Learning and Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
Generally defined, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the permanent change in potential performance or behavior as the result of experience, requiring some active participation by the organism.
A
Learning
2
Q
Who initially studied animal learning and developed laws believed to be applicable to human learning as well?
A
E.L.
Thorndike
3
Q
Thorndike's idea of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ referred to the observation that when a subject's response was effective at achieving a reward, the response was repeated, while responses that were ineffective were eliminated.
A
Trial-and-error learning (approximates Darwin's notion of adaptive selection)
4
Q
According to Thorndike, what are the 3 main conditions that maximize stimulus-response learning?
A
Law of Effect,
Law of Exercise,
and Law of
Readiness
5
Q
Thorndike's Law of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ states that response recurrence is governed by its consequence, usually in the form of reward or punishment- with increased satisfaction comes strengthening of the response, while discomfort leads to weakening of the response.
A
Effect (a direct
precursor to
Skinner’s principle
of reinforcement)
6
Q
What law, according to Thorndike, states that stimulus-response associations are strengthened through repetition?
A
Law of
Exercise
7
Q
Thorndike's Law of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ states that before a subject experiences satisfaction by performing an act, he must first be prepared to perform the act.
A
Readiness
8
Q
Considered one of Thorndike's minor laws, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ states that when an act has satisfying consequences, the pleasure becomes associated with other acts that occur at approximately the same time.
A
Law of
Spread of
Effect
9
Q
According to Thorndike's Theory of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, new learning is facilitated by
previous learning ("transfer of training")
only to the extent that the new learning
contains elements identical to those in
the previous, otherwise the amount of
transfer is determined by the number of
elements shared by both situations.
A
Identical
elements
10
Q
Generally considered the "father of modern behaviorism," he believed psychologists should focus only on observable, measurable behaviors and argued that differences in experience account for differences in behavior.
A
John B. Watson
(introduced the
term “behaviorism”
in 1912)
11
Q
Developed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, this paradigm contended that a response that is regularly elicited by a given stimulus would also be elicited by a substitute stimulus if the substitute were presented just prior to the original, and eventually the substitute will elicit the response on its own.
A
Pavlov;
Classical
Conditioning
12
Q
In Pavlov's dog/salivation experiment, the food was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the dog's natural salivation was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; the bell was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ until it began to cause the dog to salivate, then it became the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while the salivation in response to the bell was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
13
Q
According to Pavlov, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ conditioning refers to when the conditioned stimulus precedes and overlaps the unconditioned stimulus, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ conditioning involves the unconditioned stimulus coming before the conditioned stimulus.
A
Delayed;
backward
14
Q
Of the different types of conditioning, which produces the strongest and most rapidly acquired response, and which is the least effective?
A
Delayed conditioning is best, while backward usually leads to no conditioning
15
Q
The diminishing of a conditioned response (salivation) due to repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (bell) outside the presence of an unconditioned stimulus (food) is referred to as what?
A
Extinction
16
Q
This refers to the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus that had stopped producing a response, which indicates extinguished responses are more likely suppressed than forgotten.
A
Spontaneous
recovery
17
Q
This term refers to when a more salient conditioned stimulus is more strongly conditioned than a less salient conditioned stimulus, sometimes occurring when 2 simultaneous conditioned stimuli of different salience are paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
A
Overshadowing
18
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when the extinction of a response to an overshadowing conditioned stimulus leads to an increased conditioned response to the less salient conditioned stimulus.
A
Cue
deflation
effect
19
Q
In Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, Albert's eventual fear of all objects of a white and furry nature exemplifies what phenomenon?
A
Stimulus generalization (suggests responses/learning can generalize to similar to stimuli)
20
Q
In what type of learning does one stimulus serve as a connecting link between 2 other stimuli that are never paired?
A
Mediated stimulus
generalization (or
mediated
generalization)
21
Q
This occurs when one stimulus is reinforced while others are not, leading to a conditioned response to only the reinforced stimulus.
A
Stimulus
discrimination
22
Q
According to Pavlov, what occurs when a discrimination task is too difficult and the stimuli cannot be differentiated readily enough, leading to noticeable changes in behavior?
A
Experimental
neurosis
23
Q
The process of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when a well-conditioned stimulus (bell) becomes an unconditioned stimulus and is paired with a new stimulus (light), leading to the new stimulus producing the conditioned response (salivation), though slightly weaker- all without the original unconditioned stimulus (food).
