracted to and
repelled by the same situation at the same time.
A
Approach-approach (e.g., person receives 2 equally attractive date requests for the same night); avoidance-avoidance (e.g., person does not like job, but only other option is unemployment); approach-avoidance (e.g., teen chooses to go to a party with knowledge he will be grounded for doing so)
4
Q
According to Field Theory, what are the typical response patterns to each of the 3 conflict situations discussed by Lewin?
A
Approach-approach = initial ambivalence, then
goal person chose to move toward becomes
more attractive and the other goal less attractive;
avoidance-avoidance = initially attempt to move
away from both goals- if that does not work,
person vacillates between the 2 goals until an
equilibrium is achieved; approach-avoidance =
person remains in field and eventually reaches a
stable equilibrium where approach and
avoidance forces are balanced
5
Q
The tendency to experience intrusive thoughts about an objective that was once pursued but left incomplete is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and suggests that people are better able to remember uncompleted tasks than completed tasks.
A
The
Zeigarnik
Effect
6
Q
Bem's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ posits that we develop self-concept by observing our own behavior similar to how we observe others' behavior and inferring what we think or how we feel based on such observations.
A
Self-Perception
Theory
7
Q
In support of self-perception theory, what study found that subjects who did not receive prior information regarding a drug's effect adopted the affect (either euphoric or angry) of a confederate?
A
Schacter’s
Epinephrine
Study
8
Q
Based on his epinephrine study findings, Schacter developed his \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which posits that to experience a specific emotion, one must first experience physiological arousal, and then must cognitively interpret that arousal- the reactions of others helps in this interpretation process.
A
Two-factor
theory of
emotion
9
Q
A child who once enjoyed learning new things, yet developed an aversion to academics after she started school where her learning was rewarded with grades exemplifies what?
A
Overjustification Hypothesis: Rewarding a person for an activity they enjoy undermines their genuine interest in the activity, thereby diminishing the activity's inherent enjoyability
10
Q
A person who engages in an activity of genuine interest is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ motivated, whereas behavior done to receive a reward such as money or accolades is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ motivated.
A
Intrinsically;
extrinsically
11
Q
What theory suggests that, due to our drive to evaluate our own opinions and abilities, we evaluate ourselves by comparing ourselves to similar others when we feel uncertain about our abilities or opinions?
A
Social
Comparison
Theory
12
Q
According to social comparison theory, when are people most likely to make downward comparisons, such as comparing oneself to others who are inferior, less successful, or less fortunate?
A
When one feels threatened, when a negative characteristic is subject to evaluation, and in people with low self-esteem
13
Q
The idea that people would rather be known and understood by others according to their own self-concept, regardless of whether their self-concept is positive or negative, is asserted by what theory?
A
Self-Verification
Theory (suggests
we’d rather be
right than happy)
14
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Depressed people tend to seek more negative feedback and rejection from others.
A
TRUE: Research supports self-verification theory's position that people seek confirmation of their self-concept, even if it is negative and exacerbates symptoms
15
Q
This theory is concerned with the ways in which people perceive and think about the behaviors of themselves or others, exploring how people attempt to make inferences about the causes of observed behavior.
A
Attribution
Theory
16
Q
The tendency to overestimate the role of personal factors while underestimating the impact of situational factors when attempting to understand or explain the behavior of others is referred to as what?
A
Fundamental Attribution Error (e.g., a person cuts me off and I immediately assume he is a jerk without considering situational factors, such as disruptive children or car problems)
17
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Just as we are prone to the fundamental attribution error when explaining others' behavior, so too are we prone when explaining our own behavior.
A
FALSE: While the focus is more on personal attributions when explaining the behavior of others, we are more likely to make situational attributions when explaining our own behavior (referred to as the Actor-Observer Effect)
18
Q
While the actor-observer effect tends to hold true when explaining personal failures, successful behaviors usually lead to a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, whereby one is more likely to make dispositional (personal) rather than situational attributions.
A
Self-serving
bias
19
Q
What are the 3 original and 2 additional dimensions to Weiner's taxonomy in his Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion?
A
Original: internal/external, stable/unstable, controllable/uncontrollable; Additional: intentional/unintentional, global/specific
20
Q
This term refers to a person's belief about the causes of good and bad results in her life; a person with a high \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ one believes that her behavior is guided by fate or luck, while a person with a high \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ believes her behavior is a product of her own decisions and efforts.
A
Locus of
control;
external;
internal
21
Q
A person who hears about another person being mugged and immediately assumes tha person did something to deserve such treatment exemplifies what notion first hypothesized by Lerner?
