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*EPPP > Clinical > Flashcards

Clinical Flashcards

1
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ studies are
based on clinical trials
while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ studies
are correlational or
quasi-experimental in
nature.
A

Efficacy;

Effectiveness

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2
Q 
This is the theory that the
"whole" can be understood only
in terms of the organization and
interactions of its components;
it is the theoretical framework
underlying family therapy.
A

General
Systems
Theory

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3
Q 
In general systems theory,
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interact with the
environment by receiving input and
discharging output, whereas
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have no exchange with
the environment and can lead a
family to disorder and
disorganization. Families in therapy
are usually the former.
A

Open systems;

closed systems

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4
Q 
In general systems theory,
this refers to the concept
that every part of a system
is interrelated, thus all
parts are affected by a
change in the system.
A

Wholeness

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5
Q 
This property of a family
system, according to general
systems theory, suggests the
whole is greater than the sum
of its parts; hence, therapists
view the family as a single unit
rather than a collection of
individuals.
A

Non-summativity

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6
Q 
In general systems theory,
this refers to the idea that
the same end-result
occurs for the whole
family, regardless of where
one enters the system.
A

Equifinality

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7
Q 
A young girl who is
molested by her father
ends up becoming very
sexually inhibited later in
life. This is an example of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ according to
general systems theory
A

Equipotentiality

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8
Q 
From a general systems theory
perspective, this refers to the
tendency for a system to revert
back to old ways amidst a change
or disruption in the system. The
system's management of negative
and positive feedback determines
the degree to which it exists
A

Homeostasis

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9
Q 
In general systems theory, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
refers to the maintenance of a family's
homeostasis by attempting to correct
deviations in the status quo (e.g., dad
yells at loud son and son quiets down),
while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the disruption of
a family's homeostasis by encouraging or
creating deviations to the status quo
(e.g., wife gets job and roles change for
husband/children).
A

Negative
feedback;
positive
feedback

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10
Q 
Interpersonal Therapy was initially
developed as a treatment for
depression, though it has since
been applied to other conditions.
While it acknowledges early
experience, biology, and
personality, it focuses on 1 of what
4 areas of interpersonal
functioning?
A 
Grief, interpersonal
role disputes, role
transitions, and
interpersonal
deficits
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11
Q 
This phenomenon occurs in
clinical supervision when the
therapist (supervisee)
behaves toward the
supervisor in ways similar to
how the client is behaving
toward the therapist.
A

Parallel

process

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12
Q 
What approach to family
therapy focuses on the
role of communication and
distinguishes between
symmetrical and
complimentary
communication?
A

Communication/Interaction

Family Therapy

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13
Q 
From the perspective of
Communication/Interaction Family
Therapy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves conflicting
negative injunctions, with one injunction
often being expressed verbally and the
other non-verbally (e.g., father says "I
love you" while spanking child). This
usually results in a frustrating conflict in
the person receiving the message
A

Double-bind

communication

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14
Q 
According to Communication/Interaction
Family Therapy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
communication occurs between equals
but may escalate into a competition for
control, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
communication occurs between
participants who are unequal and
emphasizes their differences (e.g.,
parent-child or employee-boss)
A

Symmetrical;

Complimentary

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15
Q 
What concept of
Communication/Interaction
Therapy suggests information
is communication implicitly via
nonverbal messages, which is
also referred to as
command-level
communication?
A 
Metacommunication
(report-level
communication refers
to the intended verbal
message)
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16
Q 
Who is the British
psychologist known for
research suggesting that
any apparent benefit of
therapy is actually due to
spontaneous recovery?
A 
Eysenck performed outcome
studies showing that 72% of
untreated neurotics improved
without therapy, while 66% of
clients in eclectic therapy and
44% in psychoanalysis showed
a substantial decrease in
symptoms
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17
Q 
Eysenck concluded,
based on his research,
that what single form of
therapy is superior to
placebo or no treatment
at all?
A

Behavior

therapy

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18
Q 
While the impact of duration of
therapy (number of sessions) on
client outcome is positive at first, it
typically lessens over time, though
never becomes negative. Thus, it
can be said that the relationship
between duration of therapy and
treatment outcome is what?
A

Negatively

accelerated

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19
Q 
An approach to the
alleviation of mental
disorders that is
associated with both
community mental health
and public health is
referred to as what?
A

Prevention

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20
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ preventions
make an intervention
available to all members of
a target group or
population in order to keep
them from developing a
disorder.
A

Primary

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21
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ preventions
identify at-risk
individuals and offer
them appropriate
treatment.
A

Secondary

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22
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ preventions
are designed to reduce
the duration and
consequences of an
illness that has already
occurred.
A

Tertiary

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23
Q 
Based on the research,
who are the most
frequent callers and,
consequently, receive
the most benefit from
suicide hotlines?
A

Young
white
females

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24
Q 
Freudian psychoanalysis
involves analyzing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and consists of a
combination of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A 
Free associations;
dreams; resistances;
transferences;
confrontation; clarification;
interpretation; working
through
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25
Q 
Freud posited that when
the ego is unable to ward
off danger (anxiety)
through rational, realistic
means, it resorts to one of
its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Defense

mechanisms

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26
Q 
What 2
characteristics do all
defense
mechanisms share,
according to Freud?
A

They (1) operate
on an unconscious
level and (2) serve
to distort reality

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27
Q 
Name the following defense
mechanisms: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves
refusing to accept external reality
because it's too threatening; the
gross reshaping of external reality
to meet internal needs is called
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when
one attributes to others one's own
unacceptable thoughts/emotions.
A

Denial;
distortion;
projection

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28
Q 
Name the following defense
mechanisms: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to
indirectly expressing aggression toward
others; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the direct expression
of an unconscious impulse without
conscious awareness; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is
subconsciously viewing another person
as more positive than they are.
A

Passive
aggression;
acting out;
idealization

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29
Q 
Name the following defense
mechanisms: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves shifting
sexual or aggressive impulses to a more
acceptable target; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an
extreme separation of emotion from ideas
in order to distance oneself from anxiety;
and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to converting
unconscious inappropriate impulses into
their opposites
A

Displacement;
intellectualization;
reaction
formatio

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30
Q 
Name the following defense
mechanisms: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the overt
expression of ideas or feelings in such a
way to give others pleasure; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
occurs when one identifies so deeply with
some idea that it becomes a part of that
person's character; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to
transferring/expressing negative
emotions or instincts in positive, more
acceptable ways.
A

Humor;
introjection;
sublimation

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31
Q

Name the following defense mechanisms:
________ is the rejection of painful or shameful
experiences from consciousness and prevents
unacceptable impulses/desires from reaching
consciousness; ________ is the process of
giving a socially acceptable reason to explain
unacceptable thoughts or actions; ________
occurs when a person becomes stuck in a
successfully completed developmental stage and
returns to this stage in response to difficult life
problems.

