Learning and Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
Generally defined, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the permanent change in potential performance or behavior as the result of experience, requiring some active participation by the organism.
A
Learning
2
Q
Who initially studied animal learning and developed laws believed to be applicable to human learning as well?
A
E.L.
Thorndike
3
Q
Thorndike's idea of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ referred to the observation that when a subject's response was effective at achieving a reward, the response was repeated, while responses that were ineffective were eliminated.
A
Trial-and-error learning (approximates Darwin's notion of adaptive selection)
4
Q
According to Thorndike, what are the 3 main conditions that maximize stimulus-response learning?
A
Law of Effect,
Law of Exercise,
and Law of
Readiness
5
Q
Thorndike's Law of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ states that response recurrence is governed by its consequence, usually in the form of reward or punishment- with increased satisfaction comes strengthening of the response, while discomfort leads to weakening of the response.
A
Effect (a direct
precursor to
Skinner’s principle
of reinforcement)
6
Q
What law, according to Thorndike, states that stimulus-response associations are strengthened through repetition?
A
Law of
Exercise
7
Q
Thorndike's Law of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ states that before a subject experiences satisfaction by performing an act, he must first be prepared to perform the act.
A
Readiness
8
Q
Considered one of Thorndike's minor laws, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ states that when an act has satisfying consequences, the pleasure becomes associated with other acts that occur at approximately the same time.
A
Law of
Spread of
Effect
9
Q
According to Thorndike's Theory of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, new learning is facilitated by
previous learning ("transfer of training")
only to the extent that the new learning
contains elements identical to those in
the previous, otherwise the amount of
transfer is determined by the number of
elements shared by both situations.
A
Identical
elements
10
Q
Generally considered the "father of modern behaviorism," he believed psychologists should focus only on observable, measurable behaviors and argued that differences in experience account for differences in behavior.
A
John B. Watson
(introduced the
term “behaviorism”
in 1912)
11
Q
Developed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, this paradigm contended that a response that is regularly elicited by a given stimulus would also be elicited by a substitute stimulus if the substitute were presented just prior to the original, and eventually the substitute will elicit the response on its own.
A
Pavlov;
Classical
Conditioning
12
Q
In Pavlov's dog/salivation experiment, the food was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the dog's natural salivation was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; the bell was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ until it began to cause the dog to salivate, then it became the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while the salivation in response to the bell was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
13
Q
According to Pavlov, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ conditioning refers to when the conditioned stimulus precedes and overlaps the unconditioned stimulus, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ conditioning involves the unconditioned stimulus coming before the conditioned stimulus.
A
Delayed;
backward
14
Q
Of the different types of conditioning, which produces the strongest and most rapidly acquired response, and which is the least effective?
A
Delayed conditioning is best, while backward usually leads to no conditioning
15
Q
The diminishing of a conditioned response (salivation) due to repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (bell) outside the presence of an unconditioned stimulus (food) is referred to as what?
A
Extinction
16
Q
This refers to the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus that had stopped producing a response, which indicates extinguished responses are more likely suppressed than forgotten.
A
Spontaneous
recovery
17
Q
This term refers to when a more salient conditioned stimulus is more strongly conditioned than a less salient conditioned stimulus, sometimes occurring when 2 simultaneous conditioned stimuli of different salience are paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
A
Overshadowing
18
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when the extinction of a response to an overshadowing conditioned stimulus leads to an increased conditioned response to the less salient conditioned stimulus.
A
Cue
deflation
effect
19
Q
In Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, Albert's eventual fear of all objects of a white and furry nature exemplifies what phenomenon?
A
Stimulus generalization (suggests responses/learning can generalize to similar to stimuli)
20
Q
In what type of learning does one stimulus serve as a connecting link between 2 other stimuli that are never paired?
A
Mediated stimulus
generalization (or
mediated
generalization)
21
Q
This occurs when one stimulus is reinforced while others are not, leading to a conditioned response to only the reinforced stimulus.
A
Stimulus
discrimination
22
Q
According to Pavlov, what occurs when a discrimination task is too difficult and the stimuli cannot be differentiated readily enough, leading to noticeable changes in behavior?
