Clinical Flashcards
1
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ studies are based on clinical trials while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ studies are correlational or quasi-experimental in nature.
A
Efficacy;
Effectiveness
2
Q
This is the theory that the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components; it is the theoretical framework underlying family therapy.
A
General
Systems
Theory
3
Q
In general systems theory, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interact with the environment by receiving input and discharging output, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have no exchange with the environment and can lead a family to disorder and disorganization. Families in therapy are usually the former.
A
Open systems;
closed systems
4
Q
In general systems theory, this refers to the concept that every part of a system is interrelated, thus all parts are affected by a change in the system.
A
Wholeness
5
Q
This property of a family system, according to general systems theory, suggests the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; hence, therapists view the family as a single unit rather than a collection of individuals.
A
Non-summativity
6
Q
In general systems theory, this refers to the idea that the same end-result occurs for the whole family, regardless of where one enters the system.
A
Equifinality
7
Q
A young girl who is molested by her father ends up becoming very sexually inhibited later in life. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ according to general systems theory
A
Equipotentiality
8
Q
From a general systems theory perspective, this refers to the tendency for a system to revert back to old ways amidst a change or disruption in the system. The system's management of negative and positive feedback determines the degree to which it exists
A
Homeostasis
9
Q
In general systems theory, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the maintenance of a family's homeostasis by attempting to correct deviations in the status quo (e.g., dad yells at loud son and son quiets down), while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the disruption of a family's homeostasis by encouraging or creating deviations to the status quo (e.g., wife gets job and roles change for husband/children).
A
Negative
feedback;
positive
feedback
10
Q
Interpersonal Therapy was initially developed as a treatment for depression, though it has since been applied to other conditions. While it acknowledges early experience, biology, and personality, it focuses on 1 of what 4 areas of interpersonal functioning?
A
Grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits
11
Q
This phenomenon occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward the supervisor in ways similar to how the client is behaving toward the therapist.
A
Parallel
process
12
Q
What approach to family therapy focuses on the role of communication and distinguishes between symmetrical and complimentary communication?
A
Communication/Interaction
Family Therapy
13
Q
From the perspective of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves conflicting negative injunctions, with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other non-verbally (e.g., father says "I love you" while spanking child). This usually results in a frustrating conflict in the person receiving the message
A
Double-bind
communication
14
Q
According to Communication/Interaction Family Therapy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ communication occurs between equals but may escalate into a competition for control, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ communication occurs between participants who are unequal and emphasizes their differences (e.g., parent-child or employee-boss)
A
Symmetrical;
Complimentary
15
Q
What concept of Communication/Interaction Therapy suggests information is communication implicitly via nonverbal messages, which is also referred to as command-level communication?
A
Metacommunication (report-level communication refers to the intended verbal message)
16
Q
Who is the British psychologist known for research suggesting that any apparent benefit of therapy is actually due to spontaneous recovery?
A
Eysenck performed outcome studies showing that 72% of untreated neurotics improved without therapy, while 66% of clients in eclectic therapy and 44% in psychoanalysis showed a substantial decrease in symptoms
17
Q
Eysenck concluded, based on his research, that what single form of therapy is superior to placebo or no treatment at all?
A
Behavior
therapy
18
Q
While the impact of duration of therapy (number of sessions) on client outcome is positive at first, it typically lessens over time, though never becomes negative. Thus, it can be said that the relationship between duration of therapy and treatment outcome is what?
A
Negatively
accelerated
19
Q
An approach to the alleviation of mental disorders that is associated with both community mental health and public health is referred to as what?
A
Prevention
20
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ preventions make an intervention available to all members of a target group or population in order to keep them from developing a disorder.
A
Primary
21
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ preventions identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatment.
A
Secondary
22
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ preventions are designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has already occurred.
A
Tertiary
23
Q
Based on the research, who are the most frequent callers and, consequently, receive the most benefit from suicide hotlines?
A
Young
white
females
24
Q
Freudian psychoanalysis involves analyzing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and consists of a combination of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Free associations; dreams; resistances; transferences; confrontation; clarification; interpretation; working through
25
```
Freud posited that when
the ego is unable to ward
off danger (anxiety)
through rational, realistic
means, it resorts to one of
its ________.
```
Defense
| mechanisms
26
```
What 2
characteristics do all
defense
mechanisms share,
according to Freud?
```
They (1) operate
on an unconscious
level and (2) serve
to distort reality
27
```
Name the following defense
mechanisms: ________ involves
refusing to accept external reality
because it's too threatening; the
gross reshaping of external reality
to meet internal needs is called
________; _______ occurs when
one attributes to others one's own
unacceptable thoughts/emotions.
```
Denial;
distortion;
projection
28
```
Name the following defense
mechanisms: ________ refers to
indirectly expressing aggression toward
others; ________ is the direct expression
of an unconscious impulse without
conscious awareness; ________ is
subconsciously viewing another person
as more positive than they are.
```
Passive
aggression;
acting out;
idealization
29
```
Name the following defense
mechanisms: ________ involves shifting
sexual or aggressive impulses to a more
acceptable target; ________ is an
extreme separation of emotion from ideas
in order to distance oneself from anxiety;
and ________ refers to converting
unconscious inappropriate impulses into
their opposites
```
Displacement;
intellectualization;
reaction
formatio
30
```
Name the following defense
mechanisms: ________ is the overt
expression of ideas or feelings in such a
way to give others pleasure; ________
occurs when one identifies so deeply with
some idea that it becomes a part of that
person's character; ________ refers to
transferring/expressing negative
emotions or instincts in positive, more
acceptable ways.
```
Humor;
introjection;
sublimation
31
Name the following defense mechanisms:
________ is the rejection of painful or shameful
experiences from consciousness and prevents
unacceptable impulses/desires from reaching
consciousness; ________ is the process of
giving a socially acceptable reason to explain
unacceptable thoughts or actions; ________
occurs when a person becomes stuck in a
successfully completed developmental stage and
returns to this stage in response to difficult life
problems.
Repression;
rationalization;
fixation
32
```
The id, a completely
unorganized reservoir of
energy that includes all
instincts and reflexes that
are inherited at birth,
operates according to
what?
```
The
pleasure
principle
33
```
The ________ is that part
of the id that has been
modified by its interaction
with the external world,
functions to suspend the
pleasure principle, and
represents the ________.
```
Ego; reality
| principle
34
```
What part of the ego acts
as the conscience and is
constructed largely from
internalization of parental
restrictions, prohibitions,
and customs?
```
Superego
35
```
What unconscious mental
process is characterized
by limited logic,
substitution of one idea
with another, and by
immediate discharge of
energy?
```
Primary
| process
36
```
What conscious
mental process, per
psychoanalysis, is
more logical and
sequential in nature?
```
Secondary
| process
37
```
This is the term a
psychoanalytic
psychologist might use to
describe a weakening of
one's defenses and the
consequent breaking
through of an impulse.
```
Signal
| anxiety
38
```
During ________, a client is
asked to attend to all thoughts
and report them without
suppressing or censuring them.
Freud described ________ as
a reluctance or inability to recall
the traumatic memories that
caused one's symptoms.
