Neuropsychology Flashcards
1
Q
The nervous system consists of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
A
Central nervous
system (CNS);
peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
2
Q
Regarding the PNS, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ controls the actions of skeletal muscles, is responsible for voluntary movement, and responds to signals from the 5 senses; the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ regulates involuntary activity (e.g., heartbeat, breathing) and has 2 subdivisions- the sympathetic and parasympathetic.
A
Somatic nervous
system;
autonomic
nervous system
3
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ division of the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the body's resources and prepares for "fight or flight," while the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ system deactivates the once active organs and is active during relaxation.
A
Sympathetic;
parasympathetic
4
Q
This part of the CNS is responsible for carrying information between the brain and the PNS.
A
Spinal
cord
5
Q
These are the information processing units of the nervous system and are made of 3 primary parts: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon.
A
Neurons
6
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are short fibers at the end of a cell body that respond to stimulation from other neurons and carry this information toward the cell body, while the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a single fiber that carries information away from the cell body
A
Dendrites;
axon
7
Q
The electrochemical process by which information is received and processed within a neuron, whereby a cell becomes electrically excited, "fires," and creates a nerve impulse called an action potential is referred to as what?
A
Conduction
8
Q
The fact that, in any given neuron, the action potential is the same magnitude every time it occurs is referred to as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; basically, once the minimal threshold of electrical stimulation is reached, a neuron fires.
A
All-Or-None
Law
9
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Stronger electrical stimulation generates more action potentials in a neuron and causes them to occur in a greater numb
A
TRUE: Though size and speed of an action potential are NOT related to stimulation intensity
10
Q
What 2 factors
have an effect
on the speed of
conduction?
A
Diameter of
the axon and
myelin sheath
11
Q
What is the small space that separates individual neurons called?
A
Synapse
(or synaptic
cleft)
12
Q
This term means "partial paralysis" and is characterized by muscle weakness without full paralysis; one cause is less severe damage to the spinal cord.
A
Paresis
13
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when one half of a person's body is paralyzed, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when a person experiences loss of use of all limbs, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when the lower extremities of a person's body is paralyzed.
A
Hemiplegia;
quadriplegia;
paraplegia
14
Q
What term refers to the process whereby terminal buttons take up and store excess neurotransmitters for future use?
A
Reuptake
15
Q
The breaking down of unused neurotransmitters into inactive metabolites that are eventually removed as waste is called what?
A
Enzymatic
degradation
16
Q
Neurotransmitters that have an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ effect on post-synaptic cells increase the likelihood that an action potential will occur, while those with an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ effect decrease the chances of an action potential occurring.
A
Excitatory;
inhibitory
17
Q
This neurotransmitter causes muscles to contract and is associated with impairments in voluntary movement; in the brain it is involved in learning/memory, with depletion of its receptors in the cortex and hippocampus occurring in Alzheimer's disease.
A
Acetylcholine
ACh
18
Q
What are neurons
that secrete
acetylcholine
called?
A
Cholinergic
neurons
19
Q
What 3 neurotransmitters are grouped into the class referred to as catecholamines?
A
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine
20
Q
Depleted levels of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at brain synapses are associated with some types of depression, while excessive levels are associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Norepinephrine;
dopamine;
schizophrenia
21
Q
With respect to movement, excess dopamine or an increased sensitivity to dopamine receptors is related to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while degeneration of dopamine secreting neurons is linked to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Tourette’s
syndrome;
Parkinson’s
disease
22
Q
A lack of this neurotransmitter is linked to depression, OCD, PTSD, and aggression, while high levels play a role in schizophrenia, anorexia, and autism.
A
Serotonin
23
Q
The most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, low levels of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are associated with anxiety and Parkinson's disease, while deficits in the brain's motor regions is associated with dementia and involuntary jerking of the arms and legs.
A
Gamma-Amino
Butyric Acid
(GABA)
24
Q
What primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is associated with learning, memory, and long-term potentiation (transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory)?
A
Glutamate
25
```
These neuromodulators bind to
opiate receptor sites, reducing
activity in the thalamus and
cerebral cortex, thereby
inhibiting feelings of pain and
increasing feelings of pleasure.
```
Endorphins
(endogenous
morphine)
26
This area of the
brain consists of
the brain stem and
the cerebellum.
Hindbrain
27
What 2 parts of
the brain are
contained in
the brain stem?