A
Experimental
neurosis
23
Q
The process of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when a well-conditioned stimulus (bell) becomes an unconditioned stimulus and is paired with a new stimulus (light), leading to the new stimulus producing the conditioned response (salivation), though slightly weaker- all without the original unconditioned stimulus (food).
A
Higher-order conditioning (third-order conditioning never achieved)
24
Q
In the process of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, two conditioned stimuli (light and tone) are paired during preconditioning sessions; one conditioned stimulus (tone) is then paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food), which produces a conditioned response (salivation); when the other conditioned stimulus (light) is presented, the same conditioned response occurs, though weaker.
A
Sensory
preconditioning
25
Q
This occurs when one conditioned stimulus inhibits the learning of a second conditioned stimulus; when 2 conditioned stimuli are paired simultaneously with an unconditioned stimulus, only the first conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response.
A
Blocking
26
Q
This occurs when 2 conditioned stimuli are simultaneously paired with an unconditioned stimulus and then only 1 conditioned stimulus continues to be paired with the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a weakening of conditioning to the other conditioned stimulus.
A
Backward
blocking
27
Q
This term refers to when a subject becomes conditioned more to the experimental/learning conditions themselves rather than the intended conditioned stimulus.
A
Pseudoconditioning
28
Q
This term refers to the technique of pairing an undesirable behavior with an incompatible behavior so that the undesirable behavior is eliminated.
A
Counterconditioning
29
Q
Developed by J. Wolpe, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ encourages a person to imagine the feared object/situation while engaging in a response that is incompatible with the anxiety usually produced; he referred to the underlying process as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Systematic
desensitization;
reciprocal
inhibition
30
Q
What counterconditioning technique encourages the repeated practice of appropriate and effective ways of dealing with real-life situations that are difficult for the client; the therapist provides feedback until the behavior is normal for the client.
A
Behavioral
rehearsal
31
Q
This counterconditioning technique is used to reduce performance anxiety evoked by sexual situations; it involves training a couple to relax and engage in sexual touching and exploration, without pressure to achieve arousal, erection, or orgasm.
A
Sensate
focus
32
Q
What technique based on classical extinction involves exposing the client to the anxiety-inducing stimulus, without pairing the feared stimulus with an incompatible response, while preventing the client from engaging in the typical avoidance response?
A
Flooding (can
be imaginal
or in-vivo)
33
Q
A therapist treating a client with a fear of heights used the flooding technique, which actually led to increased fear of heights by the client. What is this an example of?
A
The incubation effect (or paradoxical enhancement effect)
34
Q
To avoid the incubation effect, treatment might include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves progressively introducing the client to certain aspects of the feared stimulus until the anxiety response has diminished.
A
Graded
exposure (or
graduated
extinction)
35
Q
Research by Foa and Kozak indicates that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ flooding is more effective than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ flooding.
A
In-vivo;
imaginal
36
Q
According to Stein and Marks, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ exposure to an anxiety-evoking stimulus is more effective than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ exposure.
A
Prolonged;
brief
37
Q
What are the disorders that flooding and graded exposure have been shown to be particularly effective at treating?
A
Agoraphobia and
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorders
38
Q
Research suggests that the underlying principle of systematic desensitization is likely \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, rather than counterconditioning.
A
Exposure to the
feared stimulus
without adverse
consequences
39
Q
What technique involves deliberate exposure to the physical sensations associated with panic attacks, such as hyperventilation, shaking head, racing heart, and body tension, to reduce the anxiety usually experienced when these sensations occur?
A
Interoceptive
exposure
40
Q
Similar to imaginal flooding, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ imaginal exposure to a feared stimulus; however, it differs from flooding in that it incorporates psychodynamic themes thought to underlie the fear into the imagery.
A
Implosive
therapy
(implosion)
41
Q
What technique pairs a noxious stimulus with a behavior targeted for elimination, or a stimulus associated with that behavior, until the avoidance response elicited by the noxious stimulus is elicited by the targeted behavior?