A

Repression;
rationalization;
fixation

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32
Q 
The id, a completely
unorganized reservoir of
energy that includes all
instincts and reflexes that
are inherited at birth,
operates according to
what?
A

The
pleasure
principle

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33
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is that part
of the id that has been
modified by its interaction
with the external world,
functions to suspend the
pleasure principle, and
represents the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Ego; reality

principle

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34
Q 
What part of the ego acts
as the conscience and is
constructed largely from
internalization of parental
restrictions, prohibitions,
and customs?
A

Superego

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35
Q 
What unconscious mental
process is characterized
by limited logic,
substitution of one idea
with another, and by
immediate discharge of
energy?
A

Primary

process

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36
Q 
What conscious
mental process, per
psychoanalysis, is
more logical and
sequential in nature?
A

Secondary

process

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37
Q 
This is the term a
psychoanalytic
psychologist might use to
describe a weakening of
one's defenses and the
consequent breaking
through of an impulse.
A

Signal

anxiety

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38
Q 
During \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a client is
asked to attend to all thoughts
and report them without
suppressing or censuring them.
Freud described \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as
a reluctance or inability to recall
the traumatic memories that
caused one's symptoms.
A

Free
association;
resistance

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39
Q 
What is the term used to
describe a client's
projection of his own
feelings, thoughts, wishes
and attitudes about others
in his past onto the
therapist?
A

Transference

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40
Q 
Freud used the term
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to describe a
transference reaction
that became very
intense during analysis.
A

Transference

neurosis

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41
Q 
Of the 2 transference reactions, a
client's feelings of love that are
displaced from original objects
(parents) onto the therapist are
considered \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transference
and facilitates treatment; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
transference involves displacement
of aggressive drives from the
original objects onto the therapist.
A

Positive;

negative

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42
Q 
What term is used to
describe a relationship that
allows the client to identify
with the therapist as a
person, one who can
eventually help replace id
with ego?
A

Therapeutic
(working)
alliance

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43
Q 
This occurs when the therapist
projects their emotions, thoughts,
and wishes from the past onto the
client's personality, or some other
material the client is presenting,
thus expressing unresolved
conflicts and/or gratifying their own
personal needs.
A

Countertransference

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44
Q 
In psychoanalytic terms, a
client experiences \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
when the recall of unconscious
material leads to emotional
release, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs
when connections are made
between current behaviors and
unconscious material.
A

Catharsis;

insight

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45
Q 
What psychoanalytic
technique serves the
purpose of gradually
increasing a client's insight
into the reasons
underlying current feelings
and behavior?
A

Interpretation

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46
Q 
From a psychoanalytic
perspective, a client
who reports they have
been thinking about
problems outside of
therapy indicates what?
A

A good working
alliance has
been
established

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47
Q 
This personality theory and
approach to therapy stresses the
unity of the individual and the belief
that behavior is purposeful and
goal-directed. Therapy focuses on
exploring lifestyle determinants,
including family atmosphere,
distorted beliefs and attitudes, and
birth order
A

Adler’s
Individual
Psychology

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48
Q 
Adler posited that what
types of childhood
feelings motivated
growth, domination, and
striving for superiority?
A

Feelings of
inferiority (also
called “inferiority
complexes”)

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49
Q 
What is another
term Adler used
instead of
inferiority
complex?
A

Masculine

protest

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50
Q 
According to Adler, if an
inferiority complex
develops a connection
with a specific part of
the body, it is called
what?
A

Organ

inferiority

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51
Q 
Adler believed children
developed "compensatory
behavior patterns" to
defend against their
feelings of inferiority. What
did he refer to this to as?
A

Style of

life

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52
Q 
What is the most
significant difference
between Freudian
and neo-Freudian
therapists?
A 
Neo-Freudians more
heavily emphasize
socio-cultural
determinants of
personality
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53
Q 
Horney defined \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as
feelings of helplessness and
isolation in a hostile world,
and believed it was caused
by certain parental behaviors
(e.g., indifference,
overprotection, rejection).
A

Basic

anxiety

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54
Q 
According to Horney,
what are the 3 modes of
relating to others that
children use to defend
against basic anxiety?
A 
Movement toward
others, movement
against others, and
movement away
from others
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55
Q

Sullivan posited 3 modes of cognitive experience
he believed played a role in personality
development. The ________ mode involves
discreet, unconnected momentary states and
refers to experiences before language symbols
are used; in the ________ mode, people see
causal connections between events that are not
actually related using private (autistic) symbols;
and the ________ mode involves logical,
sequential, and consistent thinking, and
underlies language acquisition

A

Prototaxic;
parataxic;
syntaxic

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56
Q 
According to Sullivan, neurotic
behavior is caused by
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is
characterized by a person
dealing with others as if they
were significant people from
their past (similar to
transference)
A

Parataxic

distortion

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57
Q 
Fromm, who was interested in
the role society plays in
preventing people from
realizing their true nature,
identified what 5 character
styles adopted by a person in
response to societal demands?
A 
The receptive, the
exploitative, the hoarding,
the marketing, and the
productive (the only one
that permits a person to
realize their true nature)
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58
Q 
What is the main
difference between
Freudian
psychoanalysis
and Ego-Analysis?
A 
Ego-analysis places
greater emphasis on the
role of the ego, as
opposed to the id, in
personality development
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59
Q 
From the perspective of
the ego-analysts,
pathology occurs when
the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ loses its
autonomy from the
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Ego; id

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60
Q 
Psychologists who primarily
emphasize the impact of early
relationships on personality
development and view
maladaptive behavior as the
result of abnormalities in early
relationships use what
approach to psychotherapy?
A

Object-Relations

Theory

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61
Q 
Margaret Mahler, an
Object-Relations
theorist and therapist, is
most noted for her study
of what process?
A 
Separation-individuation,
which is the process by
which internal
representations of the self
and others are formed
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62
Q 
In Object Relations
Theory, this is the mental
representation of a person
that, when inappropriately
developed, leads to
pathology
A

Object

introject

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63
Q 
What is the Object-Relations
term used to describe a
person's tendency to separate
object-representations into
good and bad, usually leading
to aggressive feelings, irrational
thinking, and poorly regulated
behaviors?
A

Splitting

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64
Q 
What therapeutic approach
refers to normal narcissism as
a child's natural self-love and
views pathology as stemming
from consistent un-empathic
parental responses during
childhood?
A

Self-Psychology

Kohut

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65
Q 
According to
Self-Psychology, a child
develops a protective
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when their
narcissism is inevitably
undermined by parental
failure to satisfy all needs.
A

Grandiose

self

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66
Q 
This therapeutic approach believes the
whole is greater than the sum of its parts,
adopts a here-and-now approach, views
awareness as the primary goal of
treatment, and defines neurosis as a
"growth disorder" reflecting certain
boundary disturbances and involving an
abandonment of the self for the
self-image.
A

Gestalt

Therapy

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67
Q

Identify the following boundary disturbances as defined by
Gestalt Therapy: ________ refers to “swallowing”
information without ever understanding or assimilating it;
________ involves displacing one’s own wishes onto
another; in ________, a person does to herself what she
wants to do to others (e.g., isolation, masturbation);
________ refers to avoidance of contact by being vague,
indirect, or overly polite; ________ occurs when the
self-environment boundary is too thin and self is not
experienced as distinct, but merged into attitudes, beliefs,
and feelings of others; and ________ is when the
self-environment boundary becomes nonexistent.