Medulla
Oblongota
and Pons
28
```
The ________ contains
vital centers that control
digestion, blood pressure,
heart rate, and breathing;
damage to it often leads to
death.
```
Medulla
| Oblongota
29
```
Lying directly above the
medulla and connecting
the 2 sides of the
cerebellum, the ________
helps in the regulation of
arousal states.
```
Pons
30
```
What brain structure,
sitting on top of the
medulla and pons, is
responsible for maintaining
balance, coordinating
movements, and
controlling posture?
```
Cerebellum
31
```
This condition occurs
with damage to the
cerebellum and is
characterized by slurred
speech, severe tremors,
and loss of balance.
```
Ataxia
32
```
This area of the brain
contains the substantia
nigra and reticular
formation; all information
passing between the brain
and the spinal cord passes
through it.
```
Midbrain (aka
| mesencephalon)
33
```
Parkinson's
disease results
from degeneration
of neurons in this
brain structure.
```
Substantia
| Nigra
34
```
What brain structure
plays a role in
respiration and reflex
control, pain and touch
sensations, and sleep
and arousal?
```
Reticular
| Formation
35
```
The ________ is crucial for
maintaining a waking state,
arousal, and attention; neurons
from it arouse the brain and
facilitate information reception
by appropriate neural
structures.
```
Reticular
Activating
System
36
```
This area of the brain
contains the
hypothalamus,
thalamus, basal ganglia,
limbic system, and
cerebral cortex.
```
Forebrain
37
```
The ________ is responsible
for maintaining the body's
homeostasis (temperature, fluid
levels, metabolism, etc.) and
also plays a role in intentional
behaviors such as feeding, sex,
aggression, and maternal
behavior.
```
Hypothalamus
(remember 4
F's: Fight, Flight,
Feed, Fornicate)
38
```
What brain structure relays
incoming sensory information to
the cortex for all senses but
olfaction, is involved in
language, memory, and motor
activity, and regulates
consciousness, sleep, and
alertness?
```
Thalamus
39
```
The ________ code and relay
information related to control of
voluntary movement, sensorimotor
learning, and motoric expressions
of emotion; abnormalities in it are
linked with Tourette's, Parkinson's
and Huntington's disease,
depression, mania, OCD, and
psychosis.
```
Basal
| Ganglia
40
```
This consists of a group of
brain structures
(amygdala, septum,
hippocampus) that work
together to mediate the
emotional component of
behavior.
```
Limbic
| System
41
```
This limbic system structure
plays a role in the processing
and memory of emotional
reactions and mediates
defensive/aggressive behavior;
lesions in it produce
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome.
```
Amygdala
42
```
The ________ serves to
inhibit emotionality; in rats,
lesions produce
hyper-emotionality and
rage, while electrical
stimulation is extremely
pleasurable.
```
Septum
43
```
This limbic system structure is
involved in learning and
memory, particularly
transferring new information
from short-term to long-term
memory; damage to this area
can cause anterograde
amnesia.
```
Hippocampus
44
```
This is the last part of the
brain to stop growing and
undergoes more structural
change following birth than
any other part of the
central nervous system.
```
Cerebral
| cortex
45
```
What term refers to the fact
that the left hemisphere of the
brain controls functions on
the right side of the body,
while the right hemisphere
controls functions on the left
side of the body?
```
Contralateral
| representation
46
What are the 4
lobes of the
cerebral
cortex?
Frontal;
Parietal;
Occipital;
Temporal
47
```
The ________ is involved in
motor behavior, executive
functions, expressive language,
and orientation to person,
place, and time; it consists of
the primary motor, premotor,
and prefrontal cortex
```
The frontal
| lobe
48
```
Damage to a specific area of the
premotor cortex of the frontal lobe
can produce ________, which is
characterized by a severe
deficiency in expressive language
(e.g., speech is slow and poorly
articulated, very few words are
used).
```
Broca's
aphasia (aka
expressive
aphasia)
49
```
Damage to this area of the
frontal lobe usually results
in decreased motivation,
difficulty making decisions,
deficient self-awareness,
poor social control, and
perseveration.
```
Prefrontal
| cortex
50
```
What lobe of the brain
contains the primary
auditory cortex and is
associated with
memory, emotion, and
receptive language?