A
Aversive
conditioning
42
Q
In aversive conditioning, the noxious stimulus is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the target stimulus or behavior is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Unconditioned
stimulus;
conditioned
stimulus
43
Q
This aversive conditioning technique uses counterconditioning in imagination, as opposed to in-vivo, to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors; a person imagines they are engaging in the undesirable behavior then imagines an aversive consequence.
A
Covert sensitization, which is more effective at treating paraphilias than obesity and addictions
44
Q
According to B.F. Skinner, the term \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to a response that is voluntarily emitted and learned as the result of environmental consequences that follow it, as opposed to respondent behaviors that are automatically elicited by stimuli.
A
Operant
45
Q
From the Operant Conditioning perspective, events that increase a behavior are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while events that decrease a behavior are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Reinforcers;
punishers
46
Q
What is the general difference
between the terms “positive”
and “negative” in regards to
reinforcement/punishment?
A
Positive means a stimulus is applied, while negative means a stimulus is removed
47
Q
According to Operant Conditioning, a teenager who receives an allowance only after completing all of his chores is an example of:
A
Positive
Reinforcement
(apply stimulus to
increase behavior)
48
Q
A mother nags her daughter for not completing her chores; once the daughter did her chores, her mother's nagging ceased. What Operant Conditioning principle does this exemplify?
A
Negative Reinforcement (remove stimulus to increase behavior)
49
Q
Based on Operant Conditioning, a shock-collar on a dog is an example of what?
A
Positive
Punishment (apply
stimulus to
decrease behavior)
50
Q
A child who receives a "time-out" for performing an unacceptable behavior exemplifies what Operant Conditioning principle?
A
Negative Punishment (remove stimulus to decrease behavior)
51
Q
What term refers to the withdrawal of reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior so that the behavior is decreased or eliminated?
A
Operant
extinction
This behavioral understanding of
52
Q
This behavioral understanding of depression suggests when once successful behaviors fail to elicit expected reinforcers, or if reinforcement becomes so unpredictable the subject is unable to tell what response works, the organism stops responding even if conditions change and the behavior could be successful again.
A
Learned
helplessness
53
Q
The reformulated learned helplessness model posits that depressed people tend to attribute bad things that happen to them to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ factors.
A
Internal; global;
stable (“I have and
will always fail at
everything I do”)
54
Q
This model states that depression is associated with a low rate of response-contingent positive reinforcement, suggesting that people with depression have deficits in skills that produce positive reinforcement or minimize unpleasant outcomes.
A
Lewinsohn’s
Behavioral
Model
55
Q
When removal of a reinforcer does not immediately decrease behavior, but rather temporarily increases the behavior, what has occurred?
A
Response
burst
56
Q
This occurs when 1 of 2 reinforced behaviors is extinguished, leading to an increase in frequency of the behavior that continues to be reinforced.
A
Behavioral
contrast
57
Q
What term refers to, after a behavior has been extinguished, an organism's increased responsiveness in the absence of any reinforcement trials?
A
Spontaneous
recovery
58
Q
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reinforcer is inherently valuable and does not acquire its reinforcing value through prior experience (food, water, sex), whereas a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reinforcer acquires its value only through repeated pairings with the former (light paired with food eventually becomes a reinforcer).
A
Primary;
secondary
59
Q
Money is one example of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which refers to when secondary reinforcers acquire a power unrelated to any individual primary reinforcer as a result of being paired with many types of primary reinforcers.
A
Generalized
conditioned
reinforcers
60
Q
What schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for every response and leads to fast learning, fast satiation, and fast extinction?
A
Continuous
schedule of
reinforcement
61
Q
The process of switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule of reinforcement is known as what?
A
Thinning
62
Q
What are the 4
intermittent
schedules of
reinforcement?
A
Fixed-Ratio (FR);
FixedIinterval (FI);
Variable-Ratio (VR);
Variable-Interval (VI)
63
Q
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ schedule provides reinforcement after a set number of responses (e.g., rat receives food pellet after every 5 bar presses).
