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Animal Nutrition 314 > small intestine > Flashcards

small intestine Flashcards

1
Q

compare the papillae in rumen to villi in duodenum, what is the difference?

A

pupillae is visible whereas the villi are microscopic in the duodenum

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2
Q

what are the 2 anatomical vehicles for absorption

A

villi and microvilli

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3
Q

what are the 3 vessel vehicles for absorption?

A

arteriole
venue
lacteal

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4
Q

where does the venule portal blood to

A

liver

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5
Q

where does the lacteal vessel lead from?

A

the lymph to the thoracic duct

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6
Q

the brush border of the mucosa is made up of what type of cells and what is the function of the border?

A

the membrane is made of intestinal epithelial cells folded to form microvilli, it serves to increase surface area

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7
Q

what are the types of enzymes will you find in the brush border and what do they act upon?

A

digestive enzymes called brush border enzymes located in the membranes of microvilli
they act upon oligosaccharides, maltose sucrose, lactose and fructose

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8
Q

intestinal glands in the duodenum

A

crypts of lieberkuhn and the burners gland

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9
Q

where are the crypts of lieberkuhn found and what would you find within

A

found between villi
secretes enterokinase ( activates trypsinogen form pancreas )
mucous
amylase

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10
Q

where is the burners gland located and what would you find within gland

A

located at the walls of villi
secretes alkaline
amylase and mucous

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11
Q

why does salivary amylase stop working in the stomach

A

pH is too low and is stomach is considered too acidic

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12
Q

before reaching small intestine 50% of a substance is digested before reaching the small intestine?

A

dietary starch

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13
Q

what type of amylase breaks down the leftover starch once reaching the small intestine

A

pancreatic amylase within the first 10 min

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14
Q

what is considered the most metabolically active organ

A

liver

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15
Q

what is the function of the liver

A 
bile to break down fat
control blood sugar levels
make vit A
blood proteins-globulin, albumin,         fibrinogen 
store iron 
remove toxic substances (alc,poi)
produce heat maintain body temp
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16
Q

the liver stores and manufactures glucose depending on the reals of what hormones?

A

insulin and glucagon

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17
Q

what does the liver store sugar or glucose as ?

A

glycogen

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18
Q

alcohol is metabolized by what enzyme and is broken down into?

A

metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and it then breaks it down into acetaldehyde then aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) breaks it down into acetate

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19
Q

bile from liver is transported to what organ and is breaks what down?

A

it is transported into the gall bladder and it breaks down large globules of fat

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20
Q

what animals have no gall bladder

A

horses, deer, parrots and rats

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21
Q

endocrine cells in the pancreas consist of what

A

glucagon, insulin and somatostatin

22
Q

exocrine cells consist of what

A

bicarbonate and different enzymes like trypsinogen

23
Q

NAFL: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is caused by

A

steatosis= abnormal fat deposits within cell or organ

24
Q

NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is

A

inflammation of the liver caused by the buildup of fat in the liver

25
Q

Cirrhosis

A

late stage of scarring of the liver caused by hepatitis and alcoholism

26
Q

primary hormones controlling GIT secretions

A

gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide

27
Q

what is enterotoxemia also known as pulp kidney and what causes it

A

overeating disease and is caused by Clostridium perfringens Type D that is linked to rapid dietary changes from lower quality to higher quality feed

28
Q

horses are what type of fermentors and what does that mean?

A

hindgut fermentors have large cecum to help digest feed

29
Q

what percentage does the large intestine take up

A

65%

30
Q

how far apart is the entrance and exit of the cecum

A

2 inches apart

31
Q

caution if quick diet change it can result in

A

bacteria change from low quality to high quality which increases gas resulting in colic pain

32
Q

insufficient water lead to

A

impaction

33
Q

microbe population in large intestine

A

bacteria, protozoa and fungi

34
Q

what does the cecum produce

A

acetate, Butyrate and propionate which leads to VFAs and energy

35
Q

Where do digestion, fermentation and absorption/resorption occur in GIT?

A

digestion-small intestine
fermentation- caecum
reabsorb/absorb- large intestine

36
Q

what are borborignus and are they okay

A

gut sounds and is normal/good

37
Q

how many gallons of saliva does the horse produce and how many gallons fit in their stomach

A

10 gal of saliva and 2 gal stomach

38
Q

can a horse vomit, if yes/no why?

A

A horse cannot vomit, their esophagus is only one way

39
Q

how much hay are you supposed to feed horses

A

1-1.5% OF BW

40
Q

what are enteroliths, where an you find them and what is the cause?

A

they are intestinal stones that are formed within the colon that can obstruct the intestine resulting in colic. It is caused due to abrupt changes in diet

41
Q

high grain in horses leads to

A

founder, DOD (orthopedic diseases), colic

42
Q

laminitis is linked to excessive

A

CHO- aldehyde

43
Q

function of the large intestine

A

reabsorbs water from remaining food material and compacts waste for elimination

44
Q

What vitamins are reabsorbed with the water

A

Vitamin K and B

45
Q

the solid material that passes through the large intestine are

A

undigestible fibers (cellulose), dead cells, bacteria, water

46
Q

the appendix is now a vestigial organ why?

A

evolution of the human from high vegetation diets to now more meat inclined foods resulted in the decrease in size of the appendix

47
Q

supplement of what vitamin in production chicken

A

supplement B vitamins because they have a small large intestine

48
Q

functions of large intestine

A

water resorption, mineral excretion, storage of undigested food, bacterial fermentation (H2O soluble vitamin., fiber fermentation, and synthesis of proteins)

49
Q

a colectomy is

A

the removal of the colon

50
Q

proctocolectomy

A

removal of the entire colon and rectum

51
Q

colectomy

A

removal of colon but not rectum

Animal Nutrition 314 (12 decks)

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