A
The Just-World Hypothesis, which refers to the human tendency to want to believe the world is just so strongly that otherwise inexplicable injustices are rationalized by blaming the victim
22
Q
According to Derald Sue, locus of control and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ intersect to create 4 possible worldviews that are largely influenced by a person's racial and ethnic identity.
A
Locus of
responsibility
23
Q
According to Sue, people with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ responsibility view successes and failures as due to their own efforts and abilities; common in dominant US culture; may hinder a therapist's capacity to understand their minority client's worldview.
A
Internal;
internal
24
Q
According to Sue, people with ________
control and ________ responsibility
recognize their ability to shape their own
lives, though acknowledge some external
barriers exist (e.g., discrimination); clients
with this worldview are more likely to be
active in therapy and expect the therapist
to be equally as active.
A
Internal;
external
25
Q
According to Sue, people with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ responsibility are typically marginalized and feel they have little influence over their fate, largely as a result of personal faults rather than discrimination or racism; as clients, people with this worldview should be reminded of the political forces contributing to their dilemma.
A
External;
internal
26
Q
According to Sue, people with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ responsibility feel powerless over their lives and blame outside forces (e.g., government) for it; as clients, people with this worldview are helped by being taught new coping strategies and receiving validation for who they are.
A
External;
external
27
Q
A political TV commentator who makes the claim that "most Americans" agree with him on a particular issue, despite a lack of evidence, could be said to be engaging in what phenomenon?
A
False Consensus Bias (Effect), which refers to one's tendency to project his own beliefs/feelings onto other people and assume they are shared
28
Q
According to Asch, certain personality characteristics, which he called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, seem to imply more about a person than other characteristics (e.g., warm-cold).
A
Central
traits
29
Q
If Person A is provided a list of traits about Person B, with the beginning traits being more positive and the traits at the end of the list more negative, what type of impression is Person B most likely to leave on Person A?
A
Positive, based on the primacy effect, which states that initial characteristics leave the strongest impression (regardless of whether they are positive or negative), unless the presentation of the conflicting descriptions is interrupted
30
Q
This is the tendency to weigh negative information more than positive information when evaluating others.
A
Trait
negativity
bias
31
Q
The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions is referred to as what?
A
Confirmation
bias
32
Q
Exemplifying confirmation bias, what did Rosenhan's pseudopatient study reveal when 8 mentally healthy confederates admitted themselves into a mental hospital?
A
While real patients were able to recognize that the pseudopatients were not mentally ill, psychiatrists and staff members did not, illustrating that we tend to view reality in terms of our own beliefs and impressions about it
33
Q
This phenomenon occurs when a person's expectations about the behavior of themselves or others leads to fulfillment of those expectations due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.
A
Self-fulfilling prophecy (aka Pygmalion Effect based on Rosenthal's and Jacobson's research)
34
Q
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a cognitive belief that ascribes certain traits to specific groups of people; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to negative feelings about people based exclusively on their group membership; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when behavior is directed against people due to their affiliation with a specific group.
A
Stereotype;
prejudice;
discrimination
35
Q
The belief that men are more independent, assertive, and dominant while woman are sensitive, dependent, warm, and people-oriented is a good example of what?
A
Gender
role
stereotype
36
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Prejudice, being largely determined by cultural and social forces, is effectively addressed by the implementation of interventions such as anti-discrimination laws (e.g., affirmative action).
A
FALSE: Such interventions will not have an immediate impact due to prejudice being so sternly internalized, though overt behaviors may change
37
Q
According to Adorno et al., the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by rigidity in thought, conventionality, submissiveness to authority, sexual inhibition, and intolerance of those who are different; those characterized this way were typically raised by domineering parents who used harsh disciplinary measures.
A
Authoritarian
(prejudiced)
personality
38
Q
Based on this theory, prejudice and discrimination are a product of one's drive to enhance his own self-esteem, which is done by believing one's own group (the in-group) is attractive while lambasting members of other groups (the out-group).
A
Social
Identity
Theory
39
Q
Findings from Sherif's Robber's Cave Study revealed that, while prejudice, racism, and discrimination are difficult to address, the introduction of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ seems to be effective in attenuating intergroup hostility.
A
Superordinate goals, or goals that are shared and require cooperation between different groups
40
Q
Children learning in what type of an environment, where material is divided into subtopics and each student is responsible for learning and teaching one subtopic to other students, tend to be less prejudiced, like school more, and have higher self-esteem?
A
Jigsaw
Classroom