A
Fixed-ratio
FR
64
Q
What schedule provides reinforcement after a set period of time, regardless of the number of responses made (e.g., worker receives a paycheck every 2 weeks)?
A
Fixed-interval
FI
65
Q
On a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ schedule, the subject is reinforced after a variable number of responses, though the exact number varies from reinforcer to reinforcer (e.g., gambling).
A
Variable-ratio
VR
66
Q
Variable-ratio
VR
A
Variable-interval
VI
67
Q
Associated with fixed-interval schedules, this occurs when responding is very slow or nonexistent immediately following a reinforcement, then progressively increases and is finally rapid just before another reinforcement is due (e.g., child's good behavior just before the holidays).
A
Scallop
effect
68
Q
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement generates the most constant response rate and behaviors most resistant to extinction, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ schedules produce the lowest response rates and behaviors with the lowest resistance to extinction.
A
Variable-ratio;
fixed-interval
69
Q
What posits that when subjects are provided 2 or more simultaneously available opportunities for reinforcement, their rate of responding will be proportional to the relative rate of reinforcement?
A
The
Matching
Law
70
Q
Negative reinforcement is associated with an increase in what 2 types of behavior?
A
Escape
and
avoidance
71
Q
This type of conditioning requires some action that allows the organism to get away from an aversive stimulus (e.g., torture stops after victim gives information).
A
Escape
conditioning
72
Q
In \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ conditioning, organisms learn through classical conditioning that certain events lead to aversive experiences, and are negatively reinforced for performing a behavior that stops the aversive experience from occurring. These types of behaviors are very resistant to extinction.
A
Avoidance (Mowrer's 2-factor theory: factor 1 = classical conditioning, factor 2 = operant conditioning)
73
Q
The process of an organism behaving one way in the presence of a specific stimulus but not another is know as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while responding to a stimulus that is similar but different than the original stimulus is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
Stimulus
discrimination;
stimulus
generalization
74
Q
When a behavior is reinforced only in the presence of a certain stimulus, thus leading to the behavior occurring only when that stimulus is present, the stimulus is referred to as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is an environmental cue that a particular behavior will be reinforced.
A
Discriminative
stimulus
75
Q
A stimulus that serves as an environmental cue that a certain behavior will not be reinforced is called what?
A
S-delta
stimulus
76
Q
Skinner believed ________, the
connecting of a series of simple and
related behaviors, is the mechanism
responsible for the acquisition of complex
behaviors; in this process, each response
in the series acts as both a secondary
reinforcer for the preceding response and
a discriminative stimulus for the next
response.
A
Chaining
77
Q
In \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, training begins by teaching the last behavior in a sequence and works backward form there.
A
Backward
chaining
78
Q
What term refers to when reinforcement that increases the occurrence of one response also increases the occurrence of similar responses?
A
Response
generalization
79
Q
In this procedure, a subject is reinforced for responding in ways that gradually approach the behavior that is desired.
A
Shaping (aka
method of
successive
approximations)
80
Q
Superstitious behavior, such as praying to heal the sick, is produced by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reinforcement, which occurs when response and reinforcement are coincidentally paired together.
A
Adventitious
reinforcement
81
Q
According to research, when is positive reinforcement most successful?
A
When reinforcement occurs only after target behavior has been performed
82
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Reinforcement is more effective the longer the interval between the behavior and the reinforcement.
A
FALSE: Shorter
intervals lead to
more effective
reinforcement
83
Q
What term is used to describe the loss of value of a specific reinforcer, for example, if a dog were to lose interest in receiving a certain type of treat used as reinforcement?
A
Satiation
84
Q
Punishment
works best when
it is ________
and ________.
A
Extreme;
continual
85
Q
This term refers to the decrease in responsiveness to a constant stimulus, thereby requiring a larger stimulus in order to achieve the previous level of responsiveness; it occurs when punishment is progressively increased rather than applied at maximum intensity from the outset.
A
Habituation
86
Q
When a subject stops receiving punishment for a particular behavior, what typically occurs?