A 
Introjection;
projection,
retroflection,
deflection,
confluence; isolation
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68
Q 
How does a Gestalt
therapist view
transference in the
client-therapist
relationship?
A

As a fantasy
that hinders
true
self-awareness

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69
Q 
What form of therapy views
behavior as being determined by
both conscious and unconscious
factors, including collective
unconscious, and is based on the
theory that personality continues to
develop throughout the lifespan?
A

Jung’s
Analytical
Psychotherapy

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70
Q 
Jung contended that the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
unconscious arises from
repression, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
unconscious comes from
universally inherited neural patterns
and is described as the "reservoir of
the experiences of our species."
A

Personal
(individual);
collective

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71
Q 
From Jung's Analytic
perspective, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are
innate, universal prototypes for
ideas that may be used to
interpret observations. A group
of memories and interpretations
associated with one is termed a
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Archetypes;

complex

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72
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the
disposition to find
pleasure in external
things; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
reflects a turning inward
of the libido.
A

Extraversion;

introversion

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73
Q 
Jung believed that at
approximately 40
years-old, people shift
from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of their
youth to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of
adulthood, a time period
referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Extroversion;
introversion;
mid-life crisis
(transition)

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74
Q 
Practitioners of what form of
therapy hold the belief that people
possess an inherent ability for
growth and self-actualization and
that maladaptive behavior occurs
when incongruence between self
and experience disrupts this natural
tendency?
A

Person-Centered

Therapy

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75
Q 
In Person-Centered
Therapy, what are the 3
facilitative conditions the
therapist applies to enable
clients to return to their
natural tendency for
self-actualization?
A 
Empathic understanding
(empathy), congruence
(genuineness/authenticity),
and unconditional positive
regard
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76
Q 
Therapists from this modality
view the client as expert while
the therapist acts as a
consultant/collaborator who
poses questions designed to
assist clients in recognizing and
using their strengths and
resources to achieve goals.
A

Solution-Focused

Therapy

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77
Q 
TRUE or FALSE:
Solution-Focused
therapists believe that
understanding the etiology
or attribute of a
maladaptive behavior is
irrelevant?
A

TRUE: They prefer
rather to focus on
solutions to
problems

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78
Q 
What form of therapy that is
focused on empowerment
and social change, based on
the premise that "the personal
is political," and attempts to
demystify the client-therapist
relationship?
A

Feminist

Therapy

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79
Q 
In Feminist Object
Relations Therapy,
what are the 2
contributors to
gendered behaviors?
A 
1. Sexual division of labor
and 2. Mother-child
relationship (positing that
many gender differences can
be traced to differences in
mother-daughter and
mother-son relationships)
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80
Q 
In contrast to Feminist
Therapy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
therapy focuses more
on personal causes of
behavior and personal
change.
A

Nonsexist

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81
Q 
According to this theory,
one's sense of self is
largely dependent on how
they connect with others,
thus psychopathology is
viewed as resulting from
disconnection with others.
A

Self-In-Relation

Theory

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82
Q 
What is a good technique to
use with clients who are
ambivalent about changing
their behaviors and combines
the transtheoretical model with
client-centered therapy and
self-efficacy?
A

Motivational

Interviewing

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83
Q 
The goals of increasing a couple's
recognition and initiation of pleasurable
interactions, decreasing a couple's
aversive interactions (negative
exchanges), teaching a couple effective
problem-solving and communication
skills, and teaching a couple to use a
contingency contract to resolve persisting
problems characterize what therapeutic
approach?
A

Behavioral
Family
Therapy

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84
Q 
This school of family therapy
extends General Systems
Theory beyond the nuclear
family and views dysfunction as
part of an intergenerational
process. Thus, therapy often
starts with the construction of a
genogram
A

Extended Family
Systems Therapy
(Bowen;
Bowenian)

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85
Q 
The primary goal of
Extended Family Systems
Therapy is to encourage
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is one's
ability to separate their
intellectual and emotional
functioning.
A

Differentiation

of self

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86
Q 
According to Extended
Family Systems Therapy,
this occurs when two
family members in conflict
involve a third person,
which usually immobilizes
the third person.
A

Triangulation

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87
Q 
A practitioner of Extended
Family Systems Therapy
often joins a dyad, creating
a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, in an attempt
to reduce the original level
of fusion and achieve
higher self-differentiation.
A

Therapeutic

triangle

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88
Q 
What are the 3
formative stages
therapy groups usually
pass through, as
proposed by Yalom?
A 
(1) Hesitancy, search for
meaning, and
dependency; (2) conflict,
dominance, and
rebellion; and (3)
cohesiveness
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89
Q 
What characteristic of a
therapy group does Yalom
believe is most important
and is most similar to the
therapist-client relationship
in individual therapy?
A

Cohesiveness

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90
Q 
Yalom believes that
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is inevitable
in a group and must be
resolved in a way that
benefits the group.
A

Transference

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91
Q 
Is it ever appropriate
for co-therapists to
openly disagree
during a group
session?
A 
Yes, but not until
the group has
developed some
cohesiveness (6+
sessions)
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92
Q 
Yalom ranks \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the most important
factors of group therapy. However,
higher-functioning group members
rate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while
lower-functioning members believe
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is most important.
A 
Interpersonal learning,
catharsis, cohesiveness;
universality,
interpersonal learning;
instillation of hope
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93
Q 
Since concurrent individual
and group therapy allows for
both extensive intrapersonal
exploration and external
support, it can be helpful for
people presenting with what
disorders?
A

Borderline and
narcissistic
personality
disorder

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94
Q 
One problem with concurrent
group and individual therapy is
that a client may be more
expressive and inclined to
self-disclose in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
therapy, thus limiting material
that could be used for
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ therapy
A

Individual;

group

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95
Q 
TRUE or FALSE:
Regarding group therapy,
Yalom contends that
prescreening of potential
group members and
post-selection preparation
is unnecessary.
A 
FALSE: Yalom states that
prescreening and
post-selection preparation
can reduce premature
termination from group
therapy and enhance
therapy outcomes
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96
Q 
Of the many factors found
to influence the behavior
of a therapeutic group,
which one do most experts
believe is the most
important for the therapist
to consider?
A 
Intelligence, arguing that
clients should have
similar intelligence
levels to encourage
greater group interaction
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97
Q

What is the
ideal size of a
therapy group?

A 
7 to 10 members. 5 or less
limits learning and creates
too much client-therapist
interaction, while more
than 10 leads to alienation
and lack of cohesiveness
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98
Q 
Research by Guy, Poelstra, and Stark
(1989) found that (1) therapists find
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to be the most stressful client
behavior; (2) therapists consider
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to be the single most stressful
aspect of their work; and (3) issues
relating to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ constitute the most
frequently encountered ethical/legal
dilemma
A 
Suicidal
statements; a lack
of therapeutic
success;
confidentiality
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99
Q 
What approach to family therapy focuses
on transactional patterns and views
symptoms as interpersonal events that
serve to control relationships, views
therapy as a power struggle between the
client/family and the therapist, and was
influenced by structural family therapy,
communication/interaction therapy, and
Milton Erickson?
A

Strategic
Family Therapy
(Haley)

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100
Q 
A strategic family therapist
might instruct a client to
engage in the symptomatic
behavior in an attempt to
harness the energy of
resistance in the service of
change, which is called what?
A

Paradoxical

directive

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101
Q 
According to Strategic
Family Therapy, this
involves relabeling a
behavior to make it more
amenable to change and
giving a new or altered
meaning to a situation.
A

Reframing

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102
Q 
What Strategic Family Therapy
"strategy" involves asking each
family member to describe
relationships within the family
system and note the differences,
the goal being to help family
members view problems in a new
light and make them more
amenable to change?
A

Circular

questioning

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103
Q 
What approach to family
therapy encourages
couples to focus more on
positive aspects of each
other and use reciprocal
reinforcement (quid pro
quo)?
A

Operant
Interpersonal
Therapy

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104
Q 
In a consultative relationship,
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ evaluations are
periodically conducted to
assess the consultation
process, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
evaluations are conducted to
assess the consultation
product.
A

Formative;

summative

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105
Q 
It is the primary goal of what
model of therapy to help
clients identify responsible
and effective ways of
satisfying their needs and
thereby develop a "success
identity?"
A

Reality

Therapy

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106
Q

Reality therapy (1) rejects the ________
and the concept of _______; (2) focuses
on ________ behaviors and beliefs; (3)
views transference as ________ to the
therapy process; (4) stresses ________
processes; (5) emphasizes ________,
especially the client’s ability to judge what
is right/wrong in daily life; and (6) teaches
specific behaviors that will enable clients
to ________.