A
Higher-order conditioning (third-order conditioning never achieved)
24
Q
In the process of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, two conditioned stimuli (light and tone) are paired during preconditioning sessions; one conditioned stimulus (tone) is then paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food), which produces a conditioned response (salivation); when the other conditioned stimulus (light) is presented, the same conditioned response occurs, though weaker.
A
Sensory
preconditioning
25
```
This occurs when one conditioned
stimulus inhibits the learning of a
second conditioned stimulus; when
2 conditioned stimuli are paired
simultaneously with an
unconditioned stimulus, only the
first conditioned stimulus evokes
the conditioned response.
```
Blocking
26
```
This occurs when 2 conditioned
stimuli are simultaneously paired
with an unconditioned stimulus and
then only 1 conditioned stimulus
continues to be paired with the
unconditioned stimulus, leading to a
weakening of conditioning to the
other conditioned stimulus.
```
Backward
| blocking
27
```
This term refers to when a
subject becomes
conditioned more to the
experimental/learning
conditions themselves
rather than the intended
conditioned stimulus.
```
Pseudoconditioning
28
```
This term refers to the
technique of pairing an
undesirable behavior with
an incompatible behavior
so that the undesirable
behavior is eliminated.
```
Counterconditioning
29
```
Developed by J. Wolpe, ________
encourages a person to imagine the
feared object/situation while
engaging in a response that is
incompatible with the anxiety
usually produced; he referred to the
underlying process as ________.
```
Systematic
desensitization;
reciprocal
inhibition
30
```
What counterconditioning technique
encourages the repeated practice
of appropriate and effective ways of
dealing with real-life situations that
are difficult for the client; the
therapist provides feedback until
the behavior is normal for the client.
```
Behavioral
| rehearsal
31
```
This counterconditioning technique
is used to reduce performance
anxiety evoked by sexual situations;
it involves training a couple to relax
and engage in sexual touching and
exploration, without pressure to
achieve arousal, erection, or
orgasm.
```
Sensate
| focus
32
```
What technique based on classical
extinction involves exposing the
client to the anxiety-inducing
stimulus, without pairing the feared
stimulus with an incompatible
response, while preventing the
client from engaging in the typical
avoidance response?
```
Flooding (can
be imaginal
or in-vivo)
33
```
A therapist treating a client
with a fear of heights used
the flooding technique,
which actually led to
increased fear of heights
by the client. What is this
an example of?
```
```
The incubation
effect (or
paradoxical
enhancement
effect)
```
34
```
To avoid the incubation effect,
treatment might include
________, which involves
progressively introducing the
client to certain aspects of the
feared stimulus until the anxiety
response has diminished.
```
Graded
exposure (or
graduated
extinction)
35
```
Research by Foa and
Kozak indicates that
________ flooding is
more effective than
________ flooding.
```
In-vivo;
| imaginal
36
```
According to Stein and
Marks, ________
exposure to an
anxiety-evoking stimulus
is more effective than
________ exposure.
```
Prolonged;
| brief
37
```
What are the disorders
that flooding and graded
exposure have been
shown to be particularly
effective at treating?
```
Agoraphobia and
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorders
38
```
Research suggests that
the underlying principle
of systematic
desensitization is likely
________, rather than
counterconditioning.
```
Exposure to the
feared stimulus
without adverse
consequences
39
```
What technique involves deliberate
exposure to the physical sensations
associated with panic attacks, such
as hyperventilation, shaking head,
racing heart, and body tension, to
reduce the anxiety usually
experienced when these sensations
occur?
```
Interoceptive
| exposure
40
```
Similar to imaginal flooding,
________ imaginal exposure to
a feared stimulus; however, it
differs from flooding in that it
incorporates psychodynamic
themes thought to underlie the
fear into the imagery.
```
Implosive
therapy
(implosion)
41
```
What technique pairs a noxious
stimulus with a behavior
targeted for elimination, or a
stimulus associated with that
behavior, until the avoidance
response elicited by the
noxious stimulus is elicited by
the targeted behavior?
```
Aversive
| conditioning
42
```
In aversive conditioning,
the noxious stimulus is
the ________ and the
target stimulus or
behavior is the
________.
```
Unconditioned
stimulus;
conditioned
stimulus
43
```
This aversive conditioning
technique uses counterconditioning
in imagination, as opposed to
in-vivo, to reduce or eliminate
undesirable behaviors; a person
imagines they are engaging in the
undesirable behavior then imagines
an aversive consequence.
