IQ Flashcards
Spearman proposed that all mental tasks require 2 types of abilities, a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ability, or "g factor," and a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ability, or "s factor;" the former is common to all intellectual tasks, while the latter applies to particular tasks.
General;
specific
Thurstone, who developed the method of factor analysis, believed that intelligence was made up of a group of independent factors, which he called Primary Mental Abilities. Identify the 4 Primary Mental Abilities he postulated.
- Word fluency; 2.
Memory; 3. Spatial
relationships; 4.
Reasoning
According to Guilford, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thinking refers to one's ability to generate creative and new ideas by exploring numerous solutions, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thinking refers to one's ability to synthesize information into a unifying concept in order to solve a problem (e.g., multiple-choice tests, arithmetic).
Divergent;
convergent
Cattell referred to a person’s capacity to draw
inferences, find meaning in confusion, solve new
problems, and understand complex relationships
as ________ intelligence, which is independent
of culture and training; ________ intelligence
refers to a person’s ability to use skills,
knowledge, and experience and is almost
entirely contingent on cultural and educational
experience.
Fluid (impacted most by age and brain damage); crystallized (remains stable with age)
What are the 8 "multiple intelligences" proposed by Gardner?
Linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist
Based on population parameters, what percentage of differences in IQ scores can be attributed to heredity (nature) compared to environment (nurture)?
50% to both, though this does not necessarily hold for a single person
The majority of theorists today believe that intelligence develops primarily as a function of what?
Interaction between nature and nurture, as opposed to specifically one or the other
TRUE or FALSE: Infant intelligence tests generally provide accurate predictions of future adult IQ.
FALSE: They are best at predicting future IQ for very low-scoring babies, hence they are used mostly to screen for delayed or abnormal development
While similar in terms of general intelligence, what are some of the differences researchers have found between males and females regarding intelligence?
Females score higher on tests of verbal skills, males score higher on tests of spatial ability; on the SAT, boys score higher on math and verbal sections
Zajonc's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ model states that intellectual stimulation and other family resources available to each child declines as the number of children in a family increases, hence first-born children tend to have greater intellectual abilities than later-born children.
Confluence
In their book "The Bell Curve," Hernstein and Murray take what position about differences in intelligence between Caucasians and African-Americans?
They are due mostly to innate, genetic differences (this idea was criticized for failing to consider environmental factors)
TRUE or FALSE: African-American children adopted and raised by Caucasian parents with higher socioeconomic status and intelligence tended to have IQs similar to those of their adoptive parents?
TRUE: While their biological parents had average to below average intelligence, the children scored well above the mean for African-American children (supports nurture argument)
Who is best known for adapting Binet and Simon's intelligence scales for American use, as well as his studies of gifted children?
L.
Terman
This test of intelligence uses a hierarchical model of intelligence with a global "g" factor, routing subtests (Vocabulary and Object Series/Matrices), and subtests grouped into content areas (Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory); the difficulty of items are adjusted according to the functional level of the examinee.
Stanford-Binet,
Fifth Edition
(SB5)
What is the difference between a "ratio IQ" (as used by early versions of the Stanford-Binet) and "deviation IQ?"
Ratio IQ compares mental age to chronological age, while deviation IQs are standardized and share the same mean and standard deviation across ages (permits comparison across age groups)
What test is designed to assess the intelligence of children between the ages of 6 years and 16 years, providing 4 index scores (Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, Processing Speed), individual subtest scores, and a Full-Scale IQ?
Wechsler
Intelligence Scale
for Children, 4th
Edition (WISC-IV)
This test might be used to measure the cognitive functioning of a child between the ages of 2 years, 6 months and 7 years, 3 months?
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
What WAIS-IV index is consists of the Similarities, Vocabulary, Information, and Comprehension subtests?
Verbal
Comprehension
Index (VCI)
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on the WAIS-IV is made up of the Arithmetic, Digit Span, and Letter-Number Sequencing subtests.
Working
Memory
Index (WMI)
On the WAIS-IV, the Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, Visual Puzzles, Picture Completion, and Figure Weights subtests make up what index?
Perceptual
Reasoning
Index (PRI)
This WAIS-IV index consists of the Symbol Search, Coding, and Cancellation subtests.
Processing
Speed
Index (PSI)
Of the Verbal Comprehension subtests on the WAIS-IV, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures abstract verbal reasoning and verbal concept formation; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ most accurately measures general intelligence; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures long-term memory and crystallized intelligence acquired from cultural experience; and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures judgment, insight, and common sense.