```
Free
association;
resistance
39
```
What is the term used to
describe a client's
projection of his own
feelings, thoughts, wishes
and attitudes about others
in his past onto the
therapist?
```
Transference
40
```
Freud used the term
________ to describe a
transference reaction
that became very
intense during analysis.
```
Transference
| neurosis
41
```
Of the 2 transference reactions, a
client's feelings of love that are
displaced from original objects
(parents) onto the therapist are
considered ________ transference
and facilitates treatment; ________
transference involves displacement
of aggressive drives from the
original objects onto the therapist.
```
Positive;
| negative
42
```
What term is used to
describe a relationship that
allows the client to identify
with the therapist as a
person, one who can
eventually help replace id
with ego?
```
Therapeutic
(working)
alliance
43
```
This occurs when the therapist
projects their emotions, thoughts,
and wishes from the past onto the
client's personality, or some other
material the client is presenting,
thus expressing unresolved
conflicts and/or gratifying their own
personal needs.
```
Countertransference
44
```
In psychoanalytic terms, a
client experiences ________
when the recall of unconscious
material leads to emotional
release, while ________ occurs
when connections are made
between current behaviors and
unconscious material.
```
Catharsis;
| insight
45
```
What psychoanalytic
technique serves the
purpose of gradually
increasing a client's insight
into the reasons
underlying current feelings
and behavior?
```
Interpretation
46
```
From a psychoanalytic
perspective, a client
who reports they have
been thinking about
problems outside of
therapy indicates what?
```
A good working
alliance has
been
established
47
```
This personality theory and
approach to therapy stresses the
unity of the individual and the belief
that behavior is purposeful and
goal-directed. Therapy focuses on
exploring lifestyle determinants,
including family atmosphere,
distorted beliefs and attitudes, and
birth order
```
Adler's
Individual
Psychology
48
```
Adler posited that what
types of childhood
feelings motivated
growth, domination, and
striving for superiority?
```
Feelings of
inferiority (also
called "inferiority
complexes")
49
```
What is another
term Adler used
instead of
inferiority
complex?
```
Masculine
| protest
50
```
According to Adler, if an
inferiority complex
develops a connection
with a specific part of
the body, it is called
what?
```
Organ
| inferiority
51
```
Adler believed children
developed "compensatory
behavior patterns" to
defend against their
feelings of inferiority. What
did he refer to this to as?
```
Style of
| life
52
```
What is the most
significant difference
between Freudian
and neo-Freudian
therapists?
```
```
Neo-Freudians more
heavily emphasize
socio-cultural
determinants of
personality
```
53
```
Horney defined ________ as
feelings of helplessness and
isolation in a hostile world,
and believed it was caused
by certain parental behaviors
(e.g., indifference,
overprotection, rejection).
```
Basic
| anxiety
54
```
According to Horney,
what are the 3 modes of
relating to others that
children use to defend
against basic anxiety?
```
```
Movement toward
others, movement
against others, and
movement away
from others
```
55
Sullivan posited 3 modes of cognitive experience
he believed played a role in personality
development. The ________ mode involves
discreet, unconnected momentary states and
refers to experiences before language symbols
are used; in the ________ mode, people see
causal connections between events that are not
actually related using private (autistic) symbols;
and the ________ mode involves logical,
sequential, and consistent thinking, and
underlies language acquisition
Prototaxic;
parataxic;
syntaxic
56
```
According to Sullivan, neurotic
behavior is caused by
________, which is
characterized by a person
dealing with others as if they
were significant people from
their past (similar to
transference)
```
Parataxic
| distortion
57
```
Fromm, who was interested in
the role society plays in
preventing people from
realizing their true nature,
identified what 5 character
styles adopted by a person in
response to societal demands?
```
```
The receptive, the
exploitative, the hoarding,
the marketing, and the
productive (the only one
that permits a person to
realize their true nature)
```
58
```
What is the main
difference between
Freudian
psychoanalysis
and Ego-Analysis?
```
```
Ego-analysis places
greater emphasis on the
role of the ego, as
opposed to the id, in
personality development
```
59
```
From the perspective of
the ego-analysts,
pathology occurs when
the ________ loses its
autonomy from the
________.
```
Ego; id
60
```
Psychologists who primarily
emphasize the impact of early
relationships on personality
development and view
maladaptive behavior as the
result of abnormalities in early
relationships use what
approach to psychotherapy?
```
Object-Relations
| Theory
61
```
Margaret Mahler, an
Object-Relations
theorist and therapist, is
most noted for her study
of what process?
```
```
Separation-individuation,
which is the process by
which internal
representations of the self
and others are formed
```
62
```
In Object Relations
Theory, this is the mental
representation of a person
that, when inappropriately
developed, leads to
pathology
```
Object
| introject
63
```
What is the Object-Relations
term used to describe a
person's tendency to separate
object-representations into
good and bad, usually leading
to aggressive feelings, irrational
thinking, and poorly regulated
behaviors?
```
Splitting
64
```
What therapeutic approach
refers to normal narcissism as
a child's natural self-love and
views pathology as stemming
from consistent un-empathic
parental responses during
childhood?
```
Self-Psychology
| Kohut
65
```
According to
Self-Psychology, a child
develops a protective
________ when their
narcissism is inevitably
undermined by parental
failure to satisfy all needs.
```
Grandiose
| self
66
```
This therapeutic approach believes the
whole is greater than the sum of its parts,
adopts a here-and-now approach, views
awareness as the primary goal of
treatment, and defines neurosis as a
"growth disorder" reflecting certain
boundary disturbances and involving an
abandonment of the self for the
self-image.
```
Gestalt
| Therapy
67
Identify the following boundary disturbances as defined by
Gestalt Therapy: ________ refers to "swallowing"
information without ever understanding or assimilating it;
________ involves displacing one's own wishes onto
another; in ________, a person does to herself what she
wants to do to others (e.g., isolation, masturbation);
________ refers to avoidance of contact by being vague,
indirect, or overly polite; ________ occurs when the
self-environment boundary is too thin and self is not
experienced as distinct, but merged into attitudes, beliefs,
and feelings of others; and ________ is when the
self-environment boundary becomes nonexistent.
```
Introjection;
projection,
retroflection,
deflection,
confluence; isolation
```
68
```
How does a Gestalt
therapist view
transference in the
client-therapist
relationship?
```
As a fantasy
that hinders
true
self-awareness
69
```
What form of therapy views
behavior as being determined by
both conscious and unconscious
factors, including collective
unconscious, and is based on the
theory that personality continues to
develop throughout the lifespan?
```
Jung's
Analytical
Psychotherapy
70
```
Jung contended that the ________
unconscious arises from
repression, whereas ________
unconscious comes from
universally inherited neural patterns
and is described as the "reservoir of
the experiences of our species."
```
Personal
(individual);
collective
71
```
From Jung's Analytic
perspective, ________ are
innate, universal prototypes for
ideas that may be used to
interpret observations. A group
of memories and interpretations
associated with one is termed a
________.
```
Archetypes;
| complex
72
```
________ is the
disposition to find
pleasure in external
things; ________
reflects a turning inward
of the libido.
