Abnormal Flashcards
1
Q
The DSM is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in nature and, as such, only addresses the etiology of disorders for which the cause is clearly known (e.g., PTSD).
A
Atheoretical
2
Q
Regarding multiaxial assessment, identify and describe the 5 axes used with each individual diagnosis.
A
Axis I: Clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention; Axis II: Mental retardation and personality disorders; Axis III: General medical conditions; Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems; Axis V: GAF
3
Q
The DSM-IV-TR defines \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as a "clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with present distress... disability... or with a significant increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or important loss of freedom..."
A
Mental
disorder
4
Q
When a therapist applies diagnoses for a person on both Axis I and Axis II, what words should be used to emphasize the one that is the focus of treatment?
A
Principal
Diagnosis (or
Reason for
Visit)
5
Q
Routinely used defense mechanisms and maladaptive personality traits that are not pervasive enough to qualify for a personality disorder can be recorded on what axis?
A
Axis II
6
Q
TRUE or FALSE: A therapist should not consider impairment caused by a client's physical or environmental limitations when using the GAF scale (Axis V).
A
TRUE: Physical limitations are usually coded on Axis III, while environmental stressors would be coded on Axis IV
7
Q
The DSM-IV-TR takes a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ approach to mental disorder diagnosis, classifying a person as either meeting or not meeting a disorder's given criteria. This differs from a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ approach, which quantifies a persons symptoms rather than classifying them.
A
Categorical;
dimensional
8
Q
This diagnosis requires the following three criteria: (1) Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning, (2) concurrent impairments or deficits in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning, and (3) onset before age 18.
A
Mental
Retardation
9
Q
What are the 4 degrees of mental retardation and their corresponding IQ scores, as defined by the DSM?
A
Mild (IQ = 50-55 to 70); Moderate (IQ = 35-40 to 50-55); Severe (IQ = 20-25 to 35-40); Profound (IQ = 20-25 or below)
10
Q
People with this degree of mental retardation are able to develop social and communication skills during childhood, acquire about a 6th grade level of academic skills, and are able to work and live independently as adults.
A
Mild Retardation
(85% of all
mentally
retarded people)
11
Q
With this level of mental retardation, people may require guidance and some supervision in social and occupational settings; they usually have no more than a 2nd grade academic level; and as adults, they can contribute to their own support by performing unskilled or semiskilled work under close supervision
A
Moderate
Retardation (10%
of all mentally
retarded people)
12
Q
People with this degree of mental retardation have poor motor skills and communication skills as a child, though may learn to talk and can be trained in simple hygiene tasks; and they are often able to perform simple tasks as a adults, often living in highly supervised settings (e.g., group homes, with family).
A
Severe
Retardation (3-4%
of all mentally
retarded people)
13
Q
At this level of mental retardation, people demonstrate extreme limitations in motor and sensory function; require highly structured environments, usually assisted by a caregiver; and can sometimes perform simple tasks under close supervision in a sheltered workshop
A
Profound
Retardation (1-2%
of all mentally
retarded people)
14
Q
What biological antecedent to mental retardation is caused by a lack of the enzyme necessary to oxidize phenylalanine (and amino acid in protein foods)?
A
Phenylketonuria
PKU
15
Q
This biological cause of mental retardation occurs due to a faulty distribution of chromosomes when the egg or sperm is formed, leaving the person with 47 rather than 46 chromosomes
A
Down’s
Syndrome (aka
Trisomy-21)
16
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ retardation is often related to early deprivation of nurturance, deficiencies in health care, early deficiencies in social, cognitive, and other stimulation, and poverty
A
Cultural-familial
17
Q
What disorder is characterized by delayed or abnormal functioning in: social interaction, language as used in social communication, or symbolic or imaginative play by age 3?
A
Autism
Disorder
18
Q
TRUE or FALSE: As people with Autism grow older, they may become more interested in developing relationships, which is usually absent in Autistic children.
A
TRUE: They usually do not understand the customs that regulate social interaction
19
Q
What is the term used to define a person's tendency to repeat the words or phrases of others?
A
Echolalia
20
Q
What form of therapy has been shown to be fairly successful in treating people with Autism?