Similarities;
Vocabulary;
Information;
Comprehension
Of the Working Memory subtests on the WAIS-IV, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures reasoning ability, concentration, memory, and math abilities; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures attention, concentration, short-term memory, and immediate auditory recall; and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures attention and working memory.
Arithmetic; Digit
Span;
Letter-Number
Sequencing
Of the Perceptual Reasoning subtests on the
WAIS-IV, ________ measures visual-motor
coordination, visual-spatial comprehension, and
nonverbal concept formation; ________
measures nonverbal reasoning and is one of the
best general intelligence measures among the
performance subtests; ________ measures
spatial reasoning skills; ________ measures
visual organization, long-term visual memory,
concentration, and reasoning; and ________
measures analogical and quantitative reasoning.
Block Design; Matrix Reasoning; Visual Puzzles; Picture Completion; Figure Weights
Of the Processing Speed subtests on the WAIS-IV, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures psychomotor speed, short-term memory, and visual-motor coordination; \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures scanning speed and visual perception/analysis; and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measures visual-perceptual speed.
Coding; Symbol
Search;
Cancellation
TRUE or FALSE: The Stanford-Binet and WAIS-IV are equally as useful for testing individuals with profound mental retardation or who are extremely gifted?
FALSE: The
Stanford-Binet
is more useful
When interpreting a WAIS-IV completed by a patient with Alzheimer's Disease, it is likely their scores on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ indices will be significantly better than their scores on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ indices.
Verbal Comprehension;
Working Memory;
Perceptual Reasoning;
Processing Speed
This test measures the cognitive ability of children from 3 to 18 years of age and was designed to be free of cultural bias by minimizing verbal instructions and responses; scores are provided on the following 5 scales: Simultaneous, Sequential, Planning, Learning, and Knowledge.
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition (K-ABC-II)
This test, used for those between 4 and 90 years-old, can be used to compare verbal and nonverbal abilities, screen for gifted students, estimate the intelligence of people in institutionalized settings, and reevaluate people already given an IQ test.
Kaufman Brief
Intelligence
Test, 2nd
Edition (KBIT-2)
This might be used to measure a student's planning, attention, simultaneous processing, and sequential processing in order to assess for academic strengths and weaknesses, as well as develop educational interventions.
Cognitive
Assessment
System (CAS)
The ________ is used to assist in
identifying children (from 5 to 17 years,
11 months) at risk of academic failure or
those who may need additional testing;
the ________ is used as a brief
screening test of crystallized verbal
intelligence for ages 4 through 65 whose
IQ range from 36 to 164, and it is
appropriate for visually impaired of blind
individuals.
Slosson Intelligence Test - Primary (SIT-P-1); Slosson Intelligence Test for Children and Adults (SIT-R3)
The ________ is a comprehensive, individually
administered, clinical instrument for assessing
specific cognitive abilities that are important to
learning and providing profiles of strengths and
weaknesses. It is used for people between 2
ears 6 months through 17 years 11 months and
measures abilities using a cognitive battery and
an achievement, or diagnostic, battery.
Differential
Ability Scales
(DAS-II)
This test contains 2 distinct, co-normed
batteries, one assessing scholastic
aptitude and oral language, the other
measuring general intellectual ability and
specific cognitive abilities; comparing the
ability/achievement discrepancies (after
administering both batteries) is a
common method for evaluating a
person’s eligibility for special programs.
Woodcock-Johnson III, which consists of the Tests of Achievement (WJ III) and Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ III COG)
Utilizing both observations of infant and child activities as well as information provided by caretakers, this test measures development in the areas of motor, adaptive, language, and personal-social functions for children between 4 weeks and 6 years of age.
Gesell
Developmental
Schedules
Viewed by many psychologists as one of the best assessment measures of infant development, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used to identify developmental delays and plan intervention strategies for children aged 1 to 42 months; the battery includes the following 5 subtests: cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behavior.
Bayley Scales
of Infant
Development
Based on direct observation of a child's performance and assessing 4 developmental domains (personal-social, language, fine motor adaptive, and gross motor), this test is used to screen for developmental delays in children from birth to 6 years-old; often used by medical practitioners.
Denver
Developmental
Screening Test
II (Denver II)
All measuring one's ability and competency to meet expected standards of personal independence and social responsibility, these are some of the measures that might be used to aid in the diagnosis and treatment planning of people with mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, brain injury, ADHD, or dementia.
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scales, Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children
What nonverbal test of intelligence consists of the examiner showing pictures and giving a stimulus word, and the examinee subsequently indicating (verbally or nonverbally) which picture best represents the word?
