Exam #2 prep Flashcards
1
Q
Gut sounds in the horse
A
Borborigmus
2
Q
can usually be prevented with a vaccine
A
Enterotoxemia
3
Q
Found in between of SI villi - produce mucous
A
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
4
Q
Found on the wall in SI - produce mucous
A
Brunner’s Gland
5
Q
Activate trypsinogen to trypsin
A
Enterokinase
6
Q
villi vessel carries nutrients to the blood
A
Arteriole
7
Q
Believed to house good bacteria, vestigial organ
A
Appendix
8
Q
Villi vessel carries nutrients to the lymph
A
Lacteal
9
Q
Brush border
A
Microvilli on villi
10
Q
Toxic, carcinogen metabolite of alcohol
A
Acetaldehyde
11
Q
Vit. B12 needed for function
A
Methylmalonyl Pathway
12
Q
Low milk fat
A
low acetate
13
Q
ketosis
A
hepatic lipidosis
14
Q
Lack of rumen fill, too much concentrate
A
Displaced abomasum
15
Q
Majority of digestion occurs
A
Jejunum
16
Q
Mixing bowl, neutralization
A
Duodenum
17
Q
Predominantly absorption
A
Ileum
18
Q
Escaped rumen bugs
A
Parakeratosis
19
Q
High fiber pellet diet over several years
A
malformed papillae
20
Q
Halver Speaker
A
MAZURI
21
Q
What is the reason ruminants need long stem hay?
A
scratch factor, papillae health
22
Q
What is the reason horses need long stem hay ?
A
gut fill
23
Q
What causes liver abscesses?
A
rumen microbes escape from rumen
24
Q
Who has a longer small intestine? horse or cow and why ?
A
cow - fermentation happens before small intestine
25
Llama gastric stomach
Lower 1/5 compartment III
26
Avian gastric stomach
Proventriculus
27
Horse gastric stomach
Stomach
28
Sheep gastric stomach
Abomasum
29
Inability to eructate gas
Bloat
30
50:40:25
acetate:butyrate:propinate in forage diet
31
65:25:10
acetate: butyrate: propionate: in concentrate diet
32
Butyrate
4 carbon short chained fatty acid
33
2 carbon short chained fatty acid
acetate
34
3 carbon short chained fatty acid
propionate
35
Why do dairy producers place a small magnet in the reticulum of their animals?
Hardwear disease. nails, tiny pieces of metal
36
Source of PVT TIM HALL for ruminants ?
microbial proteins or microbes
37
Three microfauna ?
bacteria, protozoa, fungi
38
smallest but greatest number of microfauna?
bacteria
39
largest microfauna
protozoa
40
what microfauna is responsible for splitting fiber particles apart?
fungi
41
How does rumensin increase animal gain and performance ?
- increase propionate
| - decrease gram positive, increase gram negative
42
How much absorption does villi provide
30x
43
microvilli absorption
60 x absorption
44
rumen villi
visual
45
duodenum- microvilli
microscopic
46
mucous function
protects from digestion
47
NAFL
non-alcoholic fatty liver
48
NASH
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis = inflammation
49
cirrhosis
scarring - not reversible
50
The liver is the...
HUB, all blood goes through the liver
51
stores bile from liver
gall bladder
52
endocrine internal
Glucagon & Insulin beta
53
exocrine external
Bicarbonate - neautralizes ph
54
Synergistic Relationship "Symbiotic"
ruminants and microbes
55
Salivary amylase stops working in
acidic stomach
56
what species dont have a gall bladder
horse, deer, parrots, rats
57
quick diet change
= bacteria change
58
Microbe population functions
ferment and produce gas and VFA's
59
inoculating hindgut
starving horses and foals will eat feces
60
small intestine
digestion
61
cecum
fermentation
62
large intestine
resorption and absorption
63
Enterolith
mineral imbalance = rocks
64
high grain
founder, DOD, colic
65
Large intestine main function
Reabsorption of water from food and mineral uptake
66
e-coli
makes vitamin K
67
overall function of blood
maintain homeostasis of the body
68
colectomy
removal of colon
69
Gnotobiotic
no microbes
70
dietary fiber
in fruits and vegetables, microbes need fiber rich food to protect the gut
71
Amphibians
skin apart of their immune system
72
Dysbiosis factors
energy drinks, artificial sweeteners
73
carbohydrates
contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same proportion as water (2:1)
74
simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides
75
complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides
76
starch vs. cellulose
difference is the B 1-4 bond just flipping that bond
77
C6H12O6
glucose
78
what is the mammalian enzyme to breakdown cellulose?