A
Behavioral therapy, particularly techniques such as shaping and operant conditioning, has helped people with Autism replace abnormal behaviors with more desirable ones
21
Q
The core feature of this disorder is a progressive pattern of developmental regression that begins before age 4 and is characterized by decelerated head growth, loss of hand skills, lack of bodily coordination, severe deficiencies in overall language development, psychomotor retardation, and lacking social interest.
A
Rett’s Disorder
(only been
found in
females)
22
Q
People with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ experience a significant loss of developed skills (language, social, adaptive behavior, bowel/bladder control, play, and/or motor) after 2 or more years of seemingly normal development.
A
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (similar social/communication and behavior to those with Autism)
23
Q
What are the significant differences between a person with Autism and a person with Asperger's Disorder?
A
While both involve deficits in social interaction and behavior, people with Asperger's show no impairment in language development, self-help skills, cognitive development, or interest in the environment
24
Q
What are the 3
Learning Disorders
described in the
DSM?
A
Reading Disorder, Mathematics Disorder, and Disorder of Written Expression
25
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Learning disorders cannot be caused by mental retardation, but mental retardation can be co-diagnosed with a learning disorder.
A
TRUE: Learning Disorders and Mental Retardation are distinct phenomena that, while not caused by the other, can be co-diagnosed
26
Q
A person with ________ is able to read
regularly spelled words, but unable to
decipher words spelled irregularly (e.g.,
reads “fight” as “fit”); a person with
________ might produce responses that
are related to the target word in meaning
but not visually or phonologically (e.g.,
substitutes “down” for “up” or “hot” for
“cold”), which is referred to as “semantic
paralexia.”
A
Surface
dyslexia;
deep dyslexia
27
Q
What condition involves inflammation of the middle ear accompanied by accumulation of liquid in the middle ear cleft and is said to cause cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction, which has been linked to the development of learning disorders?
A
Otitis Media
with Effusion
(OME)
28
Q
After administering a battery of standardized tests of intelligence to a client, results reveal severe deficits in both receptive and expressive language development, while the client's performance on nonverbal measures are considerably higher. What is the likely diagnosis?
A
Mixed
Receptive-Expressive
Language Disorder
29
Q
This diagnosis would likely apply when a person's academic/occupational or social abilities are impeded by their inappropriate use of speech sounds.
A
Phonological
Disorder
30
Q
While considered "normal childhood dysfluency" when it occurs in young children, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is said to be aggravated by tension or anxiety in more mature individuals.
A
Stuttering
31
Q
A young person whose scholastic achievement is impeded by abnormal clumsiness would likely receive a diagnosis of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
Motor
Skills
Disorder
32
Q
The 3 types of ADHD include ________, which is
characterized by 6 or more symptoms of
inattention and 6 or more symptoms of
hyperactivity-impulsiveness; ________, which is
diagnosed when a person has 6 or more
symptoms of inattention but fewer than 6
symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsiveness; and
________, which is characterized by 6 or more
symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsiveness but
fewer than 6 symptoms of inattention
A
Combined; Predominantly Inattentive; Predominantly Hyperactivity-Impulsive
33
Q
Onset of symptoms must be before what age, and for what duration, in order to assign an ADHD diagnosis?
A
Onset must be before 7 y/o and last for a duration of at least 6 months, with symptoms present in 2 or more settings (e.g., home and school)
34
Q
What are common comorbid problems experienced by children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD?
A
50% meet criteria for Conduct Disorder, 25% have emotional disorder, 20% have Learning Disorder, and others experience social maladjustment, motor incoordination, and visual/audio impairments
35
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Children classified as ADHD tend to become delinquent and antisocial young adults?
A
TRUE: About 70%
exhibit signs of
ADHD throughout
their lives
36
Q
What personality characteristics have been noted to develop as a result of untreated ADHD?
A
Narcissism and passive-aggressive traits (usually subside once ADHD is treated)
37
Q
ADHD has been linked to abnormalities in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by research that found diminished glucose metabolism and decreased blood flow in this region, as well as pathways connecting this region to the caudate nucleus.