```
Extraversion;
| introversion
73
```
Jung believed that at
approximately 40
years-old, people shift
from the ________ of their
youth to the ________ of
adulthood, a time period
referred to as ________.
```
Extroversion;
introversion;
mid-life crisis
(transition)
74
```
Practitioners of what form of
therapy hold the belief that people
possess an inherent ability for
growth and self-actualization and
that maladaptive behavior occurs
when incongruence between self
and experience disrupts this natural
tendency?
```
Person-Centered
| Therapy
75
```
In Person-Centered
Therapy, what are the 3
facilitative conditions the
therapist applies to enable
clients to return to their
natural tendency for
self-actualization?
```
```
Empathic understanding
(empathy), congruence
(genuineness/authenticity),
and unconditional positive
regard
```
76
```
Therapists from this modality
view the client as expert while
the therapist acts as a
consultant/collaborator who
poses questions designed to
assist clients in recognizing and
using their strengths and
resources to achieve goals.
```
Solution-Focused
| Therapy
77
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Solution-Focused
therapists believe that
understanding the etiology
or attribute of a
maladaptive behavior is
irrelevant?
```
TRUE: They prefer
rather to focus on
solutions to
problems
78
```
What form of therapy that is
focused on empowerment
and social change, based on
the premise that "the personal
is political," and attempts to
demystify the client-therapist
relationship?
```
Feminist
| Therapy
79
```
In Feminist Object
Relations Therapy,
what are the 2
contributors to
gendered behaviors?
```
```
1. Sexual division of labor
and 2. Mother-child
relationship (positing that
many gender differences can
be traced to differences in
mother-daughter and
mother-son relationships)
```
80
```
In contrast to Feminist
Therapy, ________
therapy focuses more
on personal causes of
behavior and personal
change.
```
Nonsexist
81
```
According to this theory,
one's sense of self is
largely dependent on how
they connect with others,
thus psychopathology is
viewed as resulting from
disconnection with others.
```
Self-In-Relation
| Theory
82
```
What is a good technique to
use with clients who are
ambivalent about changing
their behaviors and combines
the transtheoretical model with
client-centered therapy and
self-efficacy?
```
Motivational
| Interviewing
83
```
The goals of increasing a couple's
recognition and initiation of pleasurable
interactions, decreasing a couple's
aversive interactions (negative
exchanges), teaching a couple effective
problem-solving and communication
skills, and teaching a couple to use a
contingency contract to resolve persisting
problems characterize what therapeutic
approach?
```
Behavioral
Family
Therapy
84
```
This school of family therapy
extends General Systems
Theory beyond the nuclear
family and views dysfunction as
part of an intergenerational
process. Thus, therapy often
starts with the construction of a
genogram
```
Extended Family
Systems Therapy
(Bowen;
Bowenian)
85
```
The primary goal of
Extended Family Systems
Therapy is to encourage
________, which is one's
ability to separate their
intellectual and emotional
functioning.
```
Differentiation
| of self
86
```
According to Extended
Family Systems Therapy,
this occurs when two
family members in conflict
involve a third person,
which usually immobilizes
the third person.
```
Triangulation
87
```
A practitioner of Extended
Family Systems Therapy
often joins a dyad, creating
a ________, in an attempt
to reduce the original level
of fusion and achieve
higher self-differentiation.
```
Therapeutic
| triangle
88
```
What are the 3
formative stages
therapy groups usually
pass through, as
proposed by Yalom?
```
```
(1) Hesitancy, search for
meaning, and
dependency; (2) conflict,
dominance, and
rebellion; and (3)
cohesiveness
```
89
```
What characteristic of a
therapy group does Yalom
believe is most important
and is most similar to the
therapist-client relationship
in individual therapy?
```
Cohesiveness
90
```
Yalom believes that
________ is inevitable
in a group and must be
resolved in a way that
benefits the group.
```
Transference
91
```
Is it ever appropriate
for co-therapists to
openly disagree
during a group
session?
```
```
Yes, but not until
the group has
developed some
cohesiveness (6+
sessions)
```
92
```
Yalom ranks ________, ________,
and ________ the most important
factors of group therapy. However,
higher-functioning group members
rate ________ and ________, while
lower-functioning members believe
________ is most important.
```
```
Interpersonal learning,
catharsis, cohesiveness;
universality,
interpersonal learning;
instillation of hope
```
93
```
Since concurrent individual
and group therapy allows for
both extensive intrapersonal
exploration and external
support, it can be helpful for
people presenting with what
disorders?
```
Borderline and
narcissistic
personality
disorder
94
```
One problem with concurrent
group and individual therapy is
that a client may be more
expressive and inclined to
self-disclose in ________
therapy, thus limiting material
that could be used for
________ therapy
```
Individual;
| group
95
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Regarding group therapy,
Yalom contends that
prescreening of potential
group members and
post-selection preparation
is unnecessary.
```
```
FALSE: Yalom states that
prescreening and
post-selection preparation
can reduce premature
termination from group
therapy and enhance
therapy outcomes
```
96
```
Of the many factors found
to influence the behavior
of a therapeutic group,
which one do most experts
believe is the most
important for the therapist
to consider?
```
```
Intelligence, arguing that
clients should have
similar intelligence
levels to encourage
greater group interaction
```
97
What is the
ideal size of a
therapy group?
```
7 to 10 members. 5 or less
limits learning and creates
too much client-therapist
interaction, while more
than 10 leads to alienation
and lack of cohesiveness
```
98
```
Research by Guy, Poelstra, and Stark
(1989) found that (1) therapists find
________ to be the most stressful client
behavior; (2) therapists consider
________ to be the single most stressful
aspect of their work; and (3) issues
relating to ________ constitute the most
frequently encountered ethical/legal
dilemma
```
```
Suicidal
statements; a lack
of therapeutic
success;
confidentiality
```
99
```
What approach to family therapy focuses
on transactional patterns and views
symptoms as interpersonal events that
serve to control relationships, views
therapy as a power struggle between the
client/family and the therapist, and was
influenced by structural family therapy,
communication/interaction therapy, and
Milton Erickson?
```
Strategic
Family Therapy
(Haley)
100
```
A strategic family therapist
might instruct a client to
engage in the symptomatic
behavior in an attempt to
harness the energy of
resistance in the service of
change, which is called what?
```
Paradoxical
| directive
101
```
According to Strategic
Family Therapy, this
involves relabeling a
behavior to make it more
amenable to change and
giving a new or altered
meaning to a situation.
```
Reframing
102
```
What Strategic Family Therapy
"strategy" involves asking each
family member to describe
relationships within the family
system and note the differences,
the goal being to help family
members view problems in a new
light and make them more
amenable to change?
```
Circular
| questioning
103
```
What approach to family
therapy encourages
couples to focus more on
positive aspects of each
other and use reciprocal
reinforcement (quid pro
quo)?
```
Operant
Interpersonal
Therapy
104
```
In a consultative relationship,
________ evaluations are
periodically conducted to
assess the consultation
process, while ________
evaluations are conducted to
assess the consultation
product.
```
Formative;
| summative
105
```
It is the primary goal of what
model of therapy to help
clients identify responsible
and effective ways of
satisfying their needs and
thereby develop a "success
identity?"