A 
Medical model; mental
illness; current;
detrimental; conscious;
value judgments; fulfill
their needs
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107
Q 
According to Glasser's
Reality Therapy, a
person who meets their
needs in an
irresponsible manner
adopts what?
A

A “failure

identity”

108
Q 
In what therapeutic
approach do
therapists analyze a
client's child, parent,
and adult ego states?
A

Transactional
Analysis
(Berne)

109
Q 
Therapists of Transactional
Analysis believe transactions
occur between ego states at 2
levels (social and covert) by
way of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or
recognition from others. They
can be either positive or
negative.
A

Strokes

110
Q 
Developed early in life through
interactions with parents and
others, practitioners of
Transactional Analysis believe
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or a person's life plan,
reflect a characteristic pattern of
giving and receiving strokes; an
unhealthy one leads to maladaptive
behavior
A

Scripts

111
Q

What are the 4 life
positions according
to Transactional
Analysis?

A

I’m OK - you’re OK;
I’m OK - you’re not
okay; I’m not OK -you’re OK; I’m not
OK - you’re not OK

112
Q 
According to Transactional Analysis, a
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transaction is when the original
communication is responded to
appropriately; a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transaction
occurs when the original communication
is met with a response from an
inappropriate ego state; and a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
transaction occurs when confusion
ensues due to the communicator giving a
dual message.
A

Complimentary;
crossed;
ulterior

113
Q 
An orderly series of ulterior
transactions that is
repeated over time and
results in bad feelings for
both people involved is
called what in
Transactional Analysis?
A

Games

114
Q 
Prochaska and
DiClemente's
Transtheoretical Model of
behavior change proposes
that the change process
involves what 5 stages of
change?
A

Pre-contemplation,
contemplation,
preparation, action,
and maintenance

115
Q 
In this stage of change,
the person does not
exhibit the specified
behavior and has not
considered adopting the
behavior.
A

Pre-contemplation

116
Q 
A person who is
considering adopting a
new behavior but has not
dedicated any effort
towards enacting or
preparing to enact it is in
what stage of change?
A

Contemplation

117
Q 
A person starting to gather
information on a new
behavior, with a view
toward enacting the
behavior, characterizes
the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of
change.
A

Preparation

118
Q 
In this stage of change,
a person begins
enacting a new behavior
regularly, but has not
continued doing so over
a long period of time.
A

Action

119
Q 
A person moves into the
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of change
once a new behavior has been
regularly enacted for more than
6 months, thus indicating they
likely adopted the behavior;
people must continually exert
effort to maintain the behavior.
A

Maintenance

120
Q 
By nature of novelty, a 6th stage of
change has been added to the
Transtheoretical Model that is
relatively unknown. It is the
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of change and
refers to when a new behavior
becomes a part of a person's
normal behavior
A 
Transformation (or
termination,
transcendence); there is
some disagreement as
to the possibility of ever
making it to this stage
121
Q 
This therapeutic approach
emphasizes the human
conditions of depersonalization,
loneliness, and isolation and
assumes people are not static
but, rather, in a perpetual state
of becoming
A

Existential

Therapy

122
Q

Of the 2 types of anxiety distinguished by
existential therapists, ________ anxiety is
proportionate to its cause, does not require
repression, and can be used as a catalyst to
identify and confront the dilemma from which it
arose; ________ anxiety results from evasion of
the latter and manifests itself as a loss of a
subjective sense of free will and an inability to
take responsibility for one’s own life.

A

Existential
(normal);
neurotic

123
Q 
What is one of the main
goals of existential
therapy, due to its ability
to facilitate client
change?
A 
To develop an intimate,
authentic, egalitarian
relationship with the
client, which is referred
to during therapy
124
Q

This model proposes that health
behaviors are influenced by (1) the
person’s readiness to take a particular
action, which is related to their perceived
susceptibility to the illness and perceived
severity of its consequences; (2) the
person’s evaluation of the benefits and
costs of making a particular response;
and (3) the internal and external “cues to
action” that trigger the response

A

Health
Belief
Model

125
Q 
The concept of the
feedback loop through
which a system receives
information is
attributable to
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Cybernetics

126
Q 
What was derived from the
medical-psychiatric model
and general systems theory
and aims to improve the
socio-emotional functioning of
a consultee's clients?
A

Mental
Health
Consultation

127
Q 
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ feedback loop
reduces deviation and helps a
system maintain its status
quo, while a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
feedback loop amplifies
deviation or change and
thereby disrupts the system
A

Negative;

positive

128
Q 
This form of family therapy views
maladaptive behavior as overly
fixed or rigid patterns of action and
reaction. The process of therapy
involves hypothesizing, circularity,
and neutrality and includes the use
of circular questions and
paradoxical techniques to foster
understanding.
A

Systemic
Family Therapy
(Milan)

129
Q 
This approach to family therapy
emphasizes altering a family's structure
(rigid triangles, power hierarchies) in
order to change the behavior patterns of
family members. The therapist joins the
family system, evaluates the structure,
then restructures the family using
techniques such as enactment and
reframing. The goal is behavior change,
not insight
A

Structural
Family Therapy
(Minuchin)

130
Q 
In Structural Family Therapy,
these are the rules that
determine the amount and
type of contact allowed
between family members that
lead to enmeshment or
disengagement.
A

Boundaries

131
Q 
From the perspective of
Structural Family Therapy,
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when
boundaries are overly unclear
and promote dependence,
whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ results from
overly rigid boundaries that
promote isolation.
A

Enmeshment;

disengagement

132
Q 
Structural Family Therapy posits that
boundary problems could take the form of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where each parent expects the
child to side with them during conflict,
and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where parents reinforce
bad behavior in their child and shift the
focus off problems they are having with
each other. When the child consistently
sides with one parent, it is termed a
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Triangulation;
detouring;
(stable)
coalition

133
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Making an intervention available to all members of a target group or population in order to keep them from developing a disorder.

134
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Identifying at-risk individuals and offering them appropriate treatment.

135
Q

In young childhood, the normative term for stuttering is…

A

Normal childhood dysfluency

136
Q

What are the 3 types of ADHD?

A
  1. Combined
  2. Predominantly Inattentive
  3. Predominantly Hyperactivity-Impulsive
137
Q

In general systems theory, what is homeostasis?