```
```
Covert sensitization,
which is more
effective at treating
paraphilias than
obesity and addictions
```
44
```
According to B.F. Skinner, the term
________ refers to a response that
is voluntarily emitted and learned as
the result of environmental
consequences that follow it, as
opposed to respondent behaviors
that are automatically elicited by
stimuli.
```
Operant
45
```
From the Operant
Conditioning perspective,
events that increase a
behavior are called
________, while events
that decrease a behavior
are called ________.
```
Reinforcers;
| punishers
46
What is the general difference
between the terms "positive"
and "negative" in regards to
reinforcement/punishment?
```
Positive means a
stimulus is applied,
while negative
means a stimulus
is removed
```
47
```
According to Operant
Conditioning, a teenager
who receives an
allowance only after
completing all of his
chores is an example of:
```
Positive
Reinforcement
(apply stimulus to
increase behavior)
48
```
A mother nags her daughter for
not completing her chores;
once the daughter did her
chores, her mother's nagging
ceased. What Operant
Conditioning principle does this
exemplify?
```
```
Negative
Reinforcement
(remove stimulus
to increase
behavior)
```
49
```
Based on Operant
Conditioning, a
shock-collar on a
dog is an example
of what?
```
Positive
Punishment (apply
stimulus to
decrease behavior)
50
```
A child who receives a
"time-out" for performing
an unacceptable
behavior exemplifies
what Operant
Conditioning principle?
```
```
Negative
Punishment
(remove stimulus
to decrease
behavior)
```
51
```
What term refers to the
withdrawal of
reinforcement from a
previously reinforced
behavior so that the
behavior is decreased or
eliminated?
```
Operant
extinction
This behavioral understanding of
52
```
This behavioral understanding of
depression suggests when once
successful behaviors fail to elicit
expected reinforcers, or if reinforcement
becomes so unpredictable the subject is
unable to tell what response works, the
organism stops responding even if
conditions change and the behavior could
be successful again.
```
Learned
| helplessness
53
```
The reformulated learned
helplessness model posits
that depressed people
tend to attribute bad things
that happen to them to
________, ________, and
________ factors.
```
Internal; global;
stable ("I have and
will always fail at
everything I do")
54
```
This model states that depression is
associated with a low rate of
response-contingent positive
reinforcement, suggesting that
people with depression have
deficits in skills that produce
positive reinforcement or minimize
unpleasant outcomes.
```
Lewinsohn's
Behavioral
Model
55
```
When removal of a
reinforcer does not
immediately decrease
behavior, but rather
temporarily increases the
behavior, what has
occurred?
```
Response
| burst
56
```
This occurs when 1 of 2
reinforced behaviors is
extinguished, leading to an
increase in frequency of
the behavior that
continues to be reinforced.
```
Behavioral
| contrast
57
```
What term refers to, after a
behavior has been
extinguished, an
organism's increased
responsiveness in the
absence of any
reinforcement trials?
```
Spontaneous
| recovery
58
```
A ________ reinforcer is inherently
valuable and does not acquire its
reinforcing value through prior
experience (food, water, sex),
whereas a ________ reinforcer
acquires its value only through
repeated pairings with the former
(light paired with food eventually
becomes a reinforcer).
```
Primary;
| secondary
59
```
Money is one example of a
________, which refers to
when secondary reinforcers
acquire a power unrelated to
any individual primary
reinforcer as a result of being
paired with many types of
primary reinforcers.
```
Generalized
conditioned
reinforcers
60
```
What schedule of
reinforcement provides
reinforcement for every
response and leads to fast
learning, fast satiation, and
fast extinction?
```
Continuous
schedule of
reinforcement
61
```
The process of
switching from a
continuous to an
intermittent schedule of
reinforcement is known
as what?
```
Thinning
62
What are the 4
intermittent
schedules of
reinforcement?
Fixed-Ratio (FR);
FixedIinterval (FI);
Variable-Ratio (VR);
Variable-Interval (VI)
63
```
A ________ schedule
provides reinforcement
after a set number of
responses (e.g., rat
receives food pellet after
every 5 bar presses).
```
Fixed-ratio
| FR
64
```
What schedule provides
reinforcement after a set
period of time, regardless
of the number of
responses made (e.g.,
worker receives a
paycheck every 2 weeks)?