A
Prefrontal
cortex
38
Q
TRUE or FALSE:
There is no
genetic link
regarding ADHD
A
FALSE: About 57% of children whose parents have ADHD are later diagnosed, while twin studies have revealed a .80 average heritability for hyperactivity/impulsivity
39
Q
This idea suggests that the core of ADHD is not attention deficits but rather a lack of ability to adjust activity levels to fit the requirements of different settings.
A
Behavioral
disinhibition
hypothesis
(Barkley)
40
Q
What are some of the undesirable side-effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin), which is often used to treat ADHD?
A
Somatic symptoms (decreased appetite, insomnia, stomach aches); movement abnormalities (motor and vocal tics, stereotyped movements); obsessive-compulsive symptoms (though more common with dextroamphetamine); growth suppression (hence "drug holidays")
41
Q
A child or adolescent who persistently violates social rules and norms, such as acting aggressively toward animals, destroying property, or stealing, is likely to receive what diagnosis?
A
Conduct
Disorder
42
Q
To diagnose Conduct Disorder, the person has to display \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or more signs for at least \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ months, with at least one sign present in the past \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ months.
A
3; 12; 6
43
Q
Regarding Conduct Disorder, what differentiates "Childhood Onset" from "Adolescent Onset?"
A
Childhood Onset diagnosed when symptoms present prior to age 10; Adolescent Onset when symptoms occur at age 10 or later
44
Q
In people diagnosed with Conduct Disorder, those with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Onset have a worse prognosis and are more likely to receive a later diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder, while problematic behavior of those with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Onset is usually a product of their relationships with delinquent peers.
A
Childhood;
Adolescent
45
Q
What diagnosis best applies for a child or young adolescent who is very negative, argumentative, and defiant to adults (usually parents), rarely accepts responsibility for their actions, but tends not to get into much trouble outside of the home?
A
Oppositional
Defiant
Disorder
46
Q
This disorder involves persistently eating non-nutritive substances such as paint, cloth, sand, grass, etc. for at least 1 month; it is typically associated with Mental Retardation
A
Pica
47
Q
What is the diagnosis of a child who, for at least one month following normal functioning, recurrently regurgitates and re-chews their food?
A
Rumination
Disorder
48
Q
What disorder is diagnosed for a child who, before age 6, chronically fails to eat enough food for at least one month, which leads to weight loss or failure to gain weight? It is commonly referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Feeding Disorder
of Infancy or
Early Childhood;
failure to thrive
49
Q
This Tic Disorder has its onset before age 18 and is characterized by involuntary jerky movements, vocal sounds (grunts, clicks), and sometimes coprolalia (uttering obscene words); people with this diagnosis often have attention and hyperactivity problems
A
Tourette’s
Disorder
50
Q
A person presenting with symptoms similar to Tourette's Disorder who experiences tics in only one domain (movements or vocal sounds) would be most appropriately diagnosed:
A
Chronic Motor
or Vocal Tic
Disorder
51
Q
Regarding elimination disorders, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refer to repeated involuntary or intentional elimination of feces and urine, respectively.
A
Encopresis;
enuresis
52
Q
Treatment of enuresis often includes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves placing a pad under the child that sounds an alarm as soon urine touches it and are associated with the highest long-term success rate.
A
Moisture
alarms (aka
bell-and-pad)
53
Q
What diagnosis is most appropriate for a child who experiences excessive anxiety, lasting for at least 4 weeks, in response to separation from home or a significant figure of attachment (parent) and is often accompanied by somatic complaints (nausea, dizziness)?
A
Separation
Anxiety
Disorder
54
Q
Usually caused by separation anxiety, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the experience of intense anxiety about going to school and is often an early sign of depression or another serious mental disorder
A
School
Phobia
55
Q
TRUE or FALSE: It is recommended that a child with school phobia be removed from the academic setting until his fear is appropriately resolved.
A
FALSE: The
consensus is that
he child should be
returned to school
56
Q
What disorder is characterized by a chronic failure to talk in certain situations (e.g., school) for at least 1 month, despite competently and easily talking in other situations (e.g., home)?