```
Reality
| Therapy
106
Reality therapy (1) rejects the ________
and the concept of _______; (2) focuses
on ________ behaviors and beliefs; (3)
views transference as ________ to the
therapy process; (4) stresses ________
processes; (5) emphasizes ________,
especially the client's ability to judge what
is right/wrong in daily life; and (6) teaches
specific behaviors that will enable clients
to ________.
```
Medical model; mental
illness; current;
detrimental; conscious;
value judgments; fulfill
their needs
```
107
```
According to Glasser's
Reality Therapy, a
person who meets their
needs in an
irresponsible manner
adopts what?
```
A "failure
| identity"
108
```
In what therapeutic
approach do
therapists analyze a
client's child, parent,
and adult ego states?
```
Transactional
Analysis
(Berne)
109
```
Therapists of Transactional
Analysis believe transactions
occur between ego states at 2
levels (social and covert) by
way of ________, or
recognition from others. They
can be either positive or
negative.
```
Strokes
110
```
Developed early in life through
interactions with parents and
others, practitioners of
Transactional Analysis believe
________, or a person's life plan,
reflect a characteristic pattern of
giving and receiving strokes; an
unhealthy one leads to maladaptive
behavior
```
Scripts
111
What are the 4 life
positions according
to Transactional
Analysis?
I'm OK - you're OK;
I'm OK - you're not
okay; I'm not OK -you're OK; I'm not
OK - you're not OK
112
```
According to Transactional Analysis, a
________ transaction is when the original
communication is responded to
appropriately; a ________ transaction
occurs when the original communication
is met with a response from an
inappropriate ego state; and a ________
transaction occurs when confusion
ensues due to the communicator giving a
dual message.
```
Complimentary;
crossed;
ulterior
113
```
An orderly series of ulterior
transactions that is
repeated over time and
results in bad feelings for
both people involved is
called what in
Transactional Analysis?
```
Games
114
```
Prochaska and
DiClemente's
Transtheoretical Model of
behavior change proposes
that the change process
involves what 5 stages of
change?
```
Pre-contemplation,
contemplation,
preparation, action,
and maintenance
115
```
In this stage of change,
the person does not
exhibit the specified
behavior and has not
considered adopting the
behavior.
```
Pre-contemplation
116
```
A person who is
considering adopting a
new behavior but has not
dedicated any effort
towards enacting or
preparing to enact it is in
what stage of change?
```
Contemplation
117
```
A person starting to gather
information on a new
behavior, with a view
toward enacting the
behavior, characterizes
the ________ stage of
change.
```
Preparation
118
```
In this stage of change,
a person begins
enacting a new behavior
regularly, but has not
continued doing so over
a long period of time.
```
Action
119
```
A person moves into the
________ stage of change
once a new behavior has been
regularly enacted for more than
6 months, thus indicating they
likely adopted the behavior;
people must continually exert
effort to maintain the behavior.
```
Maintenance
120
```
By nature of novelty, a 6th stage of
change has been added to the
Transtheoretical Model that is
relatively unknown. It is the
________ stage of change and
refers to when a new behavior
becomes a part of a person's
normal behavior
```
```
Transformation (or
termination,
transcendence); there is
some disagreement as
to the possibility of ever
making it to this stage
```
121
```
This therapeutic approach
emphasizes the human
conditions of depersonalization,
loneliness, and isolation and
assumes people are not static
but, rather, in a perpetual state
of becoming
```
Existential
| Therapy
122
Of the 2 types of anxiety distinguished by
existential therapists, ________ anxiety is
proportionate to its cause, does not require
repression, and can be used as a catalyst to
identify and confront the dilemma from which it
arose; ________ anxiety results from evasion of
the latter and manifests itself as a loss of a
subjective sense of free will and an inability to
take responsibility for one's own life.
Existential
(normal);
neurotic
123
```
What is one of the main
goals of existential
therapy, due to its ability
to facilitate client
change?
```
```
To develop an intimate,
authentic, egalitarian
relationship with the
client, which is referred
to during therapy
```
124
This model proposes that health
behaviors are influenced by (1) the
person's readiness to take a particular
action, which is related to their perceived
susceptibility to the illness and perceived
severity of its consequences; (2) the
person's evaluation of the benefits and
costs of making a particular response;
and (3) the internal and external "cues to
action" that trigger the response
Health
Belief
Model
125
```
The concept of the
feedback loop through
which a system receives
information is
attributable to
________.
```
Cybernetics
126
```
What was derived from the
medical-psychiatric model
and general systems theory
and aims to improve the
socio-emotional functioning of
a consultee's clients?
```
Mental
Health
Consultation
127
```
A ________ feedback loop
reduces deviation and helps a
system maintain its status
quo, while a ________
feedback loop amplifies
deviation or change and
thereby disrupts the system
```
Negative;
| positive
128
```
This form of family therapy views
maladaptive behavior as overly
fixed or rigid patterns of action and
reaction. The process of therapy
involves hypothesizing, circularity,
and neutrality and includes the use
of circular questions and
paradoxical techniques to foster
understanding.
```
Systemic
Family Therapy
(Milan)
129
```
This approach to family therapy
emphasizes altering a family's structure
(rigid triangles, power hierarchies) in
order to change the behavior patterns of
family members. The therapist joins the
family system, evaluates the structure,
then restructures the family using
techniques such as enactment and
reframing. The goal is behavior change,
not insight
```
Structural
Family Therapy
(Minuchin)
130
```
In Structural Family Therapy,
these are the rules that
determine the amount and
type of contact allowed
between family members that
lead to enmeshment or
disengagement.
```
Boundaries
131
```
From the perspective of
Structural Family Therapy,
________ occurs when
boundaries are overly unclear
and promote dependence,
whereas ________ results from
overly rigid boundaries that
promote isolation.
```
Enmeshment;
| disengagement
132
```
Structural Family Therapy posits that
boundary problems could take the form of
_______, where each parent expects the
child to side with them during conflict,
and ________, where parents reinforce
bad behavior in their child and shift the
focus off problems they are having with
each other. When the child consistently
sides with one parent, it is termed a
________
```
Triangulation;
detouring;
(stable)
coalition
133
What is primary prevention?
Making an intervention available to all members of a target group or population in order to keep them from developing a disorder.
134
What is secondary prevention?
Identifying at-risk individuals and offering them appropriate treatment.
135
In young childhood, the normative term for stuttering is...
Normal childhood dysfluency
136
What are the 3 types of ADHD?
1. Combined
2. Predominantly Inattentive
3. Predominantly Hyperactivity-Impulsive
137
In general systems theory, what is homeostasis?
The tendency for a system to revert back to old ways amidst a change or disruption in the system.
138
In general systems theory, the degree to which homeostasis exists is determined by...
The system's management of negative and positive feedback
139
```
The Structural Family Therapy
technique of "joining" involves
the therapist blending into the
family by using ________
(adopting their style and
language) and ________
(identifying with the family's
values and history).
```
Mimesis;
| tracking
140
```
Practitioners of
Structural Family
Therapy create this
based on observations
of family transactional
patterns.