```
Fixed-interval
| FI
65
```
On a ________ schedule,
the subject is reinforced
after a variable number of
responses, though the
exact number varies from
reinforcer to reinforcer
(e.g., gambling).
```
Variable-ratio
| VR
66
Variable-ratio
| VR
Variable-interval
| VI
67
```
Associated with fixed-interval
schedules, this occurs when
responding is very slow or
nonexistent immediately following a
reinforcement, then progressively
increases and is finally rapid just
before another reinforcement is due
(e.g., child's good behavior just
before the holidays).
```
Scallop
| effect
68
```
A ________ schedule of
reinforcement generates the most
constant response rate and
behaviors most resistant to
extinction, while ________
schedules produce the lowest
response rates and behaviors with
the lowest resistance to extinction.
```
Variable-ratio;
| fixed-interval
69
```
What posits that when subjects
are provided 2 or more
simultaneously available
opportunities for reinforcement,
their rate of responding will be
proportional to the relative rate
of reinforcement?
```
The
Matching
Law
70
```
Negative
reinforcement is
associated with an
increase in what 2
types of behavior?
```
Escape
and
avoidance
71
```
This type of conditioning
requires some action that
allows the organism to get
away from an aversive
stimulus (e.g., torture
stops after victim gives
information).
```
Escape
| conditioning
72
```
In ________ conditioning,
organisms learn through classical
conditioning that certain events lead
to aversive experiences, and are
negatively reinforced for performing
a behavior that stops the aversive
experience from occurring. These
types of behaviors are very
resistant to extinction.
```
```
Avoidance (Mowrer's
2-factor theory: factor 1
= classical conditioning,
factor 2 = operant
conditioning)
```
73
```
The process of an organism
behaving one way in the presence
of a specific stimulus but not
another is know as ________, while
responding to a stimulus that is
similar but different than the original
stimulus is referred to as ________
```
Stimulus
discrimination;
stimulus
generalization
74
```
When a behavior is reinforced only
in the presence of a certain
stimulus, thus leading to the
behavior occurring only when that
stimulus is present, the stimulus is
referred to as a ________, which is
an environmental cue that a
particular behavior will be
reinforced.
```
Discriminative
| stimulus
75
```
A stimulus that serves
as an environmental cue
that a certain behavior
will not be reinforced is
called what?
```
S-delta
| stimulus
76
Skinner believed ________, the
connecting of a series of simple and
related behaviors, is the mechanism
responsible for the acquisition of complex
behaviors; in this process, each response
in the series acts as both a secondary
reinforcer for the preceding response and
a discriminative stimulus for the next
response.
Chaining
77
```
In ________, training
begins by teaching
the last behavior in a
sequence and works
backward form there.
```
Backward
| chaining
78
```
What term refers to when
reinforcement that
increases the occurrence
of one response also
increases the occurrence
of similar responses?
```
Response
| generalization
79
```
In this procedure, a
subject is reinforced for
responding in ways that
gradually approach the
behavior that is desired.
```
Shaping (aka
method of
successive
approximations)
80
```
Superstitious behavior, such as
praying to heal the sick, is
produced by ________
reinforcement, which occurs
when response and
reinforcement are coincidentally
paired together.
```
Adventitious
| reinforcement
81
```
According to
research, when is
positive
reinforcement most
successful?
```
```
When
reinforcement
occurs only after
target behavior has
been performed
```
82
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Reinforcement is more
effective the longer the
interval between the
behavior and the
reinforcement.
```
FALSE: Shorter
intervals lead to
more effective
reinforcement
83
```
What term is used to
describe the loss of value
of a specific reinforcer, for
example, if a dog were to
lose interest in receiving a
certain type of treat used
as reinforcement?
```
Satiation
84
Punishment
works best when
it is ________
and ________.
Extreme;
| continual
85
```
This term refers to the decrease in
responsiveness to a constant
stimulus, thereby requiring a larger
stimulus in order to achieve the
previous level of responsiveness; it
occurs when punishment is
progressively increased rather than
applied at maximum intensity from
the outset.
```
Habituation
86
```
When a subject stops
receiving punishment
for a particular
behavior, what
typically occurs?
```
```
The behavior reaches a
higher level than baseline
initially, then returns to
baseline (punishment may
suppress behavior, but not
eliminate it)
```
87
```
What "theory" involves
reinforcing a low-probability
behavior with a
high-probability behavior
(e.g., child is allowed to play
video game in exchange for
completing homework)?