A

The tendency for a system to revert back to old ways amidst a change or disruption in the system.

138
Q

In general systems theory, the degree to which homeostasis exists is determined by…

A

The system’s management of negative and positive feedback

139
Q 
The Structural Family Therapy
technique of "joining" involves
the therapist blending into the
family by using \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(adopting their style and
language) and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(identifying with the family's
values and history).
A

Mimesis;

tracking

140
Q 
Practitioners of
Structural Family
Therapy create this
based on observations
of family transactional
patterns.
A

A family

map

141
Q 
What are the 3
restructuring
techniques used
by Structural
Family Therapists?
A 
Enactment (role play family
relationships and interactions),
reframing (family behavior
relabeled more positively), and
blocking (stop family from
engaging in normal way of
functioning)
142
Q 
This term refers to the rule that
governs the limits of behavior in
a family and is associated with
the concept of homeostasis-
when homeostasis is upset in a
family, negative feedback
recalibrates the system and
restores a comfortable balance.
A

Calibration

143
Q 
What term refers to the
tendency of health
professionals to attribute all
behavioral, social, and
emotional problems to mental
retardation in people with
such a diagnosis?
A

Diagnostic

overshadowing

144
Q 
TRUE or FALSE: One's
theoretical orientation,
expertise, or experience
is not related to
diagnostic
overshadowing.
A 
TRUE: Research has
also shown that
diagnostic
overshadowing applies
to other diagnoses and
situations as well
145
Q 
Can utilizing memories
retrieved through
hypnosis, regardless of
their accuracy, be
therapeutically
beneficial?
A

Yes,
according
to research

146
Q 
What approach to family therapy
focuses both on intrapsychic and
interpersonal causes of
maladaptive behavior, involves
interpreting transferences,
resistances, and other factors in
order to foster insight, and is not
based on the systems model?
A

Object-Relations

Family Therapy

147
Q 
The term \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has been
used by Herek to define an
ideological system that denies,
denigrates, and stigmatizes
among non-heterosexual forms
of behavior, identity,
relationships, or community.
A

Heterosexism

148
Q 
This therapy is a collaborative
process of empirical investigation,
reality testing, and problem solving
between therapist and client where
the client's maladaptive
interpretations and conclusions are
treated as testable hypotheses.
A

Cognitive
Therapy
(Beck)

149
Q 
What are the 3 levels of
cognition Beck believed
influenced the cause
and maintenance of
pathology?
A 
Automatic
thoughts,
schemas, and
cognitive
distortions
150
Q 
A cognitive therapist might ask a
client to keep a journal of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which are thoughts that
arise spontaneously in response to
certain situations and are more a
reflection of a client's appraisal of a
situation rather than the actual
situation itself.
A

Automatic

thoughts

151
Q 
These are internal models of the
self and the world that develop over
the course of experiences
beginning early in life and can serve
an adaptive function by allowing
new information to be linked with
old information, making for more
efficient information processing.
A

Schemas (core
beliefs;
underlying
assumptions)

152
Q 
Beck identified systematic errors in
reasoning that form the link
between dysfunctional schemas
and automatic thoughts, which he
called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It refers to the
process of a person biasing or
adapting newly processed
information to fit a relevant schema.
A

Cognitive

distortions

153
Q

A client in therapy reports to his therapist
that he is a bad employee and is likely to
get fired; however, the therapist soon
recognizes the client’s negative
conclusion cannot be supported by real
evidence and, in fact, seems to go
against the therapist’s experience of the
client as punctual, engaged, and
hardworking. What cognitive distortion is
this client most likely making?

A 
Arbitrary inference,
which occurs when
specific conclusions
are drawn with no
evidence
154
Q 
In cognitive marital therapy, a wife
reports her frustration with her husband
for not taking out the trash, which she
says is causing a lot of problems in their
marriage. Her husband, however,
complains that she fails to recognize
other things he does to help. What
cognitive distortion is most likely leading
to the wife's frustration?
A 
Selective abstraction, as
she is focusing on a
single detail that is
taken out of context, at
the expense of other
information
155
Q 
What term refers to
therapeutic techniques that
attempt to alter maladaptive
thought patterns that are
believed to be responsible for
maladaptive behavior and
emotional disorders?
A

Cognitive

restructuring

156
Q 
An elderly man who was
mugged by a group of
teenage boys develops a
hatred for all adolescents,
exemplifying this cognitive
distortion.
A

Overgeneralization

157
Q 
Regarding cognitive distortions,
a person who describes a
recent trauma as "no big deal"
is likely \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while a
person who becomes overly
emotional after getting a small
scratch in their car represents
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Minimizing;

magnification

158
Q 
This cognitive distortion is
characterized by
inappropriately attributing
external events to oneself when
no causal connection really
exists (e.g., a therapist takes
responsibility for her client
being fired from work).
A

Personalization

159
Q 
The cognitive distortion
of separating
experiences into 2
extremes, such as all
good and all bad, is
called what?
A

Dichotomous

thinking

160
Q 
In Cognitive Therapy,
negative thoughts about
the self, the future, and
the world are referred to
as what?
A

The
cognitive
triad

161
Q 
A person who presents with
cognitions of hopelessness, low
self-esteem, and failure is most
likely experiencing symptoms of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is
associated with thoughts of
anticipated harm or danger.
A

Depression;

anxiety

162
Q

Identify the following Cognitive Therapy
techniques: ________ involves questioning a
client’s thoughts that occur in upsetting
situations; ________ involves helping clients
develop strategies for dealing with feared
consequences; ________ involves considering
alternative causes of events; and ________
involves restating a problem in terms that
emphasize the client’s control of it.

A 
Eliciting automatic
thoughts;
decatastrophizing;
reattribution;
redefining
163
Q

Identify the following behavioral techniques used
in Cognitive Therapy: ________ involves the
therapist assigning tasks to help the client
between sessions; ________ involves planning a
client’s daily activities; ________ involves
experimental tests of predictions that derive from
the client’s automatic thoughts; and ________,
which are used to reduce strong emotions and
negative thinking (e.g., exercise, work)

A 
Homework; activity
scheduling;
hypothesis testing;
diversion
techniques
164
Q 
Between Cognitive
Therapy and Rational
Emotive Behavior
Therapy, which one
more heavily relies on
behavioral techniques?
A

Rational
Emotive
Behavior
Therapy

165
Q

What are the ABCs
in Ellis’ Rational
Emotive Behavior
Therapy?

A 
A = undesirable Activating
event --> B = rational or
irrational Beliefs about
event --> C = emotional
and behavioral
Consequences based on
beliefs
166
Q 
According to Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy, absolute
thinking, "must-erbation," and
"I-can't-stand-it-itus" influence
the development of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
which lead to maladaptive
behavior.
A

Irrational

beliefs

167
Q 
A client's active participation
in administering treatment to
him or herself, such as
self-monitoring stimulus
control, self-reinforcement,
and self-punishment, is called
what?
A

Self-control

techniques

168
Q 
A client who practices
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ might keep a
journal of a target
behavior each time it
occurs to assist with
behavioral change.
A

Self-monitoring

169
Q 
In order to increase or decrease a
behavior, a therapist might
recommend \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to modify an
existing stimulus-response
relationship, or create a new one.
For example, a drug addict might
be instructed to make new,
non-addict friends.
A

Stimulus

control

170
Q 
This type of stimulus
control involves restricting
the target behavior to a
limited set of stimuli (e.g.,
a smoker is told to smoke
only when they are with a
certain friend).
A

Narrowing

171
Q 
To increase a behavior, this type of
stimulus control, which involves
linking a behavior to a specific cue
or set of cues, might be
recommended (e.g., a student with
poor grades is told to study in the
same location so that later, that
location triggers study behavior).
A

Cue

strengthening

172
Q

This stimulus control technique involves
either identifying or eliminating responses
that block desirable behaviors, or
encouraging responses that block
undesirable behaviors (e.g., a client who
is not finishing their work is asked to give
responses that interfere with work, such
as socializing; this would then be
targeted for elimination).