```
A family
| map
141
```
What are the 3
restructuring
techniques used
by Structural
Family Therapists?
```
```
Enactment (role play family
relationships and interactions),
reframing (family behavior
relabeled more positively), and
blocking (stop family from
engaging in normal way of
functioning)
```
142
```
This term refers to the rule that
governs the limits of behavior in
a family and is associated with
the concept of homeostasis-
when homeostasis is upset in a
family, negative feedback
recalibrates the system and
restores a comfortable balance.
```
Calibration
143
```
What term refers to the
tendency of health
professionals to attribute all
behavioral, social, and
emotional problems to mental
retardation in people with
such a diagnosis?
```
Diagnostic
| overshadowing
144
```
TRUE or FALSE: One's
theoretical orientation,
expertise, or experience
is not related to
diagnostic
overshadowing.
```
```
TRUE: Research has
also shown that
diagnostic
overshadowing applies
to other diagnoses and
situations as well
```
145
```
Can utilizing memories
retrieved through
hypnosis, regardless of
their accuracy, be
therapeutically
beneficial?
```
Yes,
according
to research
146
```
What approach to family therapy
focuses both on intrapsychic and
interpersonal causes of
maladaptive behavior, involves
interpreting transferences,
resistances, and other factors in
order to foster insight, and is not
based on the systems model?
```
Object-Relations
| Family Therapy
147
```
The term ________ has been
used by Herek to define an
ideological system that denies,
denigrates, and stigmatizes
among non-heterosexual forms
of behavior, identity,
relationships, or community.
```
Heterosexism
148
```
This therapy is a collaborative
process of empirical investigation,
reality testing, and problem solving
between therapist and client where
the client's maladaptive
interpretations and conclusions are
treated as testable hypotheses.
```
Cognitive
Therapy
(Beck)
149
```
What are the 3 levels of
cognition Beck believed
influenced the cause
and maintenance of
pathology?
```
```
Automatic
thoughts,
schemas, and
cognitive
distortions
```
150
```
A cognitive therapist might ask a
client to keep a journal of
________, which are thoughts that
arise spontaneously in response to
certain situations and are more a
reflection of a client's appraisal of a
situation rather than the actual
situation itself.
```
Automatic
| thoughts
151
```
These are internal models of the
self and the world that develop over
the course of experiences
beginning early in life and can serve
an adaptive function by allowing
new information to be linked with
old information, making for more
efficient information processing.
```
Schemas (core
beliefs;
underlying
assumptions)
152
```
Beck identified systematic errors in
reasoning that form the link
between dysfunctional schemas
and automatic thoughts, which he
called ________. It refers to the
process of a person biasing or
adapting newly processed
information to fit a relevant schema.
```
Cognitive
| distortions
153
A client in therapy reports to his therapist
that he is a bad employee and is likely to
get fired; however, the therapist soon
recognizes the client's negative
conclusion cannot be supported by real
evidence and, in fact, seems to go
against the therapist's experience of the
client as punctual, engaged, and
hardworking. What cognitive distortion is
this client most likely making?
```
Arbitrary inference,
which occurs when
specific conclusions
are drawn with no
evidence
```
154
```
In cognitive marital therapy, a wife
reports her frustration with her husband
for not taking out the trash, which she
says is causing a lot of problems in their
marriage. Her husband, however,
complains that she fails to recognize
other things he does to help. What
cognitive distortion is most likely leading
to the wife's frustration?
```
```
Selective abstraction, as
she is focusing on a
single detail that is
taken out of context, at
the expense of other
information
```
155
```
What term refers to
therapeutic techniques that
attempt to alter maladaptive
thought patterns that are
believed to be responsible for
maladaptive behavior and
emotional disorders?
```
Cognitive
| restructuring
156
```
An elderly man who was
mugged by a group of
teenage boys develops a
hatred for all adolescents,
exemplifying this cognitive
distortion.
```
Overgeneralization
157
```
Regarding cognitive distortions,
a person who describes a
recent trauma as "no big deal"
is likely ________, while a
person who becomes overly
emotional after getting a small
scratch in their car represents
________.
```
Minimizing;
| magnification
158
```
This cognitive distortion is
characterized by
inappropriately attributing
external events to oneself when
no causal connection really
exists (e.g., a therapist takes
responsibility for her client
being fired from work).
```
Personalization
159
```
The cognitive distortion
of separating
experiences into 2
extremes, such as all
good and all bad, is
called what?
```
Dichotomous
| thinking
160
```
In Cognitive Therapy,
negative thoughts about
the self, the future, and
the world are referred to
as what?
```
The
cognitive
triad
161
```
A person who presents with
cognitions of hopelessness, low
self-esteem, and failure is most
likely experiencing symptoms of
________, while ________ is
associated with thoughts of
anticipated harm or danger.
```
Depression;
| anxiety
162
Identify the following Cognitive Therapy
techniques: ________ involves questioning a
client's thoughts that occur in upsetting
situations; ________ involves helping clients
develop strategies for dealing with feared
consequences; ________ involves considering
alternative causes of events; and ________
involves restating a problem in terms that
emphasize the client's control of it.
```
Eliciting automatic
thoughts;
decatastrophizing;
reattribution;
redefining
```
163
Identify the following behavioral techniques used
in Cognitive Therapy: ________ involves the
therapist assigning tasks to help the client
between sessions; ________ involves planning a
client's daily activities; ________ involves
experimental tests of predictions that derive from
the client's automatic thoughts; and ________,
which are used to reduce strong emotions and
negative thinking (e.g., exercise, work)
```
Homework; activity
scheduling;
hypothesis testing;
diversion
techniques
```
164
```
Between Cognitive
Therapy and Rational
Emotive Behavior
Therapy, which one
more heavily relies on
behavioral techniques?
```
Rational
Emotive
Behavior
Therapy
165
What are the ABCs
in Ellis' Rational
Emotive Behavior
Therapy?
```
A = undesirable Activating
event --> B = rational or
irrational Beliefs about
event --> C = emotional
and behavioral
Consequences based on
beliefs
```
166
```
According to Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy, absolute
thinking, "must-erbation," and
"I-can't-stand-it-itus" influence
the development of ________,
which lead to maladaptive
behavior.
```
Irrational
| beliefs
167
```
A client's active participation
in administering treatment to
him or herself, such as
self-monitoring stimulus
control, self-reinforcement,
and self-punishment, is called
what?
```
Self-control
| techniques
168
```
A client who practices
________ might keep a
journal of a target
behavior each time it
occurs to assist with
behavioral change.
```
Self-monitoring
169
```
In order to increase or decrease a
behavior, a therapist might
recommend ________ to modify an
existing stimulus-response
relationship, or create a new one.
For example, a drug addict might
be instructed to make new,
non-addict friends.
```
Stimulus
| control
170
```
This type of stimulus
control involves restricting
the target behavior to a
limited set of stimuli (e.g.,
a smoker is told to smoke
only when they are with a
certain friend).
```
Narrowing
171
```
To increase a behavior, this type of
stimulus control, which involves
linking a behavior to a specific cue
or set of cues, might be
recommended (e.g., a student with
poor grades is told to study in the
same location so that later, that
location triggers study behavior).