```
Premack Principle
(aka
probability-differential
theory)
88
```
Considered a form of
extinction and punishment
________ is used to
remove a person from an
environment in which
reinforcers for a target
behavior are available.
```
Time-Out
89
```
This extinction technique
involves both correction of
the negative behavior as
well as repeated and
exaggerated practice of an
alternative appropriate
behavior.
```
Overcorrection
90
```
What form of negative punishment,
considered to be most effective
form of punishment, involves
removal of a pre-specified reward
each time a targeted behavior is
performed (e.g., teen's driving
privileges removed after coming
home after curfew; traffic tickets)?
```
Response cost
(most effective
form of
punishment)
91
```
Involving operant extinction and
positive reinforcement, ________
involves reinforcing all other
behaviors except the one that is
targeted for elimination (e.g.,
Autistic child is reinforced for every
1 minute period he does not
engage in self-injurious behavior).
```
Differential
reinforcement for
other behaviors
(DRO)
92
```
What provides a structured
environment in which a person
is reinforced for targeted
behavior with an agreed upon
reinforcer and undesirable
behaviors are punished via
response cost (e.g., a reward
must be returned)?
```
Token
| Economy
93
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Behaviors established
within a token economy
usually generalize well
to other environments?
```
```
FALSE: Behaviors
learned in a token
economy do not
generalize to other
environments
```
94
```
Wolfgang Kohler developed
________ learning theory, involving
the "a-ha experience", which could
not be explained by operant
conditioning; what he termed
________ he described as the
result of a sudden internal cognitive
restructuring of the environment.
```
Gestalt;
insight
learning
95
```
Tolman contended, in
his Cognitive Learning
Theory, that learning
involves the
acquisition of what?
```
```
Cognitive map
(aka cognitive
structure)
```
96
```
Learning that occurs
without reinforcement and
does not immediately
manifest itself in
performance is referred to
by Tolman as what?
```
Latent
| learning
97
```
According to ________, the
influence of stimuli and
reinforcement on behavior is
largely determined by cognitive
processes, which govern what
environmental influences are
attended to and how they are
perceived and interpreted.
```
Social Learning
Theory (A.
Bandura)
98
```
A child who learns to cook
toast by watching her
father make toast every
morning, receiving no
external reinforcement for
the behavior, exemplifies
what type of learning?
```
Observational
99
```
A feeling of ________
often occurs when a
behavior is successfully
performed, thereby
serving as a reinforcer
for itself.
```
Self-efficacy
100
```
What theory states that the
probability of a behavior
occurring depends on the
strength of the learning habit
and the level of drive, where
the desire to reduce the drive
motivates learning?
```
Drive
Reduction
Theory (C. Hull)
101
```
According to Miller and Dollard,
certain neurotic and psychotic
disorders are ________,
reasoning that psychopathic
symptoms allow escape from
the original fear and thus serve
to reinforce the symptom
behavior.
```
Learned
coping
responses
102
```
Referred to as
gradients, Miller and
Dollard contend that
drives can be divided
into what 2 categories?
```
Approach
and
avoidance
103
```
Regarding biological factors in
learning, ________ refers to
the rapid acquisition of species
identification and affection for
the first moving object seen
during an early "sensitive
period" of development.
```
Imprinting
104
```
This law states: 1. Learning
and performance of any task
occur at an optimal level of
arousal and 2. The relationship
between arousal and
performance are an inverted U
shape, regardless of task
difficulty.
```
Yerkes-Dodson
105
```
The process of behavioral
assessment, from a pure
behavioral orientation, is
referred to as the
________ model and
entails what 3 steps?
```
ABC;
antecedents,
behaviors, and
consequences
106
```
The 3 steps of a "functional analysis"
include ________, which involves
sampling the typical situations in which a
behavior is likely to occur; ________,
which involves listing responses the
person typically emits in these situations;
and ________, in which the adaptiveness
or maladaptiveness of typical responses
are evaluated.
```
```
Situational
analysis; response
enumeration
phase; response
evaluation
```
107
```
According to
Ebbinghaus, what is
the amount of time it
takes to learn a list a
second time?
```
Method of
relearning (aka
savings
method)
108
```
What are the 3
levels of memory,
according to the
multi-store model
of memory?
```
1. Sensory memory;
2. Short-term/primary
memory; 3.
Long-term/secondary
memory
109
```
This level of memory
provides brief storage of
information after the
stimuli have been
removed; the information
stays available for no more
than 2-3 seconds.