A

Competing

responses

173
Q

When is
stimulus control
most effective?

A

When deployed
at the
beginning of a
response chain

174
Q 
Stress Inoculation Training
(Meichenbaum) involves a 3-step
process. In the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage the client
is educated as to how their faulty
cognitions prevent adaptive coping; the
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage involves learning and
rehearsing new skills and new ways of
perceiving and thinking about stressful
situations; the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage entails
applying what the client has learned.
A 
Cognitive
preparation
(education); skills
acquisition;
practice
175
Q 
This is defined as a
state of relaxed
wakefulness with a
relative suspension of
peripheral awareness.
A

Hypnosis

176
Q

What are the 3
factors involved
in Hypnosis?

A

Absorption,
dissociation,
and
suggestibility

177
Q 
A form of psychotherapy
used to help clients
retrieve feelings and
memories that have not
been accessible by other
methods is called what?
A

Hypnotherapy

178
Q 
People presenting to
therapy with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
tend to be more
hypnotizable than the
general public.
A

Phobias

179
Q

In what types of
situations is the
use of hypnosis
contraindicated?

A 
When treating clients
with psychosis,
paranoia, or
obsessive-compulsive
personality traits
180
Q 
This approach has been used
to treat psychophysiological
disorders (e.g., migraines,
hypertension) and evidence
has shown that it is the
preferred treatment for fecal
incontinence and Raynaud's
disease.
A

Biofeedback

181
Q

What are 2 of the
most commonly
used types of
biofeedback?

A

Electromyography
(EMG) and skin
temperature

182
Q 
A therapist who instructs a
client to do, or wish for, the
very things they fear
("prescribing the
symptom") is utilizing the
CBT technique of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Paradoxical

intention

183
Q 
Paradoxical intention
serves the function of
circumventing
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is
viewed as the main
cause of the problem.
A

Anticipatory

anxiety

184
Q 
What malady is
paradoxical
intention most
commonly used to
treat?
A

Insomnia

185
Q 
This is a technique that utilizes
visualization for the purpose of
identifying automatic thoughts,
increasing self-control,
assisting with distraction, and
visualizing desired life
outcomes.
A

Guided

imagery

186
Q

What are the 4
primary goals
of crisis
intervention?

A 
Immediate symptom
reduction, strengthening of
coping mechanisms,
restoration to the previous
level of functioning, and
prevention of further
problems
187
Q

The following are assumptions when working in
a/an ________ setting: (1) People are basically
strong and resilient; (2) problems reflect need for
support, not underlying pathology; (3) present
and future are more important than past; (4)
therapist promotes coping, not permanent cure;
(5) assessment is an on-going process, not
symptom-oriented mental status exam; (6) small
interventions lead to big systemic changes; (7)
goal is quick elimination of symptoms and
distress

A

Crisis

intervention

188
Q 
The 3 stages of crisis intervention are:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves identifying the
crisis and the client's reactions to it;
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves assessing the
client's life prior to the crisis, setting
specific short-term goals, and using
techniques to achieve these goals; and
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, at which point progress is
assessed and post-intervention options
are discussed.
A

Formulation;
implementation;
termination

189
Q

What are the 3
primary goals of
brief
psychotherapy?

A 
Quick reduction of the client's
most severe symptoms,
restoration of the client to prior
emotional equilibrium, and
development of understanding
and skills to facilitate better
future coping
190
Q 
Who is better suited for
brief psychotherapy, a
man who has experienced
chronic depression most of
his life or a woman who is
experiencing depression
following a recent divorce?
A 
The divorced woman, as
brief therapy is best suited
for clients with acute
symptoms, who were
previously well-adjusted,
are highly motivated, and
who relate well with others
191
Q 
Central to this brief approach to
therapy is the belief that clients
should choose the problems
and goals to be worked on in
therapy and that clients
possess the necessary
resources to achieve their
goals.
A

Solution-Focused

Therapy

192
Q

Solution-focused techniques include ________, which is
when the therapist asks about a time when the problem did
not exist, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy;
________, or prescribing change; ________, where a client
is asked to visualize that their problem is solved, then asked
how they would know and what would be different;
________, which are suggestions for unlocking solutions
while avoiding the presenting problem, and ________,
which are conversations between therapist and client that
have a beginning, middle, and end, and an overall plot.

A 
Exception question;
formula tasks; miracle
question; skeleton
keys; narratives and
language games
193
Q 
In test development, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
refers to a process of retaining
items that best differentiate
between large numbers of people in
difference populations. For
example, the MMPI-2 distinguished
between psychiatric and
non-psychiatric groups.
A

Empirical
criterion
keying

194
Q 
On the MMPI-2, a
T-score of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
or over is considered
significant and
clinically interpretable.
A

65 (1.5 standard
deviations
above the mean,
50)

195
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (1)
________ measures abnormal preoccupation
with somatic functioning; (2) ________ one’s
experience of hopelessness, helplessness, and
worthlessness; (3) ________ physical symptoms
with a functional origin (e.g., conversion
reaction); (4) ________ measures social
ineptness (e.g., antisocial); (5) ________
measures opposite sex interests.

A

Hypochondriasis;
Depression; Hysteria;
Psychopathic Deviate;
Masculinity/Femininity

196
Q 
MMPI-2 Clinical Scale Descriptions: (6)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures vigilance and
suspiciousness; (7) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures
non-hysteria neurotic manifestations
(e.g., phobias); (8) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ picks up
thought disorder or bizarre actions; (9)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures mania and
concentration problems; and (10)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures
introversion/extraversion.
A 
Paranoia;
Psychasthenia;
Schizophrenia;
Hypomania; Social
Introversion
197
Q

MMPI-2 Validity Scale Descriptions: ________ is
the total number of unanswered questions;
elevations on the ________ scale suggest a
portrayal of oneself in the most favorable light
(faking good); the ________ scale indicates
deviance and attempt to “look bad,” either
intentionally or characteristically; ________
indicates defensiveness and guardedness; and
________, ________, and ________ measure
response consistency.