A
Selective
Mutism
57
Q
A child with this disorder presents with extremely disturbed and developmentally inappropriate relatedness; the Inhibited Type fails to initiate or respond in age-expected manners to social interactions, while the Disinhibited Type is socially indiscriminate (e.g., easily affectionate with strangers)
A
Reactive
Attachment
Disorde
58
Q
Often associated with Mental Retardation, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by repetitive motor behaviors that are not functional, such as head banging or body-rocking, and cause physical harm or significantly interfere with normal activities
A
Stereotypic
Movement
Disorder
59
Q
A child who has a short nose, narrow upper lip, small chin, and flat mid-face, and who experiences developmental delays, failure to thrive, and is usually mild to moderately mentally retarded characterizes what non-DSM condition?
A
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (caused by chronic consumption of alcohol by mother during pregnancy)
60
Q
What is the 3rd most frequent cause of death for infants between 1 month and 1 year old?
A
Sudden Infant
Death
Syndrome
(SIDS)
61
Q
A child diagnosed with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ may present similarly as depressed adults, though often mask their feelings with delinquency, phobias, underachievement, psychosomatic complaints, hyperactivity, or aggression; it is often associated with family abuse or neglect.
A
Childhood
Depression
62
Q
A person presents for therapy after family members noticed significantly increased paranoia following a car accident where the person sustained a head injury. Collateral information suggests the paranoia presented only after the accident. What is the most likely primary diagnosis?
A
Personality
Change Due to a
General Medical
Condition
63
Q
What are the subtypes of Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition?
A
Labile, Disinhibited, Aggressive, Apathetic, Paranoid, Other, Unspecified, and Combined
64
Q
What is the most likely diagnosis for a person who becomes catatonic as a direct result of cerebrovascular disease?
A
Catatonic
Disorder Due to a
General Medical
Condition
65
Q
What is diagnosed when maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes occur during or shortly after using or being exposed to a substance (e.g., alcohol, caffeine, opioids), and the changes are due to the physiological effects of the substance on the central nervous system?
A
Substance
Intoxication
66
Q
This diagnosis is given when a reversible syndrome develops in a person due to recently terminating or reducing the use of a substance after using it in large quantities over a long period of time.
A
Substance
Withdrawal
67
Q
A client who discloses a history of extensive LSD use, though he no longer uses, reports that he occasionally re-experiences hallucinations similar to those he experienced when using the LSD. What is the most appropriate diagnosis?
A
Hallucinogen
Persisting
Perception
Disorder
68
Q
A person with ________ experiences a reduced
level of awareness and understanding of the
environment, impaired ability to focus, maintain,
or switch attention (disturbances of
consciousness), as well as memory impairment,
disorientation, or language difficulties (cognitive
disturbances); sometimes illusions or
hallucinations (perceptual disturbance) occur
instead of cognitive disturbances
A
Delirium
69
Q
Describe the
typical onset
and duration of
delirium.
A
Onset is usually
rapid and duration
is brief, typically
less than 1 month
70
Q
What four groups has research found to be most at risk for developing delirium?
A
Older people (60+ y/o); people with decreased cerebral reserve (e.g., prior CNS injury or impaired cognition); post-cardiotomy patients; people going through drug withdrawal
71
Q
A client is relatively alert, though her memory has significantly declined and she has been experiencing increased difficulty recognizing objects, organizing her thoughts, and understanding abstract concepts. These problems have seriously impeded her normal functioning. What is her most likely diagnosis?
A
Dementia
72
Q
What percent
of people over
age 85 have
dementia?
A
20%
73
Q
What is the term used when an elderly person's experience of depression impairs their cognitive ability, but is unrelated to a general medical condition or substance use?
A
Pseudo-dementia
74
Q
The initial stages of ________ involves
forgetting tasks and repeating questions,
which progresses to impaired ability to
perform day-to-day tasks independently
(e.g., cooking, driving, getting dressed).
In the final stages, incontinence, severe
language impairment, and the inability to
walk or sit-up are typical
A
Alzheimer’s
Disease
75
Q
What is the only way to confirm with certainty that a person has Alzheimer's Disease?
A
Postmortem
brain autopsy
or biopsy
76
Q
A person who presents with significant problems in memory and/or other cognitive disturbances following a cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke or infarction) would receive what diagnosis?
