small intestine Flashcards by Adriana Zaragoza

compare the papillae in rumen to villi in duodenum, what is the difference?

pupillae is visible whereas the villi are microscopic in the duodenum

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what are the 2 anatomical vehicles for absorption

villi and microvilli

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what are the 3 vessel vehicles for absorption?

arteriole
venue
lacteal

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where does the venule portal blood to

liver

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where does the lacteal vessel lead from?

the lymph to the thoracic duct

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the brush border of the mucosa is made up of what type of cells and what is the function of the border?

the membrane is made of intestinal epithelial cells folded to form microvilli, it serves to increase surface area

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what are the types of enzymes will you find in the brush border and what do they act upon?

digestive enzymes called brush border enzymes located in the membranes of microvilli
they act upon oligosaccharides, maltose sucrose, lactose and fructose

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intestinal glands in the duodenum

crypts of lieberkuhn and the burners gland

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where are the crypts of lieberkuhn found and what would you find within

found between villi
secretes enterokinase ( activates trypsinogen form pancreas )
mucous
amylase

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where is the burners gland located and what would you find within gland

located at the walls of villi
secretes alkaline
amylase and mucous

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why does salivary amylase stop working in the stomach

pH is too low and is stomach is considered too acidic

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before reaching small intestine 50% of a substance is digested before reaching the small intestine?

dietary starch

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what type of amylase breaks down the leftover starch once reaching the small intestine

pancreatic amylase within the first 10 min

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what is considered the most metabolically active organ

liver

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what is the function of the liver

bile to break down fat
control blood sugar levels
make vit A
blood proteins-globulin, albumin,         fibrinogen 
store iron 
remove toxic substances (alc,poi)
produce heat maintain body temp

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the liver stores and manufactures glucose depending on the reals of what hormones?

insulin and glucagon

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what does the liver store sugar or glucose as ?

glycogen

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alcohol is metabolized by what enzyme and is broken down into?

metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and it then breaks it down into acetaldehyde then aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) breaks it down into acetate

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bile from liver is transported to what organ and is breaks what down?

it is transported into the gall bladder and it breaks down large globules of fat

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what animals have no gall bladder

horses, deer, parrots and rats

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endocrine cells in the pancreas consist of what

glucagon, insulin and somatostatin

exocrine cells consist of what

bicarbonate and different enzymes like trypsinogen

NAFL: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is caused by

steatosis= abnormal fat deposits within cell or organ

NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is

inflammation of the liver caused by the buildup of fat in the liver

Cirrhosis

late stage of scarring of the liver caused by hepatitis and alcoholism

primary hormones controlling GIT secretions

gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide

what is enterotoxemia also known as pulp kidney and what causes it

overeating disease and is caused by Clostridium perfringens Type D that is linked to rapid dietary changes from lower quality to higher quality feed

horses are what type of fermentors and what does that mean?

hindgut fermentors have large cecum to help digest feed

what percentage does the large intestine take up

65%

how far apart is the entrance and exit of the cecum

2 inches apart

caution if quick diet change it can result in

bacteria change from low quality to high quality which increases gas resulting in colic pain

insufficient water lead to

impaction

microbe population in large intestine

bacteria, protozoa and fungi

what does the cecum produce

acetate, Butyrate and propionate which leads to VFAs and energy

Where do digestion, fermentation and absorption/resorption occur in GIT?

digestion-small intestine fermentation- caecum reabsorb/absorb- large intestine

what are borborignus and are they okay

gut sounds and is normal/good

how many gallons of saliva does the horse produce and how many gallons fit in their stomach

10 gal of saliva and 2 gal stomach

can a horse vomit, if yes/no why?

A horse cannot vomit, their esophagus is only one way

how much hay are you supposed to feed horses

1-1.5% OF BW

what are enteroliths, where an you find them and what is the cause?

they are intestinal stones that are formed within the colon that can obstruct the intestine resulting in colic. It is caused due to abrupt changes in diet

high grain in horses leads to

founder, DOD (orthopedic diseases), colic

laminitis is linked to excessive

CHO- aldehyde

function of the large intestine

reabsorbs water from remaining food material and compacts waste for elimination

What vitamins are reabsorbed with the water

Vitamin K and B

the solid material that passes through the large intestine are

undigestible fibers (cellulose), dead cells, bacteria, water

the appendix is now a vestigial organ why?

evolution of the human from high vegetation diets to now more meat inclined foods resulted in the decrease in size of the appendix

supplement of what vitamin in production chicken

supplement B vitamins because they have a small large intestine

functions of large intestine

water resorption, mineral excretion, storage of undigested food, bacterial fermentation (H2O soluble vitamin., fiber fermentation, and synthesis of proteins)

a colectomy is

the removal of the colon

proctocolectomy

removal of the entire colon and rectum

colectomy

removal of colon but not rectum