A 
?; L (Lie); F (Infrequency);
K (Correction); TRIN (True
response consistency),
VRIN (Variable response
consistency), FB (Back
side consistency)
198
Q 
A psychologist administers
the MMPI-2 to a client and,
rather than interpreting
elevated scales in
isolation, compares scores
on several scales, which is
referred to as?
A

Pattern

analysis

199
Q 
What personality test has
21 scales that correspond
to DSM diagnostic
categories and, as such, is
best suited for clinical
populations?
A

Millon Clinical
Multiaxial
Inventory-III
(MCMI-III)

200
Q 
This self-report inventory
assesses anxiety, depression,
obsessive-compulsiveness, and
hostility, and is usually used as
a dependent measure in
outcome research.
A

Symptom
Checklist 90
(SCL-90)

201
Q 
After administering
the Rorschach inkblot
test, what "system" is
one most likely to use
to score it?
A

Exner’s
Comprehensive
System

202
Q 
What projective test
relies on stories
provided by the client
in response to a given
set of pictures?
A

Thematic
Apperception
Test (TAT)

203
Q 
Regarding
projective tests,
what is the
"projective
hypothesis?"
A 
Responses to vague
or ambiguous stimuli
reveal underlying
cognitive and
personality processes
204
Q 
What test measures a
person's personal interests,
which are then compared to
norms derived from others
who have experienced
satisfaction and success in
various occupations?
A

Strong-Campbell
Interest Inventory
(SCII)

205
Q 
While interests tests such as
the Strong-Campbell Interest
Inventory can validly predict
factors relating to job interest,
choice, and motivation, what
factor are they not good at
predicting?
A

Job

performance/success

206
Q 
This test yields an indication of
interest in 10 broad areas, and
differs from the
Strong-Campbell Interest
Inventory in that it is based on
content validity rather than
empirical criterion keying.
A

Kuder
Vocational
Preference
Record (KVP-R)

207
Q

Some neuropsychological test batteries include
the ________ (consists of separate measures of
lateral dominance, psychomotor functions,
sensory-perceptual functions, speech/language,
visual-spatial skills, abstract reasoning, mental
flexibility, and attention/concentration) and the
________ (consists of 269 items organized into
11 different scales designed to measure specific
functions).

A

Halstead-Reitan;
Luria-Nebraska
Battery

208
Q 
What test, consisting of 9
designs that a client is asked to
reproduce on blank paper,
might be used to screen for
brain damage and to indicate
the possibility of psychiatric
disorders?
A

Bender
Visual-Motor
Gestalt Test

209
Q

What is usually
used to screen for
dementia in elderly
individuals?

A

Mini Mental
Status Exam
(MMSE)

210
Q 
This test is for children 2 to 10
y/o and assesses channels
(auditory-vocal, visual-motor),
processes (understanding,
organizing, expressing), and
levels (representational,
automatic).
A

Illinois Test of
Psycholinguistic
Abilities (ITPA)

211
Q 
During this test, which is helpful in
screening for frontal lobe damage,
a person is presented with a list of
words of colors (blue, green, red)
that are printed in ink of a different
color (e.g., "red" is printed in blue
ink), then asked to name the ink
color as quickly as possible.
A

Stroop
Color-Word
Test

212
Q 
Howard et al. suggested a
Phase Model of Psychotherapy
Effectiveness that states the
effects of psychotherapy occur
in stages related to the number
of sessions attended. What are
these stages?
A 
Remoralization (first few
sessions), remediation
(requires about 16
sessions), and
rehabilitation (beyond
16 sessions)
213
Q 
According to research, what
is the difference between
patients who show a
measurable improvement at
26 sessions and those who
have attended 52 sessions?
A 
Howard et al. found that
75% improved by 26
sessions and only 85% by
52 sessions, so the
answer is 10%. This is
referred to as a "dose
dependent effect."
214
Q 
Researchers Smith, Glass,
and Miller produced
research that contradicted
previous findings by
Eysenck. What were the
results of their
meta-analysis?
A 
They found a .85 effect size,
indicating the typical client is
better off than 80% of controls
and 66% of treated individuals,
compared to 34% of controls,
show improvement from
psychotherapy
215
Q 
Numerous studies on
outcome of
psychotherapy, including
Smith et al.'s research,
have concluded that what
type of therapy produces
the strongest effects?
A 
No therapy is better
than another, which
contradicts Eysenck's
earlier findings that
behavior therapy was
superior
216
Q 
When compared to people
receiving no treatment, placebo
control groups show \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
improvement; however, when
compared to groups that are
receiving treatments, placebo
control groups show \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
improvement.
A

More;

less

217
Q 
Of client traits and
therapist traits, which
ones are believed to
be better predictors of
therapy outcome?
A

Client

traits

218
Q 
What has been
found regarding
therapy outcome
and client level of
motivation?
A 
Development of
motivation during
therapy is more
important that
motivation to change at
beginning of therapy
219
Q 
Some studies suggest
that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the
single most important
characteristic of a
therapist.
A

Competence

220
Q 
What has been found to
account for most of the
variance in treatment
outcome and to be more
important than the specific
treatment intervention?
A

Therapeutic
(working)
alliance

221
Q 
In a meta-analysis regarding
therapeutic treatment of
children and adolescents,
what sex did Weisz et al. find
responded better, particularly
during adolescence?
A

Females

222
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ approach to
understanding and describing
cultures involves viewing the culture
from the perspective of its
members, while the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
approach is culture-general and
assumes that universal principles
can be applied to all cultures.
A

Emic;

etic

223
Q 
According to Berry,
a person's level of
acculturation can be
described by one of
what four terms?
A

Integration,
assimilation,
separation, or
marginalization

224
Q 
Berry referred to this term
to describe the retention of
one's identity with their
home culture while
simultaneously
maintaining characteristics
of the new culture.
A

Integration

225
Q 
When a person retains
very little of their original
cultural identity while
highly maintaining aspects
of the new culture, Berry
says they are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Assimilated

226
Q 
This term, according to
Berry, describes a
person's desire to retain
their original culture
while rejecting the
dominant culture.
A

Separation

227
Q 
Berry states that people
who retain very little of
the old and new culture,
wanting nothing to do
with either, experience
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Marginalization

228
Q 
Research on
therapist-client matching
in terms of race,
ethnicity, or culture has
shown what?
A 
While it increases the
duration of treatment, it
does not have
consistent effects on
other therapy outcomes
229
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ distinguishes
between 5 stages that people
experience as they attempt to
understand themselves in
terms of their own culture, the
dominant culture, and the
oppressive relationship
between the two cultures.
A

Minority Identity
Development
Model

230
Q

In the ________ stage of minority development,
a person prefers the dominant cultural values;
the ________ stage is marked by confusion and
conflict, and the person begins to challenge the
values of the previous stage; in the ________
stage, a person rejects the dominant culture and
wholly endorses minority held views; the
________ stage is characterized by conflict
between autonomy and constraints of the last
stage; and in the ________ stage, the person
experiences self-fulfillment and individual
autonomy.