```
The
temporal
lobe
51
```
Caused by damage to particular
area of the temporal lobe,
________ is characterized by
severe deficits in language
comprehension; speech is usually
normal sounding but does not make
sense and familiar objects are
unable to be named (dysnomia)
```
Wernicke's
aphasia (aka
fluent or receptive
aphasia)
52
```
This lobe of the brain
integrates sensory
information from different
modalities, particularly
determining spatial sense
and navigation.
```
The
parietal
lobe
53
```
Parietal lobe damage can lead
to ________, or the inability to
identify objects by touch,
_______, or the inability to
make intentional movement
despite normal motor function,
and/or ________, or the
inability to read/write
```
Agnosia;
apraxia;
agraphia
54
```
This part of the brain
contains the visual
cortex; damage can
lead to ________, or the
inability to recognize
familiar objects by sight.
```
The occipital
lobe; visual
agnosia
55
```
What term is used to
describe the fact that
some higher level cortical
functions are controlled
more by either the left or
right hemisphere of the
brain?
```
Lateralization
| of function
56
```
The ________ is a
bundle of fibers that
enables communication
between the left and
right hemispheres of the
brain.
```
Corpus
| callosum
57
```
In general, the ________
hemisphere is associated with
creativity, understanding spatial
relations, emotional expression,
and facial recognition while the
________ hemisphere is involved
with analytical thinking, logic, and
language (written and spoken)
```
Right;
| left
58
```
What theory of emotion posits that
emotions occur as the result of
one's perception of physiological
changes occurring in response to
environmental stimuli (e.g., "I am
trembling so I must be afraid," "I am
crying so I must be sad")?
```
James-Lange
| Theory
59
```
The ________ theory of emotion
suggests emotions and physiological
changes (e.g., muscle tension, sweating)
are experienced simultaneously; it is
predicted that the thalamus and cortex
are stimulated at the same time,
producing simultaneous arousal of the
sympathetic nervous system and
emotional feeling
```
Cannon-Bard
60
```
This theory of emotion, based on
research by Schachter and Singer,
posits that most emotional states
produce similar physical
sensations, while the specific
emotion experienced is a product of
one's attribution for the cause of
those sensations.
```
Cognitive-Arousal
Theory (aka
Two-Factor
Theory)
61
```
What are the 6 "basic
emotions" accepted
as being universally
experienced by all
humans?
```
Fear, anger,
joy, sadness,
surprise, and
disgust
62
```
The ________, proposed by
Schachter, Stunkard, and Rodin,
suggests that obese people overeat
because they are inherently more
sensitive to certain external cues
than internal cues (e.g., eat
because food tastes good despite
satiety)
```
Externality
| hypothesis
63
```
Regarding human
sexual behavior,
what are the 2
primary sources of
sex hormone?
```
Pituitary gland
and gonads
(ovaries/testes
64
```
Of the hormones produced by the
gonads, ________, which include
testosterone, are involved in sexual
interest and cause the development
of secondary sex characteristics in
males; _______ and ________ are
found primarily in women and are
necessary for healthy reproductive
function.
```
Androgens;
estrogens;
progesterone
65
```
What occurs in women as a
result of a drop in estrogen,
progesterone, and testosterone
and is characterized by hot
flashes, insomnia, mood
swings, urinary incontinence,
and vaginal changes?
```
Menopause
66
```
Research has shown
that low desire for sex in
women seems to be
correlated more with a
lack of ________ rather
than ________.
```
Androgens;
| estrogens
67
```
In terms of sexual
function, a man who is
paralyzed from the waist
down would most likely
be able to what?
```
Attain an
erection but
not ejaculate
68
```
During periods of relaxed
wakefulness, ________
waves are typically found
on an EEG, while
________ waves are more
predominant during active,
alert states.
```
Alpha;
| beta
69
```
During this period of sleep,
paradoxically, EEG activity
is typical of an aroused
nervous system, while the
person's responsiveness
to the environment is very
low
```
REM (rapid
eye
movement)
70
TRUE or FALSE:
Dreaming only
occurs during
REM sleep.
```
FALSE: Research suggests
that dreaming occurs in
non-REM sleep, though REM
dreams are more vivid,
emotionally-laden, and more
likely to be remembered
```
71
```
As people age, the total
amount of sleep time
________ and the
proportion of non-REM
to REM sleep
________.
```
Decreases;
| increases
72
```
This term refers to the
strengthening of the connection
between 2 neurons in the
hippocampus that lasts for an
extended period of time; it is
commonly regarded as the
cellular basis of memory.
