small intestine Flashcards
compare the papillae in rumen to villi in duodenum, what is the difference?
pupillae is visible whereas the villi are microscopic in the duodenum
what are the 2 anatomical vehicles for absorption
villi and microvilli
what are the 3 vessel vehicles for absorption?
arteriole
venue
lacteal
where does the venule portal blood to
liver
where does the lacteal vessel lead from?
the lymph to the thoracic duct
the brush border of the mucosa is made up of what type of cells and what is the function of the border?
the membrane is made of intestinal epithelial cells folded to form microvilli, it serves to increase surface area
what are the types of enzymes will you find in the brush border and what do they act upon?
digestive enzymes called brush border enzymes located in the membranes of microvilli
they act upon oligosaccharides, maltose sucrose, lactose and fructose
intestinal glands in the duodenum
crypts of lieberkuhn and the burners gland
where are the crypts of lieberkuhn found and what would you find within
found between villi
secretes enterokinase ( activates trypsinogen form pancreas )
mucous
amylase
where is the burners gland located and what would you find within gland
located at the walls of villi
secretes alkaline
amylase and mucous
why does salivary amylase stop working in the stomach
pH is too low and is stomach is considered too acidic
before reaching small intestine 50% of a substance is digested before reaching the small intestine?
dietary starch
what type of amylase breaks down the leftover starch once reaching the small intestine
pancreatic amylase within the first 10 min
what is considered the most metabolically active organ
liver
what is the function of the liver
bile to break down fat control blood sugar levels make vit A blood proteins-globulin, albumin, fibrinogen store iron remove toxic substances (alc,poi) produce heat maintain body temp
the liver stores and manufactures glucose depending on the reals of what hormones?
insulin and glucagon
what does the liver store sugar or glucose as ?
glycogen
alcohol is metabolized by what enzyme and is broken down into?
metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and it then breaks it down into acetaldehyde then aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) breaks it down into acetate
bile from liver is transported to what organ and is breaks what down?
it is transported into the gall bladder and it breaks down large globules of fat
what animals have no gall bladder
horses, deer, parrots and rats
endocrine cells in the pancreas consist of what
glucagon, insulin and somatostatin
exocrine cells consist of what
bicarbonate and different enzymes like trypsinogen
NAFL: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is caused by
steatosis= abnormal fat deposits within cell or organ
NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is
inflammation of the liver caused by the buildup of fat in the liver
Cirrhosis
late stage of scarring of the liver caused by hepatitis and alcoholism
primary hormones controlling GIT secretions
gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide
what is enterotoxemia also known as pulp kidney and what causes it
overeating disease and is caused by Clostridium perfringens Type D that is linked to rapid dietary changes from lower quality to higher quality feed
horses are what type of fermentors and what does that mean?
hindgut fermentors have large cecum to help digest feed
what percentage does the large intestine take up
65%
how far apart is the entrance and exit of the cecum
2 inches apart
caution if quick diet change it can result in
bacteria change from low quality to high quality which increases gas resulting in colic pain
insufficient water lead to
impaction
microbe population in large intestine
bacteria, protozoa and fungi
what does the cecum produce
acetate, Butyrate and propionate which leads to VFAs and energy
Where do digestion, fermentation and absorption/resorption occur in GIT?
digestion-small intestine
fermentation- caecum
reabsorb/absorb- large intestine
what are borborignus and are they okay
gut sounds and is normal/good
how many gallons of saliva does the horse produce and how many gallons fit in their stomach
10 gal of saliva and 2 gal stomach
can a horse vomit, if yes/no why?
A horse cannot vomit, their esophagus is only one way
how much hay are you supposed to feed horses
1-1.5% OF BW
what are enteroliths, where an you find them and what is the cause?
they are intestinal stones that are formed within the colon that can obstruct the intestine resulting in colic. It is caused due to abrupt changes in diet
high grain in horses leads to
founder, DOD (orthopedic diseases), colic
laminitis is linked to excessive
CHO- aldehyde
function of the large intestine
reabsorbs water from remaining food material and compacts waste for elimination
What vitamins are reabsorbed with the water
Vitamin K and B
the solid material that passes through the large intestine are
undigestible fibers (cellulose), dead cells, bacteria, water
the appendix is now a vestigial organ why?
evolution of the human from high vegetation diets to now more meat inclined foods resulted in the decrease in size of the appendix
supplement of what vitamin in production chicken
supplement B vitamins because they have a small large intestine
functions of large intestine
water resorption, mineral excretion, storage of undigested food, bacterial fermentation (H2O soluble vitamin., fiber fermentation, and synthesis of proteins)
a colectomy is
the removal of the colon
proctocolectomy
removal of the entire colon and rectum
colectomy
removal of colon but not rectum