A 
Conformity; dissonance;
resistance and
immersion;
introspection;
synergistic articulation
and awareness
231
Q 
What are the 4
stages of Troiden's
Homosexual Identity
Development
Model?
A 
Sensitization,
identity confusion,
identity assumption,
and identity
commitment
232
Q 
According to the Homosexual
Identity Development Model,
this stage is characterized by
feelings of marginalization, a
concern with gender
identification over sexuality,
and the internalization of a
negative self-concept
A

Sensitization

233
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of homosexual
identity development, Troiden
contends, is marked by the youthful
experience of conflict between the
identity one developed as a child
and that which is demanded as an
adolescent. During this stage,
stress can be dealt with via denial,
avoidance, repair, or acceptance.
A

Identity

confusion

234
Q 
When a homosexual person experiences
a reduction in social isolation and an
increase in contact with other
homosexuals, Troiden would say they are
in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of homosexual
identity development, during which
capitualization, minstralization, passing,
and group alignment are used as coping
techniques.
A

Identity

assumption

235
Q 
This final stage of homosexual identity
development involves the integration of
homosexuality to the extent that it
becomes a state or way of being, rather
than a description of sexual behavior.
People in this stage usually accomplish
same-sex love commitment and are
comfortable identifying oneself as gay,
lesbian, or bisexual to non-homosexual
individuals.
A

Commitment

236
Q 
McLaughlin has
distinguished between
what 8 stages of
homosexuality identity
formation?
A 
Isolation, alienation,
rejection of self, passing
as straight, consolidating
self identity, acculturation,
integrating self and public
identity, and pride and
synthesis
237
Q 
Herek argues that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is
a more precise term than
homophobia and describes it
as "all negative attitudes toward
an individual based on sexual
orientation," regardless of
sexuality.
A

Sexual

prejudice

238
Q 
TRUE or FALSE:
Hispanic clients prefer
a more attentive and
personalized
approach to therapy.
A

TRUE: Hispanics
prefer a more
personalized and
attentive therapy

239
Q 
Ruiz and Padilla suggest
therapy with Hispanic
clients should be
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
and should consider the
importance of family in
therapy.
A

Active;
goal
oriented

240
Q 
Regarding treatment of
Latino/a and Hispanic
people, Cuento therapy
includes what in the
treatment process?
A 
Reading and
discussing
"cuentos," which
are Spanish
folk-tales
241
Q 
When working with
Native-American clients,
therapists should take a
non-directive, history oriented,
accepting, and cooperative
approach, as well as consider
utilizing what else?
A 
Elder tribe
members, medicine
people, and/or other
culturally significant
aspects
242
Q 
As a result of this ethnic
group's tendency to be
reserved and inhibited, it is
best to use an approach
that is direct, structured,
and short-term.
A

Asian-American

243
Q 
It has been suggested that
treatment for this group
should include guiding the
person through identity
stages and encouraging them
to engage in satisfying
relationships and activities.
A

Elderly

patients

244
Q 
In what approach to therapy
would an elderly client be
encouraged to accept past
successes and shortcomings,
resolve past conflicts, and
develop future goals to
enhance life meaning via a
process of reviewing one's life?
A

Reminiscence

Therapy

245
Q 
A therapist who interprets everyone's
reality through their own cultural
assumptions and stereotypes, minimizes
cultural variations among clients, is
unaware of their own cultural biases, and
defines counseling in terms of
dogmatically-accepted techniques and
strategies is said to be what?
A

Culturally

encapsulated

246
Q 
This term refers to the
process of change
that occurs when one
culture assimilates
with another culture.
A

Acculturation

247
Q 
African-, Asian-, Hispanic-, and
Native-Americans exhibit \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
communication, which relies on
shared cultural understanding and
nonverbal cues. In contrast, Anglos
are more likely to exhibit \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
communication, which relies
primarily on verbal messages.
A

High-context;

low-context

248
Q 
What occurs when a
therapist assumes that all
of a client's problems are
directly related to the
client's culture as opposed
to other factors?
A

Cultural
overgeneralization
(Hall)

249
Q 
This model was developed
by Helms to provide a
conceptual framework for
understanding and
resolving interracial
tensions in cross-cultural
psychotherapy.
A

Racial
Interaction
Model

250
Q 
What are the 6 statuses
(stages) that emerge in
sequence and reflect
abandonment of racism,
according to the White Racial
Identity Development Model
(Helms)?
A 
Contact, disintegration,
pseudo-independence,
immersion-emersion,
autonomy, and
reintegration
251
Q 
According to the White Racial
Identity Development Model, people
at this status of identity
development usually have limited
contact with people of color, are
oblivious to their own whiteness,
and are unaware of the implications
of racial differences.
A

Contact

252
Q 
In the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ status of the White
Racial Identity Development Model,
Whites experience increasing
awareness of their whiteness and of
racial inequalities due to increased
cross-racial interactions, leading to
emotional, psychological, and moral
confusion.
A

Disintegration

253
Q 
Whites resolving their conflicts by
adopting the position that their race
is superior and minorities inferior,
all in an attempt to justify existing
inequalities, characterize the
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ status of the White
Racial Identity Development Model.
A

Reintegration

254
Q 
According to the White Racial
Identity Development Model,
what status is marked by
dissatisfaction with
reintegration, leading Whites to
re-examine their beliefs about
race and racial inequalities?
A

Pseudo-Independence

255
Q 
Whites at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ status
of the White Racial Identity
Development Model embrace
their whiteness without
rejecting minority group
members, and they explore
feeling proud about their own
race without being racist.
A

Immersion-Emersion

256
Q 
This status of the White Racial
Identity Development Model is
marked by the internalization of a
non-racist White identity based on
an accurate understanding of the
strengths and weaknesses of White
culture, as well as valuing and
seeking cross-racial relationships.
A

Autonomy

257
Q 
What model assumes that
African-American identity
development becomes more
authentic as they go through the
following 5 stages: pre-encounter,
encounter, immersion/emersion,
internalization, and
internalization/commitment?
A 
The Model of
Psychological
Nigrescence (Cross)-
grescence means "the
process of becoming
black"
258
Q 
During this stage of the Model
of Psychological Nigrescence,
a person is most likely to
believe integration and
assimilation will solve racial
problems and tend to blame
African-Americans themselves
for their own problems.
A

Pre-encounter

259
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage of the Model
of Psychological Nigrescence is
marked by a personal or social
event that temporarily dislodges the
person from their worldview,
making them more receptive to a
new interpretation of their identity.
A

Encounter

260
Q 
When a person denigrates
White people and culture while
simultaneously deifying
African-America people and
culture, they are most likely in
what stage, according to the
Model of Psychological
Nigrescence?
A

Immersion-Emersion

261
Q 
This stage of the Model of
Psychological Nigrescence is
characterized by ideological
flexibility, psychological
openness, and self-confidence,
and involves a resolution of
conflicts between old and new
worldviews.
A

Internalization

262
Q 
According to the Model of
Psychological Nigrescence, a
person who translates their
newly internalized identity into
activities that are meaningful to
the group, such as social and
political activism, is in what
stage?
A

Internalization-Commitment

263
Q 
This term is used to describe
appropriate mistrust and
suspiciousness of
African-Americans and other
minorities toward whites
resulting from racism and
oppression. In therapy, it may
be a cause of nondisclosure.
A

Healthy
cultural
paranoia

264
Q 
If a white therapist suspects
their African-American client's
unwillingness to disclose is
due to "healthy cultural
paranoia," what should the
therapist do, according to
Ridely?
A 
Help the client become
consciously aware of
their feelings about
whites and identify when
it is safe to self-disclose
265
Q 
According to Boyd-Franklin, who
responds best to a multisystems
approach that addresses multiple
systems (e.g., extended family,
non-blood kin, church, community
resources), intervenes at multiple
levels, and empowers the family by
directly incorporating its strengths
into the intervention?
A

African-American

families

266
Q 
Research has shown that the
most successful therapy for
African-Americans is
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
and that they tend to be more
non-verbal, emotional, and
concrete.
A

Problem-oriented;

time-limited

267
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Interventions designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has already occurred.

*EPPP (13 decks)

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