there is none, only way to break down cellulose is fermentation
79
oxidation
breakdown of CHO
80
reasons for esophageal groove
1. milk goes directly to omasum
| 2. development of the stomach
81
what is casein
milk protein
82
glucose equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
83
how to get energy from predominantly carbohydrate diet
oxidation
84
energy source for rumen wall growth
butyrate
85
mono
1 sugar, all water soluble, 5 to 6 carbons
86
xylitol
xylose sugar alcohol, kills dogs
87
energy source for calf growth
propionate and acetate
88
esophageal sphincter
allowing bolus into esophagus &
| reverse peristalsis carries bolus to mouth
89
Reason for esophageal groove
1. Nurse milk – suckling and casein stimulate
2. Go directly to Omasum -Abomasum
3. Form a clot in 10 minutes
a. Rennin and Pepsin
b. HCl
4. Lactose digested quickly
5. Casein and Fat digest and absorb more
slowly 12-18 hours
90
Caesin
milk protein
91
protein digestion cascade
protein --> pyloric reason --> gastrin--> HCl (parietal cells stim.) --> increase in pH --> pepsinogen activate --> pepsin
92
Rennin
chymosin
93
avian stomach
proventriculus
94
butyrate
energy source for rumen wall growth
95
Propionate & Acetate
energy source for calf
| growth
96
Hoatzin
| Aka “Stinkbird
fermentation in their crop that is why they stink
97
what are enzymes
organic catalysts which alter the speed of chemical reactions without being used up or involved in the reaction
98
Enzymes
Enzymes are organic catalysts
which alter the speed of chemical
reactions without being used up or
involved in the reaction
99
functions of the stomach
storage, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown
100
Stomach functions
1. Storage
2. Mechanical Breakdown
3. Chemical Digestion
101
chemical digestion
a. HCL
b. Proteolytic Enzymes – Pepsinogen
c. Mucous
d. Gastric Lipase – primarily carnivores
e. Gastrin – hormone (pyloric mucosal cells)
in response to HCl
a. Amylase/Urease
b. Chitinase
102
The true gastric stomach is where
HCl and proteolytic digestion occur
103
Chyme
food and gastric stomach juices leaving the stomach
104
Protein digestion cascade
protein in stomach -> pyloric region ->gastrin--> HCL -> decrease pH -> pepsin
105
the flow of a cow grazing the pasture
use their tongue to cut it off, make it bolus, regurgitate it and chew it until 1mm size
106
order of ruminant tract
reticulum, rume, omasum, abomasum
107
different microbes within a rumen
bacteria, protozoa, and fungi
108
bugs within the GIT are called the
microbe fauna
109
there is a symbiotic relationship between
microbes and ruminant
110
what are the microbes for
source of protein, source of VFAs, labor to ferment food, ability to ferment cellulose
111
what is the rumen for
water, warmth, grinding of food, anaerobic conditions
112
what do the microbes in the rumen papilla produce
Volatile Fatty Acids
113
ruminant stomach
within reticulum
114
What is rumensin and what does it do
they are single celled proteins that enhance gram negative bugs and inhibit gram positive bugs. This shift allow microbe population to increase amount of VFAs
115
change in diet=
change in microbial population
116
where do the microbes pull nitrogen from when they need to supplement
the environment
117
rumen protozoa swallow and ferment
bacteria, starch granules, some fiber, some lipids and they provide 20% of microbial protein
118
venule
small vein
119
lacteal
small lymphatic vessel
120
Rumen bacteria ferments majority of
sugar, starch, fiber, protein, microbial protein
121
what is the purpose of the rumen fungi
to open plant fibers to make it easier for bacteria to ferment it
122
what happens if you remove the fungi
incomplete fermentation
123
if you prevent eructation what will you cause
bloat which will lead to death
124
adding seaweed to the diet does what to digestion
decrease the amount of gasses emitted
125
tool used to release gas
trochar
126
a bloat guard like proloxalene prevents what
inhibits protein in alfalfa that causes frothy bloat
127
what is the need for long stem hay
scratch factor
128
what causes a ruminant to be combat deficient and what pathway will be inhibited due to this deficiency?