```
Long-term
| potentiation
73
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Research has
suggested that
RNA may play a
role in memory.
```
```
TRUE: Untrained organisms
injected with RNA from
trained organisms learned
conditioned responses more
quickly than control
organisms (*controversial
issue)
```
74
```
What bodily system is
made up of ductless,
hormone secreting glands
that travel through the
blood to influence organ
function?
```
The
endocrine
system
75
```
Referred to as the "master
gland," the ________ secretes
hormones that act directly on
organs (e.g., growth hormone,
antidiuretic hormone) as well as
hormones that influence the
secretions of other glands.
```
Pituitary
| gland
76
```
What hormone stimulates
growth by acting on the
epiphyseal plates at the ends of
bones and, when over-secreted
or under-secreted, can lead to
giantism or dwarfism,
respectively?
```
Growth
hormone (aka
somatotropic
hormone)
77
```
When necessary body fluids
are low, this hormone inhibits
urination; diabetes insipidus
(excessive water loss) is the
result of under-secretion of
this hormone.
```
Antidiuretic
hormone (or
Vasopressin)
78
```
The pituitary gland
releases ________
hormone, influencing the
release of ________,
which stimulates the liver
to convert energy stores
into glucose.
```
Adrenocorticotropic
| (ACTH); cortisol
79
```
Under-secretion of ACTH causes
________, which is characterized
by fatigue, appetite loss,
depression, and fainting spells;
over-secretion leads to ________,
which is characterized by obesity,
memory loss, depression, mood
swings, and somatic delusions.
```
Addison's
Disease;
Cushing's
Disease
80
What is true about
a person's cortisol
levels throughout a
single day?
They typically
peak early in
the day and fall
in the evening
81
What gland controls
metabolism through
its release of the
hormone thyroxin?
Thyroid
| gland
82
```
________ involves slowed metabolism,
reduced appetite, weight gain, decreased
heart rate and body temp, low libido,
depression, and impaired cognitive
processes (e.g., concentration, memory);
symptoms of ________ include high body
temp, increased metabolism, increased
appetite, weight loss, nervousness,
agitation, fatigue, insomnia, mania, and
decreased capacity for attention.
```
Hypothyroidism;
Hyperthyroidism
(Grave's
Disease)
83
```
The pancreas releases
________, which functions to
help the body absorb and make
use of glucose and amino
acids; the body's inability to
produce it causes ________,
while over-production leads to
________.
```
Insulin;
diabetes
mellitus;
hypoglycemia
84
```
Of the 2 kinds of receptors in the
eye, ________ are sensitive only to
brightness levels and are
specifically adapted to sense stimuli
in low levels of light, while
________ are responsible for
seeing color and function only in
brighter environments.
```
Rods;
| cones
85
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Information seen with
the right eye travels only
to the left hemisphere of
the brain, and vice
versa.
```
```
FALSE: It travels to both
hemispheres, as both eyes
receive info from the left and
right visual field; however,
information from one visual
field is transmitted only to the
opposite hemisphere
```
86
```
The ability to orient oneself
toward the direction of a
sound, indicated by the
turning of one's head
toward the sound, is
referred to as what?
```
Auditory
| localization
87
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Depressive disorders and
alcohol dependence are
more common in the
first-degree relatives of
people with chronic pain.
```
TRUE: This suggests
an environmental or
genetic predisposition
for developing pain
88
```
According to this theory of pain,
activation of nerves that do not
transmit pain signals can interfere
with signals from pain fibers and
inhibit one's perception of pain
(e.g., massaging sore muscles =
afferent, engaging in distracting
mental activities = efferent)
```
Gate-Control
| Theory
89
```
What sense is considered the
most primitive (phylogenetically
lowest) due to the fact that
information received by it is not
relayed from the thalamus to
the cortex, but runs directly to
the limbic system?
```
Smell
| olfaction
90
```
This term refers to the
study of the relationship
between the magnitude of
physical stimuli and
psychological sensations
(subjective correlates;
percepts).
```
Psychophysics
91
```
According to psychophysics, the
level of intensity of a stimulus at
which a subject is able to detect the
presence of the stimulus some
proportion (usually 50%) of the time
(e.g., the softest a sound can be
and still be heard) is referred to as
what?