A
The behavior reaches a higher level than baseline initially, then returns to baseline (punishment may suppress behavior, but not eliminate it)
87
Q
What "theory" involves reinforcing a low-probability behavior with a high-probability behavior (e.g., child is allowed to play video game in exchange for completing homework)?
A
Premack Principle
(aka
probability-differential
theory)
88
Q
Considered a form of extinction and punishment \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used to remove a person from an environment in which reinforcers for a target behavior are available.
A
Time-Out
89
Q
This extinction technique involves both correction of the negative behavior as well as repeated and exaggerated practice of an alternative appropriate behavior.
A
Overcorrection
90
Q
What form of negative punishment, considered to be most effective form of punishment, involves removal of a pre-specified reward each time a targeted behavior is performed (e.g., teen's driving privileges removed after coming home after curfew; traffic tickets)?
A
Response cost
(most effective
form of
punishment)
91
Q
Involving operant extinction and positive reinforcement, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves reinforcing all other behaviors except the one that is targeted for elimination (e.g., Autistic child is reinforced for every 1 minute period he does not engage in self-injurious behavior).
A
Differential
reinforcement for
other behaviors
(DRO)
92
Q
What provides a structured environment in which a person is reinforced for targeted behavior with an agreed upon reinforcer and undesirable behaviors are punished via response cost (e.g., a reward must be returned)?
A
Token
Economy
93
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Behaviors established within a token economy usually generalize well to other environments?
A
FALSE: Behaviors learned in a token economy do not generalize to other environments
94
Q
Wolfgang Kohler developed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ learning theory, involving the "a-ha experience", which could not be explained by operant conditioning; what he termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ he described as the result of a sudden internal cognitive restructuring of the environment.
A
Gestalt;
insight
learning
95
Q
Tolman contended, in his Cognitive Learning Theory, that learning involves the acquisition of what?
A
Cognitive map (aka cognitive structure)
96
Q
Learning that occurs without reinforcement and does not immediately manifest itself in performance is referred to by Tolman as what?
A
Latent
learning
97
Q
According to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the influence of stimuli and reinforcement on behavior is largely determined by cognitive processes, which govern what environmental influences are attended to and how they are perceived and interpreted.
A
Social Learning
Theory (A.
Bandura)
98
Q
A child who learns to cook toast by watching her father make toast every morning, receiving no external reinforcement for the behavior, exemplifies what type of learning?
A
Observational
99
Q
A feeling of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ often occurs when a behavior is successfully performed, thereby serving as a reinforcer for itself.
A
Self-efficacy
100
Q
What theory states that the probability of a behavior occurring depends on the strength of the learning habit and the level of drive, where the desire to reduce the drive motivates learning?
A
Drive
Reduction
Theory (C. Hull)
101
Q
According to Miller and Dollard, certain neurotic and psychotic disorders are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, reasoning that psychopathic symptoms allow escape from the original fear and thus serve to reinforce the symptom behavior.
A
Learned
coping
responses
102
Q
Referred to as gradients, Miller and Dollard contend that drives can be divided into what 2 categories?
A
Approach
and
avoidance
103
Q
Regarding biological factors in learning, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the rapid acquisition of species identification and affection for the first moving object seen during an early "sensitive period" of development.
A
Imprinting
104
Q
This law states: 1. Learning and performance of any task occur at an optimal level of arousal and 2. The relationship between arousal and performance are an inverted U shape, regardless of task difficulty.
A
Yerkes-Dodson
105
Q
The process of behavioral assessment, from a pure behavioral orientation, is referred to as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ model and entails what 3 steps?
A
ABC;
antecedents,
behaviors, and
consequences
106
Q
The 3 steps of a "functional analysis" include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves sampling the typical situations in which a behavior is likely to occur; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves listing responses the person typically emits in these situations; and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, in which the adaptiveness or maladaptiveness of typical responses are evaluated.
A
Situational analysis; response enumeration phase; response evaluation
107
Q
According to Ebbinghaus, what is the amount of time it takes to learn a list a second time?
A
Method of
relearning (aka
savings
method)
108
Q
What are the 3 levels of memory, according to the multi-store model of memory?