```
Cue
| strengthening
172
This stimulus control technique involves
either identifying or eliminating responses
that block desirable behaviors, or
encouraging responses that block
undesirable behaviors (e.g., a client who
is not finishing their work is asked to give
responses that interfere with work, such
as socializing; this would then be
targeted for elimination).
Competing
| responses
173
When is
stimulus control
most effective?
When deployed
at the
beginning of a
response chain
174
```
Stress Inoculation Training
(Meichenbaum) involves a 3-step
process. In the ________ stage the client
is educated as to how their faulty
cognitions prevent adaptive coping; the
________ stage involves learning and
rehearsing new skills and new ways of
perceiving and thinking about stressful
situations; the ________ stage entails
applying what the client has learned.
```
```
Cognitive
preparation
(education); skills
acquisition;
practice
```
175
```
This is defined as a
state of relaxed
wakefulness with a
relative suspension of
peripheral awareness.
```
Hypnosis
176
What are the 3
factors involved
in Hypnosis?
Absorption,
dissociation,
and
suggestibility
177
```
A form of psychotherapy
used to help clients
retrieve feelings and
memories that have not
been accessible by other
methods is called what?
```
Hypnotherapy
178
```
People presenting to
therapy with ________
tend to be more
hypnotizable than the
general public.
```
Phobias
179
In what types of
situations is the
use of hypnosis
contraindicated?
```
When treating clients
with psychosis,
paranoia, or
obsessive-compulsive
personality traits
```
180
```
This approach has been used
to treat psychophysiological
disorders (e.g., migraines,
hypertension) and evidence
has shown that it is the
preferred treatment for fecal
incontinence and Raynaud's
disease.
```
Biofeedback
181
What are 2 of the
most commonly
used types of
biofeedback?
Electromyography
(EMG) and skin
temperature
182
```
A therapist who instructs a
client to do, or wish for, the
very things they fear
("prescribing the
symptom") is utilizing the
CBT technique of
________.
```
Paradoxical
| intention
183
```
Paradoxical intention
serves the function of
circumventing
________, which is
viewed as the main
cause of the problem.
```
Anticipatory
| anxiety
184
```
What malady is
paradoxical
intention most
commonly used to
treat?
```
Insomnia
185
```
This is a technique that utilizes
visualization for the purpose of
identifying automatic thoughts,
increasing self-control,
assisting with distraction, and
visualizing desired life
outcomes.
```
Guided
| imagery
186
What are the 4
primary goals
of crisis
intervention?
```
Immediate symptom
reduction, strengthening of
coping mechanisms,
restoration to the previous
level of functioning, and
prevention of further
problems
```
187
The following are assumptions when working in
a/an ________ setting: (1) People are basically
strong and resilient; (2) problems reflect need for
support, not underlying pathology; (3) present
and future are more important than past; (4)
therapist promotes coping, not permanent cure;
(5) assessment is an on-going process, not
symptom-oriented mental status exam; (6) small
interventions lead to big systemic changes; (7)
goal is quick elimination of symptoms and
distress
Crisis
| intervention
188
```
The 3 stages of crisis intervention are:
________, which involves identifying the
crisis and the client's reactions to it;
________, which involves assessing the
client's life prior to the crisis, setting
specific short-term goals, and using
techniques to achieve these goals; and
________, at which point progress is
assessed and post-intervention options
are discussed.
```
Formulation;
implementation;
termination
189
What are the 3
primary goals of
brief
psychotherapy?
```
Quick reduction of the client's
most severe symptoms,
restoration of the client to prior
emotional equilibrium, and
development of understanding
and skills to facilitate better
future coping
```
190
```
Who is better suited for
brief psychotherapy, a
man who has experienced
chronic depression most of
his life or a woman who is
experiencing depression
following a recent divorce?
```
```
The divorced woman, as
brief therapy is best suited
for clients with acute
symptoms, who were
previously well-adjusted,
are highly motivated, and
who relate well with others
```
191
```
Central to this brief approach to
therapy is the belief that clients
should choose the problems
and goals to be worked on in
therapy and that clients
possess the necessary
resources to achieve their
goals.
```
Solution-Focused
| Therapy
192
Solution-focused techniques include ________, which is
when the therapist asks about a time when the problem did
not exist, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy;
________, or prescribing change; ________, where a client
is asked to visualize that their problem is solved, then asked
how they would know and what would be different;
________, which are suggestions for unlocking solutions
while avoiding the presenting problem, and ________,
which are conversations between therapist and client that
have a beginning, middle, and end, and an overall plot.
```
Exception question;
formula tasks; miracle
question; skeleton
keys; narratives and
language games
```
193
```
In test development, ________
refers to a process of retaining
items that best differentiate
between large numbers of people in
difference populations. For
example, the MMPI-2 distinguished
between psychiatric and
non-psychiatric groups.
```
Empirical
criterion
keying
194
```
On the MMPI-2, a
T-score of ________
or over is considered
significant and
clinically interpretable.
```
65 (1.5 standard
deviations
above the mean,
50)
195
MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (1)
________ measures abnormal preoccupation
with somatic functioning; (2) ________ one's
experience of hopelessness, helplessness, and
worthlessness; (3) ________ physical symptoms
with a functional origin (e.g., conversion
reaction); (4) ________ measures social
ineptness (e.g., antisocial); (5) ________
measures opposite sex interests.
Hypochondriasis;
Depression; Hysteria;
Psychopathic Deviate;
Masculinity/Femininity
196
```
MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (6)
________ measures vigilance and
suspiciousness; (7) ________ measures
non-hysteria neurotic manifestations
(e.g., phobias); (8) ________ picks up
thought disorder or bizarre actions; (9)
________ measures mania and
concentration problems; and (10)
________ measures
introversion/extraversion.
```
```
Paranoia;
Psychasthenia;
Schizophrenia;
Hypomania; Social
Introversion
```
197
MMPI-2 Validity Scale Descriptions: ________ is
the total number of unanswered questions;
elevations on the ________ scale suggest a
portrayal of oneself in the most favorable light
(faking good); the ________ scale indicates
deviance and attempt to "look bad," either
intentionally or characteristically; ________
indicates defensiveness and guardedness; and
________, ________, and ________ measure
response consistency.
```
?; L (Lie); F (Infrequency);
K (Correction); TRIN (True
response consistency),
VRIN (Variable response
consistency), FB (Back
side consistency)
```
198
```
A psychologist administers
the MMPI-2 to a client and,
rather than interpreting
elevated scales in
isolation, compares scores
on several scales, which is
referred to as?
```
Pattern
| analysis
199
```
What personality test has
21 scales that correspond
to DSM diagnostic
categories and, as such, is
best suited for clinical
populations?
```
Millon Clinical
Multiaxial
Inventory-III
(MCMI-III)
200
```
This self-report inventory
assesses anxiety, depression,
obsessive-compulsiveness, and
hostility, and is usually used as
a dependent measure in
outcome research.
```
Symptom
Checklist 90
(SCL-90)
201
```
After administering
the Rorschach inkblot
test, what "system" is
one most likely to use
to score it?