```
Absolute
hreshold (aka
detection
threshold)
92
```
What psychophysics term
refers to the magnitude of the
difference between 2 stimuli of
differing intensities that a
subject is able to detect some
proportion (usually 50%) of the
time (e.g., differences in small
changes in weight of an item)?
```
Difference
threshold (aka
just noticeable
difference)
93
```
While Fechner's law of psychophysics
states that changes in the magnitude of a
physical stimulus are logarithmically
related to changes in physical
sensations, Stevens' ________ proposes
there is an exponential relationship
between the magnitude of physical
stimuli and internal sensations, with the
exponent varying for different types of
stimuli.
```
Power
| law
94
```
________ brain imaging techniques
include Computerized Axial
Tomography (CAT or CT scan) and
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI), which take a series of
images at different levels of the
brain providing direct visualization
of structures and features.
```
Structural
95
```
Regarding structural brain imaging
techniques, ________ measures density
of brain tissue and is helpful in identifying
tumors, blood clots, tissue damage, and
multiple sclerosis, while ________
provides 3D images with more precise
detail, does not require the use of x-rays
and is useful in examining the central
nervous system.
```
CT scan;
| MRI
96
```
What types of brain
imaging techniques
include Positron Emission
Tomography (PET) and
single photon emission
computed tomography
(SPECT).
```
Functional
| techniques
97
```
This functional brain imaging
technique uses small amounts of
injected radioactive material to
measure regional cerebral blood
flow, glucose metabolism, or
oxygen consumption; it is useful for
identifying brain dysfunction due to
stroke, epilepsy, tumor, and other
conditions.
```
Positron
Emission
Tomography
(PET)
98
Regarding focal brain syndromes, ________
refers to impaired ability to produce or
comprehend written or spoken language,
________ refers to impaired reading abilities,
________ involves impaired ability to execute
learned purposeful movements, ________ is the
inability to recognize familiar objects in the
absence of a primary sensory system
disturbance, and ________ is the inability (or
unwillingness) to acknowledge one's own
functional impairment.
Aphasia;
alexia; apraxia;
agnosia;
anosognosia
99
```
Often mistaken for aphasia,
what condition involves
problems in articulation due to
lesions or disease that disrupt
the control of speech (e.g.,
Parkinson's disease,
Huntington's chorea, and
multiple sclerosis)?
```
Dysarthria
100
```
A person with ________ apraxia
cannot respond to commands
requiring particular movement (e.g.,
pick up a fork) but may be able to
do so spontaneously, while those
with ________ apraxia cannot draw
or copy simple figures or arrange
blocks in a pattern.
```
Ideomotor;
| constructional
101
```
A person with this type
of visual agnosia is
unable to recognize
objects by sight but can
identify them by touch.
```
Aperceptive
| agnosia
102
```
A person who is unable to
recognize familiar faces, though
maintains the capacity to
recognize other objects, and
can identify others by the
sound of their voice, style of
dress, or other characteristics
likely has this type of agnosia.
```
Prosopagnosia
103
```
A person who begins experiencing
dull headaches, seizures, nausea
and projectile vomiting, changes in
vision and hearing, and/or other
focal neurological signs (e.g.,
localized sensory loss,
paresthesias, ataxia) is exhibiting
symptoms of what?
```
Brain
| tumor
104
```
What occurs when blood flow to
the brain experiences a severe,
sudden interference, such as
by a blood clot (embolism) or
hemorrhage, which leads to the
onset of neurological
symptoms?
```
Stroke (aka
cerebrovascular
accident, or
CVA)
105
```
TRUE or FALSE: Symptoms
caused by an open head
injury (e.g., gun shot wound)
tend to resolve more rapidly
than problems caused by a
closed head injury (e.g.,
severe car accident).
```
```
TRUE: Open head injuries
are usually focal, affecting
a specific part of the brain,
while closed head injuries
are more diffuse and lead
to widespread damage
```
106
```
What is the best
overall predictor of
prognosis following
a closed head
injury?
```
Duration of
anterograde
(posttraumatic)
amnesia
107
```
This neurodegenerative genetic
disorder is characterized by
affective and personality changes,
forgetfulness, and most
prominently, motor symptoms such
as incoordination, clumsiness, and
eventually involuntary jerky
movements.
```
Huntington's
Chorea (chorea =
involuntary writhing
movements)
108
```
What motor disorder is
characterized by muscle rigidity,
tremor, involuntary movements,
akinesia (slowed movement,
emotionless speech, blank facial
expression), posture and
equilibrium disturbances, and often
depression?