```
Sensory
110
```
George Miller found this
"magical number" as the
amount of information
that can be retained in
________ with
rehearsal.
```
7 plus or minus
2; short-term
memory
111
```
What involves grouping
large amounts of
information into smaller
related units, allowing
for memory of a greater
amount of information?
```
Chunking
112
```
The ability to hold
several facts or thoughts
in memory temporarily
while solving a problem
or performing a task
refers to ________.
```
Working
| memory
113
```
This term refers to the
process of rapid verbal
repetition of the
to-be-remembered
information to facilitate
maintaining it in working
memory.
```
Articulatory (or
phonological)
loop
114
```
One way it is believed that
information gets into long-term
memory is by way of ________,
or thinking about the meaning
of new information and its
relation to information already
in memory.
```
Elaborative
| rehearsal
115
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Information that has
been stored in long-term
memory remains there
permanently.
```
```
TRUE: Unless the
brain in
compromised due to
a medical condition
or substance use
```
116
```
According to Tulving, ________ memory
is obtained through observation/practice
and contains information about how to do
things, ________ memory includes
knowledge of language, common sense,
and rules of logic and inference, and
________ contains information about
personally experienced events.
```
Procedural;
semantic; episodic
(autobiographical)
117
```
________ memory is the conscious,
intentional recollection of previous
experiences and information (e.g.,
remembering appointments), while
________ memory refers to when
previous experiences aid in the
performance of a task without conscious
wareness (e.g., conditioned responses).
```
Explicit
(declarative);
implicit
118
```
When a person is asked to
remember a list of unrelated
words, research has shown
they tend to recall words from
the beginning (primacy) and the
end (recency) of the list best.
What is this referred to as?
```
Serial
position
effect
119
```
This term refers to vivid
memories created in
great detail during
personally significant
and emotionally charged
events.
```
Flashbulb
| memory
120
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Flashbulb memories
tend to maintain
their accuracy over
time.
```
FALSE: Research
indicates flashbulb
memories do fade
over time
121
```
People with ________ amnesia
have normal recall of previously
learned information but are unable
to retain newly learned information,
while those with ________ amnesia
are able to retain and recall new
information but unable to recall
previously learned information.
```
Anterograde;
| retrograde
122
```
What mnemonic involves first
associating items to be
remembered with visual
images, then mentally placing
the images somewhere in a
familiar room, and finally
mentally walking through the
room to recall the items?
```
Method
| of Loci
123
```
The capacity to maintain
a mental snapshot of an
object even after it is
removed is referred to
as what?
```
Eidetic imagery
(aka
photographic
memory)
124
```
The ________ states that
a person is better able to
recall information when the
relationship between
encoding, storage, and
retrieval is closer.
```
```
Encoding
specificity
hypothesis (aka
state-dependent
memory)
```
125
```
________ dependence refers to the
fact that information recall is better
when the learning and retrieval
environments are the same, while
________ dependence refers to the
fact that recall of information is
better when one's emotions during
learning and retrieval are similar.
```
Context;
| state
126
```
When a new experience
interferes with recall of an
earlier memory, it is referred to
as ________ interference,
while ________ interference
occurs when previously learned
information interferes with more
recent learning.
```
Retroactive;
| proactive
127
```
This terms refers to the
inability to recall
information due to its
emotional significance,
rather than true loss of
the information.
```
Repression
128
```
This has been found to occur when
actual memories are combined with
the content of suggestions from
other sources of information such
as when conversing with others
who experienced the same event or
accessing new information from the
media.
```
Misinformation
effect (false
memories)
129
```
________ attention involves
focusing on one event while filtering
out irrelevant events, ________
attention involves focusing cognitive
activity on one event for an
extended period of time, and
________ attention refers to
focusing on 2 or more events
simultaneously.
```
Selective;
sustained;
divided
130
```
What theory contends that
focused visual attention is
what allows us to perceive
an object as an entire
entity rather than as a
meaningless cluster of
features?
```
Feature
Integration
Theory
131
```
The capacity to chunk or
move information between
working memory and
long-term memory rapidly
and efficiently, requiring
very little attention, is
referred to as what?
```
Automaticity
132
```
Often defined as "knowing about
knowing," ________ refers to one's
awareness of their own cognitive
state and processes and involves
things such as evaluating one's own
cognitive skills, using strategies to
increase learning efficiency, and
determining how much knowledge
one has or needs.
```
Metacognition