```
Exner's
Comprehensive
System
202
```
What projective test
relies on stories
provided by the client
in response to a given
set of pictures?
```
Thematic
Apperception
Test (TAT)
203
```
Regarding
projective tests,
what is the
"projective
hypothesis?"
```
```
Responses to vague
or ambiguous stimuli
reveal underlying
cognitive and
personality processes
```
204
```
What test measures a
person's personal interests,
which are then compared to
norms derived from others
who have experienced
satisfaction and success in
various occupations?
```
Strong-Campbell
Interest Inventory
(SCII)
205
```
While interests tests such as
the Strong-Campbell Interest
Inventory can validly predict
factors relating to job interest,
choice, and motivation, what
factor are they not good at
predicting?
```
Job
| performance/success
206
```
This test yields an indication of
interest in 10 broad areas, and
differs from the
Strong-Campbell Interest
Inventory in that it is based on
content validity rather than
empirical criterion keying.
```
Kuder
Vocational
Preference
Record (KVP-R)
207
Some neuropsychological test batteries include
the ________ (consists of separate measures of
lateral dominance, psychomotor functions,
sensory-perceptual functions, speech/language,
visual-spatial skills, abstract reasoning, mental
flexibility, and attention/concentration) and the
________ (consists of 269 items organized into
11 different scales designed to measure specific
functions).
Halstead-Reitan;
Luria-Nebraska
Battery
208
```
What test, consisting of 9
designs that a client is asked to
reproduce on blank paper,
might be used to screen for
brain damage and to indicate
the possibility of psychiatric
disorders?
```
Bender
Visual-Motor
Gestalt Test
209
What is usually
used to screen for
dementia in elderly
individuals?
Mini Mental
Status Exam
(MMSE)
210
```
This test is for children 2 to 10
y/o and assesses channels
(auditory-vocal, visual-motor),
processes (understanding,
organizing, expressing), and
levels (representational,
automatic).
```
Illinois Test of
Psycholinguistic
Abilities (ITPA)
211
```
During this test, which is helpful in
screening for frontal lobe damage,
a person is presented with a list of
words of colors (blue, green, red)
that are printed in ink of a different
color (e.g., "red" is printed in blue
ink), then asked to name the ink
color as quickly as possible.
```
Stroop
Color-Word
Test
212
```
Howard et al. suggested a
Phase Model of Psychotherapy
Effectiveness that states the
effects of psychotherapy occur
in stages related to the number
of sessions attended. What are
these stages?
```
```
Remoralization (first few
sessions), remediation
(requires about 16
sessions), and
rehabilitation (beyond
16 sessions)
```
213
```
According to research, what
is the difference between
patients who show a
measurable improvement at
26 sessions and those who
have attended 52 sessions?
```
```
Howard et al. found that
75% improved by 26
sessions and only 85% by
52 sessions, so the
answer is 10%. This is
referred to as a "dose
dependent effect."
```
214
```
Researchers Smith, Glass,
and Miller produced
research that contradicted
previous findings by
Eysenck. What were the
results of their
meta-analysis?
```
```
They found a .85 effect size,
indicating the typical client is
better off than 80% of controls
and 66% of treated individuals,
compared to 34% of controls,
show improvement from
psychotherapy
```
215
```
Numerous studies on
outcome of
psychotherapy, including
Smith et al.'s research,
have concluded that what
type of therapy produces
the strongest effects?
```
```
No therapy is better
than another, which
contradicts Eysenck's
earlier findings that
behavior therapy was
superior
```
216
```
When compared to people
receiving no treatment, placebo
control groups show ________
improvement; however, when
compared to groups that are
receiving treatments, placebo
control groups show ________
improvement.
```
More;
| less
217
```
Of client traits and
therapist traits, which
ones are believed to
be better predictors of
therapy outcome?
```
Client
| traits
218
```
What has been
found regarding
therapy outcome
and client level of
motivation?
```
```
Development of
motivation during
therapy is more
important that
motivation to change at
beginning of therapy
```
219
```
Some studies suggest
that ________ is the
single most important
characteristic of a
therapist.
```
Competence
220
```
What has been found to
account for most of the
variance in treatment
outcome and to be more
important than the specific
treatment intervention?
```
Therapeutic
(working)
alliance
221
```
In a meta-analysis regarding
therapeutic treatment of
children and adolescents,
what sex did Weisz et al. find
responded better, particularly
during adolescence?
```
Females
222
```
The ________ approach to
understanding and describing
cultures involves viewing the culture
from the perspective of its
members, while the ________
approach is culture-general and
assumes that universal principles
can be applied to all cultures.
```
Emic;
| etic
223
```
According to Berry,
a person's level of
acculturation can be
described by one of
what four terms?
```
Integration,
assimilation,
separation, or
marginalization
224
```
Berry referred to this term
to describe the retention of
one's identity with their
home culture while
simultaneously
maintaining characteristics
of the new culture.
```
Integration
225
```
When a person retains
very little of their original
cultural identity while
highly maintaining aspects
of the new culture, Berry
says they are ________.
```
Assimilated
226
```
This term, according to
Berry, describes a
person's desire to retain
their original culture
while rejecting the
dominant culture.
```
Separation
227
```
Berry states that people
who retain very little of
the old and new culture,
wanting nothing to do
with either, experience
________.
```
Marginalization
228
```
Research on
therapist-client matching
in terms of race,
ethnicity, or culture has
shown what?
```
```
While it increases the
duration of treatment, it
does not have
consistent effects on
other therapy outcomes
```
229
```
The ________ distinguishes
between 5 stages that people
experience as they attempt to
understand themselves in
terms of their own culture, the
dominant culture, and the
oppressive relationship
between the two cultures.
```
Minority Identity
Development
Model
230
In the ________ stage of minority development,
a person prefers the dominant cultural values;
the ________ stage is marked by confusion and
conflict, and the person begins to challenge the
values of the previous stage; in the ________
stage, a person rejects the dominant culture and
wholly endorses minority held views; the
________ stage is characterized by conflict
between autonomy and constraints of the last
stage; and in the ________ stage, the person
experiences self-fulfillment and individual
autonomy.
```
Conformity; dissonance;
resistance and
immersion;
introspection;
synergistic articulation
and awareness
```
231
```
What are the 4
stages of Troiden's
Homosexual Identity
Development
Model?
```
```
Sensitization,
identity confusion,
identity assumption,
and identity
commitment
```
232
```
According to the Homosexual
Identity Development Model,
this stage is characterized by
feelings of marginalization, a
concern with gender
identification over sexuality,
and the internalization of a
negative self-concept
```
Sensitization
233
```
The ________ stage of homosexual
identity development, Troiden
contends, is marked by the youthful
experience of conflict between the
identity one developed as a child
and that which is demanded as an
adolescent. During this stage,
stress can be dealt with via denial,
avoidance, repair, or acceptance.
```
Identity
| confusion
234
```
When a homosexual person experiences
a reduction in social isolation and an
increase in contact with other
homosexuals, Troiden would say they are
in the ________ stage of homosexual
identity development, during which
capitualization, minstralization, passing,
and group alignment are used as coping
techniques.