a lack of B12 will result in cobalt deficiency, it is needed to use the VFAs and the methylmalonyl pathway will be prevented
129
To maintain rumen health what do you need
long stem hay
130
How and why does parakeratosis occur, what happens to the liver?
when an animal has a high concentrate diet with no long stem hay for that scratch factor it results in matte papillae. This allows for the fermentation of grains (barley, wheat, etc.) between the papillae and the microbial bugs feast on grains resulting in the increase of lactic acid. it increases the pH and burns a hole within the rumen. Then the bugs travel to the liver resulting in a liver abscesses
131
why do horses need long stem hay for
they need it for gut fill to prevent a twisted gut
132
low fiber diets in ruminants results in what
displaced abomasum
133
peak lactations occur before
peak intake
134
low acetate =
low milk fat
135
challenges of high grain diets
acidosis, displaced abomasum, founder/laminitis, ketosis, milk fever
136
different parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
137
duodenum is considered what in the small intestine
mixing bowl, acid neutralization
138
function of the jejunum
bulk if chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here
139
function of ileum
vitamin B12 absorption
140
main function of the small intestine
chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients,
141
anatomical absorption vehicles
villi and microvilli
142
absorption vessel vehicle
arteriole, venule, lacteal
143
lacteal is
the lymph to thoracic duct and is the smallest lymph vessel
144
venule
portal blood to liver, smallest venous blood vessel
145
carbohydrates have to be broke down to
glucose for absorption
146
arteriole
smallest arteriole blood vessel
147
compare the papillae in rumen to villi in duodenum
papillae is visible whereas the villi are microscopic in the duodenum
148
small intestine
digestion
149
cecum
fermentation
150
large intestine
resorption and absorption
151
the membranes eof intestinal epithelial cells is folded to form microvilli
brush border and served to increase surface area
152
enterokinase in the crypts of lieberkuhn activates what
trypsinogen from pancreas
153
what does the crypts of lieberkuhn secrete
enterokinase, amylase, and mucous
154
what does the burners glands secrete
alkaline secretions, amylase and mucous
155
most metabolically active organ
liver
156
functions of liver
```
bile to break down fat
control blood sugar levels
make vit A
make blood proteins
store iron
remove toxic substances
produce heat to maintain body temp
```
157
what does the liver store and manufacture
glucose
158
alcohol is broken down into what
acetate
159
where is the bile from liver stored
gall bladder
160
what does the bile break down
large globules of fat
161
importance for lactose
stimulated acidity of gut that helps with absorption of Ca and Phosphorus
162
pancreas cells
endocrine and exocrine cells
163
endocrine cells secrete
glucagon, insulin, and other hormones
164
exocrine cells secrete
bicarbonate and different enzymes
165
primary hormones controlling the GIT secretions
gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastrin inhibitory polypepetide, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide
166
what is enterotoxemia and what causes it
overeating disease that is cause by making rapid dietary changes from lower quality to higher quality feed. clostridium prefringens type D bacteria enters system
167
65% of horses digestive tract is
large intestine
168
how close are the entrance and exit fo the cecum
2 inches apart
169
if quick diet change what will change
microbial bugs
170
low quality to high quality diets in equine result in what
colic pain
171
where does digestion occur in a hindgut fermentor
small intestine
172
where does fermentation occur in a hindgut fermentor
cecum
173
where does resorption and absorption occur
in the large intestine
174
lack of water in horse digestion result in
impaction
175
borborigum
gut sounds in a horse
176
high grain diet results in
foundering, DOD, colic
177
where does reabsorption of water occur in in GIT
large intestine
178
what else does the large intestine absorb
Vitamin K and B
179
what must you supplement in avian animals
vitamin B
180
colectomy
removal of colon
181
transport of nutrients
passive, active and pinocytocis
182
circulatory system
blood and lymph
183
what can blood indicate
anemia, ketosis, BW
184
digestion excretion
fecal and urine
185
gnotobiotic
no bugs/ no microflora
186
importance of microbiome
immunity, health and wellbeing, nutrition, vitamin K, fiber in diets
187
optimal immunity results in
improving host growth, nutrition and immunity and reduce the use of antimicrobial agents
188
where does all energy come from
the sun
189
impact of microbiome
need fiber to protect gut
190
lactose
stimulates acidity of gut that helps with absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and microflora
191
vitamin supplement for birds
vitamin b
192
what is dysbiosis
reduction in microbial diversity
193
what is dysbiosis
reduction in microbial diversity