```
Parkinson's
| Disease
109
```
What type of antidepressants
work by blocking
norepinephrine and serotonin
reuptake at the synapse, and
are used not only to treat
depression, but panic attacks,
OCD, bulimia, chronic pain, and
agoraphobia?
```
```
Tricyclics (e.g.,
imipramine [Tofranil],
clomipramine
[Anafranil],
amitriptyline [Elavil])
```
110
```
Commonly used to treat
depression, OCD, panic
disorder, binge eating, and
other anxiety disorders,
________ work by inhibiting the
reuptake of serotonin, thereby
increasing the availability at the
synapse.
```
```
Selective Serotonin
Reuptake Inhibitors
(e.g., fluoxetine
[Prozac], sertraline
[Zoloft], paroxetine
[Paxil])
```
111
```
Use of an SSRI causes some
people to experience
unpleasant sensations of
inner restlessness that
manifests itself as an inability
to remain still. This is referred
to as what?
```
Akathesia
112
```
Usually used to treat atypical
symptoms of depression,
________ block the action of
enzymes that break down
norepinephrine and serotonin,
thereby making them more
available at synapses.
```
```
Monamine Oxidase
Inhibitors (e.g.,
phenelzine [Nardil],
tranylcypromine
[Parnate])
```
113
```
The most popular medication
used to treat Bipolar Disorder,
________ is believed to work
by reducing postsynaptic
responsivity to dopamine and
norepinephrine
```
Lithium
114
What is one of
the most common
side effects of
lithium?
Fine hand
| tremor
115
```
The notion that
schizophrenia is the
result of overactivity
of dopamine is
referred to as what?
```
The
dopamine
hypothesis
116
```
________ antipsychotics (e.g.,
chlorpromazine, haloperidol) are
most useful at alleviating positive
symptoms of psychosis, whereas
________ antipsychotics (e.g.,
clozapine, risperidone) effectively
alleviate both positive and negative
symptoms.
```
Traditional
(typical);
atypical
117
```
One of the most serious side
effects of traditional
antipsychotics, this condition is
characterized by repetitive,
involuntary, purposeless
movements, including lip
smacking, grimacing, puckering
lips, and rapid eye blinking.
```
Tardive
| dyskinesia
118
```
True of False: Symptoms
of tardive dyskinesia can
be expected to
immediately diminish as a
person is gradually
withdrawn from taking the
drug.
```
```
False- usually
symptoms
temporarily
increase before
decreasing
```
119
```
What class of drugs are the most
commonly prescribed to treat
anxiety and panic disorders, are
addictive when improperly used,
and work by enhancing the activity
of GABA, a neurotransmitter that
has an inhibitory effect on the
central nervous system?
```
```
Benzodiazepines
(e.g., diazepam
[Valium], alprazolam
[Xanax], clonazepam
[Klonopin])
```
120
```
This drug is commonly used to
treat anxiety and works by
interrupting impulses to the
reticular activating system; it is
rarely prescribed anymore due
to its addictiveness and the
effectiveness of safer
benzodiazepines.
```
```
Barbiturates (e.g.,
thiopental
[Pentothal],
amobarbital
[Amytal])
```
121
```
Typically used to treat anxiety
disorders, ________ differs
from benzodiazepines and
other anxiolytics in that it does
not produce sedative,
anticonvulsant, or muscle
relaxant side effects, nor does
it appear to be addictive.
```
Buspirone
| BuSpar
122
```
A person presenting with symptoms
of severe anxiety about public
speaking might be prescribed what
type of drug, which is good at
treating the physical symptoms of
anxiety and traditionally used to
treat hypertension, migraine,
essential tremor, and cardiac
arrhythmias?
```
Beta-Blocker
(e.g.,
propranolol
[Inderal])
123
```
Often used to treat ADHD,
________ is a
psychostimulant that
decreases motor activity,
diminishes impulsivity, and
increases concentration
and attention.
```
Methylphenidate
| Ritalin
124
```
TRUE or FALSE: A
person prescribed
Ritalin to treat ADHD is
encouraged to take the
drug continuously for
the best effects.
```
```
FALSE: Psychostimulants
can lead to growth
suppression in youngsters,
thus many doctors
recommend "drug
holidays"
```