```
Identity
| assumption
235
```
This final stage of homosexual identity
development involves the integration of
homosexuality to the extent that it
becomes a state or way of being, rather
than a description of sexual behavior.
People in this stage usually accomplish
same-sex love commitment and are
comfortable identifying oneself as gay,
lesbian, or bisexual to non-homosexual
individuals.
```
Commitment
236
```
McLaughlin has
distinguished between
what 8 stages of
homosexuality identity
formation?
```
```
Isolation, alienation,
rejection of self, passing
as straight, consolidating
self identity, acculturation,
integrating self and public
identity, and pride and
synthesis
```
237
```
Herek argues that ________ is
a more precise term than
homophobia and describes it
as "all negative attitudes toward
an individual based on sexual
orientation," regardless of
sexuality.
```
Sexual
| prejudice
238
```
TRUE or FALSE:
Hispanic clients prefer
a more attentive and
personalized
approach to therapy.
```
TRUE: Hispanics
prefer a more
personalized and
attentive therapy
239
```
Ruiz and Padilla suggest
therapy with Hispanic
clients should be
________ and ________,
and should consider the
importance of family in
therapy.
```
Active;
goal
oriented
240
```
Regarding treatment of
Latino/a and Hispanic
people, Cuento therapy
includes what in the
treatment process?
```
```
Reading and
discussing
"cuentos," which
are Spanish
folk-tales
```
241
```
When working with
Native-American clients,
therapists should take a
non-directive, history oriented,
accepting, and cooperative
approach, as well as consider
utilizing what else?
```
```
Elder tribe
members, medicine
people, and/or other
culturally significant
aspects
```
242
```
As a result of this ethnic
group's tendency to be
reserved and inhibited, it is
best to use an approach
that is direct, structured,
and short-term.
```
Asian-American
243
```
It has been suggested that
treatment for this group
should include guiding the
person through identity
stages and encouraging them
to engage in satisfying
relationships and activities.
```
Elderly
| patients
244
```
In what approach to therapy
would an elderly client be
encouraged to accept past
successes and shortcomings,
resolve past conflicts, and
develop future goals to
enhance life meaning via a
process of reviewing one's life?
```
Reminiscence
| Therapy
245
```
A therapist who interprets everyone's
reality through their own cultural
assumptions and stereotypes, minimizes
cultural variations among clients, is
unaware of their own cultural biases, and
defines counseling in terms of
dogmatically-accepted techniques and
strategies is said to be what?
```
Culturally
| encapsulated
246
```
This term refers to the
process of change
that occurs when one
culture assimilates
with another culture.
```
Acculturation
247
```
African-, Asian-, Hispanic-, and
Native-Americans exhibit ________
communication, which relies on
shared cultural understanding and
nonverbal cues. In contrast, Anglos
are more likely to exhibit ________
communication, which relies
primarily on verbal messages.
```
High-context;
| low-context
248
```
What occurs when a
therapist assumes that all
of a client's problems are
directly related to the
client's culture as opposed
to other factors?
```
Cultural
overgeneralization
(Hall)
249
```
This model was developed
by Helms to provide a
conceptual framework for
understanding and
resolving interracial
tensions in cross-cultural
psychotherapy.
```
Racial
Interaction
Model
250
```
What are the 6 statuses
(stages) that emerge in
sequence and reflect
abandonment of racism,
according to the White Racial
Identity Development Model
(Helms)?
```
```
Contact, disintegration,
pseudo-independence,
immersion-emersion,
autonomy, and
reintegration
```
251
```
According to the White Racial
Identity Development Model, people
at this status of identity
development usually have limited
contact with people of color, are
oblivious to their own whiteness,
and are unaware of the implications
of racial differences.
```
Contact
252
```
In the ________ status of the White
Racial Identity Development Model,
Whites experience increasing
awareness of their whiteness and of
racial inequalities due to increased
cross-racial interactions, leading to
emotional, psychological, and moral
confusion.
```
Disintegration
253
```
Whites resolving their conflicts by
adopting the position that their race
is superior and minorities inferior,
all in an attempt to justify existing
inequalities, characterize the
________ status of the White
Racial Identity Development Model.
```
Reintegration
254
```
According to the White Racial
Identity Development Model,
what status is marked by
dissatisfaction with
reintegration, leading Whites to
re-examine their beliefs about
race and racial inequalities?
```
Pseudo-Independence
255
```
Whites at the ________ status
of the White Racial Identity
Development Model embrace
their whiteness without
rejecting minority group
members, and they explore
feeling proud about their own
race without being racist.
```
Immersion-Emersion
256
```
This status of the White Racial
Identity Development Model is
marked by the internalization of a
non-racist White identity based on
an accurate understanding of the
strengths and weaknesses of White
culture, as well as valuing and
seeking cross-racial relationships.
```
Autonomy
257
```
What model assumes that
African-American identity
development becomes more
authentic as they go through the
following 5 stages: pre-encounter,
encounter, immersion/emersion,
internalization, and
internalization/commitment?
```
```
The Model of
Psychological
Nigrescence (Cross)-
grescence means "the
process of becoming
black"
```
258
```
During this stage of the Model
of Psychological Nigrescence,
a person is most likely to
believe integration and
assimilation will solve racial
problems and tend to blame
African-Americans themselves
for their own problems.
```
Pre-encounter
259
```
The ________ stage of the Model
of Psychological Nigrescence is
marked by a personal or social
event that temporarily dislodges the
person from their worldview,
making them more receptive to a
new interpretation of their identity.
```
Encounter
260
```
When a person denigrates
White people and culture while
simultaneously deifying
African-America people and
culture, they are most likely in
what stage, according to the
Model of Psychological
Nigrescence?
```
Immersion-Emersion
261
```
This stage of the Model of
Psychological Nigrescence is
characterized by ideological
flexibility, psychological
openness, and self-confidence,
and involves a resolution of
conflicts between old and new
worldviews.
```
Internalization
262
```
According to the Model of
Psychological Nigrescence, a
person who translates their
newly internalized identity into
activities that are meaningful to
the group, such as social and
political activism, is in what
stage?
```
Internalization-Commitment
263
```
This term is used to describe
appropriate mistrust and
suspiciousness of
African-Americans and other
minorities toward whites
resulting from racism and
oppression. In therapy, it may
be a cause of nondisclosure.
```
Healthy
cultural
paranoia
264
```
If a white therapist suspects
their African-American client's
unwillingness to disclose is
due to "healthy cultural
paranoia," what should the
therapist do, according to
Ridely?
```
```
Help the client become
consciously aware of
their feelings about
whites and identify when
it is safe to self-disclose
```
265
```
According to Boyd-Franklin, who
responds best to a multisystems
approach that addresses multiple
systems (e.g., extended family,
non-blood kin, church, community
resources), intervenes at multiple
levels, and empowers the family by
directly incorporating its strengths
into the intervention?
```
African-American
| families
266
```
Research has shown that the
most successful therapy for
African-Americans is
________ and ________,
and that they tend to be more
non-verbal, emotional, and
concrete.
```
Problem-oriented;
| time-limited
267
What is tertiary prevention?
Interventions designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has already occurred.