A
Vascular
Dementia
77
Q
What is another term for what the DSM calls Dementia Due to HIV Disease?
A
AIDS
Dementia
Complex
78
Q
When a person's dementia is caused by the persisting effects of substance use, rather than the direct effects of intoxication or withdrawal, the most appropriate diagnosis is what?
A
Substance-Induced
Persisting Dementia
(with the responsible
substance indicated)
79
Q
Significant impairment in one's ability to learn new information is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ amnesia, while marked diminishment in one's ability to recall learned information or events is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ amnesia
A
Anterograde;
retrograde
80
Q
When a person's amnesia is due to a medical condition, such as hypoxia, seizures, or head trauma, the correct diagnosis is:
A
Amnestic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition (with specific condition indicated)
81
Q
Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder due to thiamine and other vitamin B deficiencies is know as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
Korsakoff’s
Syndrome
82
Q
What drug produces severe nausea when taken in conjunction with alcohol and is used to assist in the treatment of alcoholism?
A
Antabuse
83
Q
The DSM defines Substance \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems, while Substance \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to less severe maladaptive substance use that leads to general problems in life (e.g., academic, relational, legal).
A
Dependence;
Abuse
84
Q
TRUE or FALSE: A person cannot be diagnosed with both Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence.
A
True- if a person meets the criteria for Dependence, Abuse is not diagnosed
85
Q
Research has shown that alcoholics who are administered the WAIS perform relatively normal on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ subtests, while their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ subtest scores are often poorer than expected, especially on visual-spatial measures
A
Verbal;
performance
86
Q
Occurring during alcohol withdrawal, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involve typical signs of delirium, in addition to hallucinations, delusions, autonomic hyperactivity, and agitation; they are often associated with a co-occurring medical condition (e.g., liver failure)
A
Delirium
tremens
87
Q
Withdrawal and Intoxication by what 2 substances share the same diagnostic criteria in the DSM?
A
Cocaine and
amphetamine
88
Q
What substance does not lead to physical dependence, has no significant withdrawal symptoms, and has no evidence of causing any long-term negative or toxic effects to it's users (based on governmental studies)?
A
Cannabis
Marijuana
89
Q
A client presents to therapy complaining of nervousness, speaking rapidly, and has a flushed face. He reports having a difficult time sleeping and mentions increased diarrhea. During the session, he coyly states he has started consuming copious quantities of "Red Bull" energy drinks. What is a possible diagnosis?
A
Caffeine
Intoxication
90
Q
What term is used to describe the phenomenon that a person's substance use relapse leads to feelings of guilt and failure, which in turn lead to more relapses?
A
Abstinence
Violation
Effect (AVE)
91
Q
In any substance abuse treatment, the first and most important step involves what?
A
Getting the person to acknowledge that they have a problem, as denial is common
92
Q
What 2 forms of treatment, when done in tandem, have the highest benefit for people in treatment for nicotine dependence (e.g., looking to quit smoking)?
A
Nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch) and behavioral intervention (stimulus control, aversive techniques)
93
Q
An approach used for the treatment of substance dependence, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contends substance dependence is a collection of maladaptive, over-learned habit patterns, rather than physiological responses to substance use; it does not label or blame people, but rather views them as responsible for learning more adaptive habits
A
Relapse
Prevention
Therapy (CBT
in nature)
94
Q
The symptoms of what disorder affect content of thought, form of thought, perception, affect, sense of self, volition, interpersonal functioning, and/or psychomotor behavior, and literally means "splitting of the mind?"
A
Schizophrenia
95
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ symptoms of schizophrenia are distortions of normal functions, such as delusions and hallucinations; the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ symptoms represent a decrease or loss of functions that are usually present, such as alogia (restricted fluency of thought/speech), avolition (restricted initiation of goal-directed behavior), and flat affect
A
Positive;
negative
96
Q
A person diagnosed with Schizophrenia \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Type might present with loose associations, incoherence, flat or inappropriate affect, and regressed behavior that is largely uninhibited (e.g., laugh w/ out reason, incongruous facial gestures)
A
Disorganized