A
- Sensory memory;
- Short-term/primary
memory; 3.
Long-term/secondary
memory
109
Q
This level of memory provides brief storage of information after the stimuli have been removed; the information stays available for no more than 2-3 seconds.
A
Sensory
110
Q
George Miller found this "magical number" as the amount of information that can be retained in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with rehearsal.
A
7 plus or minus
2; short-term
memory
111
Q
What involves grouping large amounts of information into smaller related units, allowing for memory of a greater amount of information?
A
Chunking
112
Q
The ability to hold several facts or thoughts in memory temporarily while solving a problem or performing a task refers to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Working
memory
113
Q
This term refers to the process of rapid verbal repetition of the to-be-remembered information to facilitate maintaining it in working memory.
A
Articulatory (or
phonological)
loop
114
Q
One way it is believed that information gets into long-term memory is by way of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to information already in memory.
A
Elaborative
rehearsal
115
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Information that has been stored in long-term memory remains there permanently.
A
TRUE: Unless the brain in compromised due to a medical condition or substance use
116
Q
According to Tulving, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ memory is obtained through observation/practice and contains information about how to do things, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ memory includes knowledge of language, common sense, and rules of logic and inference, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contains information about personally experienced events.
A
Procedural;
semantic; episodic
(autobiographical)
117
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information (e.g., remembering appointments), while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ memory refers to when previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious wareness (e.g., conditioned responses).
A
Explicit
(declarative);
implicit
118
Q
When a person is asked to remember a list of unrelated words, research has shown they tend to recall words from the beginning (primacy) and the end (recency) of the list best. What is this referred to as?
A
Serial
position
effect
119
Q
This term refers to vivid memories created in great detail during personally significant and emotionally charged events.
A
Flashbulb
memory
120
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Flashbulb memories tend to maintain their accuracy over time.
A
FALSE: Research
indicates flashbulb
memories do fade
over time
121
Q
People with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ amnesia have normal recall of previously learned information but are unable to retain newly learned information, while those with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ amnesia are able to retain and recall new information but unable to recall previously learned information.
A
Anterograde;
retrograde
122
Q
What mnemonic involves first associating items to be remembered with visual images, then mentally placing the images somewhere in a familiar room, and finally mentally walking through the room to recall the items?
A
Method
of Loci
123
Q
The capacity to maintain a mental snapshot of an object even after it is removed is referred to as what?
A
Eidetic imagery
(aka
photographic
memory)
124
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ states that a person is better able to recall information when the relationship between encoding, storage, and retrieval is closer.
A
Encoding specificity hypothesis (aka state-dependent memory)
125
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ dependence refers to the fact that information recall is better when the learning and retrieval environments are the same, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ dependence refers to the fact that recall of information is better when one's emotions during learning and retrieval are similar.
A
Context;
state
126
Q
When a new experience interferes with recall of an earlier memory, it is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interference, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with more recent learning.
A
Retroactive;
proactive
127
Q
This terms refers to the inability to recall information due to its emotional significance, rather than true loss of the information.
A
Repression
128
Q
This has been found to occur when actual memories are combined with the content of suggestions from other sources of information such as when conversing with others who experienced the same event or accessing new information from the media.
A
Misinformation
effect (false
memories)
129
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attention involves focusing on one event while filtering out irrelevant events, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attention involves focusing cognitive activity on one event for an extended period of time, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attention refers to focusing on 2 or more events simultaneously.
A
Selective;
sustained;
divided
130
Q
What theory contends that focused visual attention is what allows us to perceive an object as an entire entity rather than as a meaningless cluster of features?
A
Feature
Integration
Theory
131
Q
The capacity to chunk or move information between working memory and long-term memory rapidly and efficiently, requiring very little attention, is referred to as what?
A
Automaticity
132
Q
Often defined as "knowing about knowing," \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to one's awareness of their own cognitive state and processes and involves things such as evaluating one's own cognitive skills, using strategies to increase learning efficiency, and determining how much knowledge one has or needs.
A
Metacognition