The Peabody
Picture Vocabulary
Test - 3rd Edition
(PPVT-III)
During this test, examinees are presented with a set of pictures and asked to indicate which one does not fit with the others; it is useful for children with sensorimotor disorders (e.g., cerebral palsy) and speaking or reading difficulties.
Columbia
Mental
Maturity Scale
What nonverbal test might be used to assess the intelligence of a partially-sighted or blind person 16 years or older?
Haptic
Intelligence
Scale
Developed to assess the intelligence of deaf or hard of hearing children aged 3 to 17 years, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consists of 12 nonverbal subtests.
The
Hiskey-Nebraska
Test of Learning
Aptitude
This would be a good test to administer a child who recently arrived from a non-English speaking country, as it involves no spoken instructions and involves matching picture response cards to the same pictures on an easel.
Leiter International
Performance Scale
- Revised
(Leiter-R)
TRUE or FALSE: The attempt to design tests of intelligence that are free of cultural bias has been largely unsuccessful.
TRUE: Experts agree that even nonverbal tests rely on logic, which is itself influenced by culture
Often included in neuropsychological
batteries and used to assess perceptual
ability and spatial logic, the ________
consists of giving the examinee a series
of designs and asking them to indicate
from a group of alternatives what the next
matrix should be in order to complete the
overall set; it is viewed as “culture-fair.”
Raven’s
Progressive
Matrices
This culturally-fair method of assessment
involves administering an adaptive
behavior scale, sociocultural scales, the
WISC-IV (or WPPSI-III), the
Bender-Gestalt, physical dexterity tasks,
and obtaining a health history; it has
been standardized for use with
Caucasian, Latino, and African-American
groups.
System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA)
These types of tests are typically used in situations where time is limited and/or individualized testing would be too costly; for example, the U.S. Military utilizes such testing to help determine recruit placement.
Group intelligence tests (e.g., Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Cognitive Abilities Test, Wonderlic Personnel Test)
Tests of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ measure limited, defined, and homogenous groups of abilities and serve to predict future behavior, while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tests measure what a person has learned as the result of a program.
Aptitude;
achievement
What is another term used to describe what a person has already learned?
Developed
capacity
(measured by
achievement tests)
This term refers to the notion that there is
a generalized test-taking skill
independent of a person’s overall IQ,
anxiety level, achievement orientation, or
motivation; experts have suggested it is
nothing more than the application of the
person’s general cognitive ability to the
test-taking task.
Test-wiseness
The APA's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ presents required and recommended guidelines for test construction, publication, dissemination, interpretation, and use; the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ includes critical reviews of most English-language psychological, educational, and vocational tests, including their reliability and validity.
Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests; Mental Measurement Yearbooks (MMY)
A school \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tends to focus primarily on assessment, while a school \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is most likely to work with parents and teachers to assist in helping the child.
Psychologist;
consultant
The purpose of this type of educational assessment is to help identify progress in terms of the existing curriculum and any change in instruction that would aid the student's progress in completing the curriculum.
Curriculum-based
Measurement
(CBM)
What teaching method encourages students to select their own activities from an environment that has numerous self-teaching toys and materials, deems external reinforcement unnecessary due to students' natural motivation to learn, and involves very little didactic group teaching (i.e., lecturing)?
The Montessori
Teaching
Method
Initiated by the government in 1965, this project was designed to intervene for children of poverty by providing a year of preschool, nutritional and medical services, and parent involvement in education and program administration; research has shown it to be largely successful.
Head Start
Program
Grouping children in classrooms based on their ability level is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which has been shown to have significant negative effects on low to moderate achieving students and few to no positive effects for high achievers.
Ability
tracking
TRUE or FALSE:
Teachers tend to
pay more attention
to girls than boys.
FALSE: Research suggests boys receive more attention, perhaps as a result of their higher likelihood of acting-out in class
In this type of cooperative learning environment, students are split into competency groups, each student in the group is given a list of subtopics to research, then students are responsible for teaching what they have learned to the rest of the group.
Jigsaw
classroom
What legally defined the rights of disabled children to equal access to public education?
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA), which has since been reworked and renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
This legally gave parents the right of access to their childrens' educational records, as well as the ability to challenge any content thereof.
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (aka the Buckley Amendment)
Developed from the Americans with Disabilities Act requirement that students be assigned to the least restrictive environment, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to placing disabled students in regular classes for all or part of the school day.
Mainstreaming
The legal case
of Larry P. v.
Riles dealt with
what?
The use of aptitude
tests to determine
placement of
minority children
