Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Nutrition 314 > Exam #2 prep > Flashcards

Exam #2 prep Flashcards

1
Q

Gut sounds in the horse

A

Borborigmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

can usually be prevented with a vaccine

A

Enterotoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Found in between of SI villi - produce mucous

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Found on the wall in SI - produce mucous

A

Brunner’s Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Activate trypsinogen to trypsin

A

Enterokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

villi vessel carries nutrients to the blood

A

Arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Believed to house good bacteria, vestigial organ

A

Appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Villi vessel carries nutrients to the lymph

A

Lacteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Brush border

A

Microvilli on villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Toxic, carcinogen metabolite of alcohol

A

Acetaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vit. B12 needed for function

A

Methylmalonyl Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Low milk fat

A

low acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ketosis

A

hepatic lipidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lack of rumen fill, too much concentrate

A

Displaced abomasum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Majority of digestion occurs

A

Jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mixing bowl, neutralization

A

Duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Predominantly absorption

A

Ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Escaped rumen bugs

A

Parakeratosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

High fiber pellet diet over several years

A

malformed papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Halver Speaker

A

MAZURI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the reason ruminants need long stem hay?

A

scratch factor, papillae health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the reason horses need long stem hay ?

A

gut fill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes liver abscesses?

A

rumen microbes escape from rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who has a longer small intestine? horse or cow and why ?

A

cow - fermentation happens before small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Llama gastric stomach

A

Lower 1/5 compartment III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Avian gastric stomach

A

Proventriculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Horse gastric stomach

A

Stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sheep gastric stomach

A

Abomasum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inability to eructate gas

A

Bloat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

50:40:25

A

acetate:butyrate:propinate in forage diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

65:25:10

A

acetate: butyrate: propionate: in concentrate diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Butyrate

A

4 carbon short chained fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

2 carbon short chained fatty acid

A

acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

3 carbon short chained fatty acid

A

propionate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why do dairy producers place a small magnet in the reticulum of their animals?

A

Hardwear disease. nails, tiny pieces of metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Source of PVT TIM HALL for ruminants ?

A

microbial proteins or microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Three microfauna ?

A

bacteria, protozoa, fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

smallest but greatest number of microfauna?

A

bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

largest microfauna

A

protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what microfauna is responsible for splitting fiber particles apart?

A

fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does rumensin increase animal gain and performance ?

A
  • increase propionate

- decrease gram positive, increase gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How much absorption does villi provide

A

30x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

microvilli absorption

A

60 x absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

rumen villi

A

visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

duodenum- microvilli

A

microscopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

mucous function

A

protects from digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

NAFL

A

non-alcoholic fatty liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

NASH

A

non-alcoholic steatohepatitis = inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

cirrhosis

A

scarring - not reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The liver is the…

A

HUB, all blood goes through the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

stores bile from liver

A

gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

endocrine internal

A

Glucagon & Insulin beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

exocrine external

A

Bicarbonate - neautralizes ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Synergistic Relationship “Symbiotic”

A

ruminants and microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Salivary amylase stops working in

A

acidic stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what species dont have a gall bladder

A

horse, deer, parrots, rats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

quick diet change

A

= bacteria change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Microbe population functions

A

ferment and produce gas and VFA’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

inoculating hindgut

A

starving horses and foals will eat feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

small intestine

A

digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

cecum

A

fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

large intestine

A

resorption and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Enterolith

A

mineral imbalance = rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

high grain

A

founder, DOD, colic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Large intestine main function

A

Reabsorption of water from food and mineral uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

e-coli

A

makes vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

overall function of blood

A

maintain homeostasis of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

colectomy

A

removal of colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Gnotobiotic

A

no microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

dietary fiber

A

in fruits and vegetables, microbes need fiber rich food to protect the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Amphibians

A

skin apart of their immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Dysbiosis factors

A

energy drinks, artificial sweeteners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

carbohydrates

A

contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same proportion as water (2:1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

simple carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

complex carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

starch vs. cellulose

A

difference is the B 1-4 bond just flipping that bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

C6H12O6

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what is the mammalian enzyme to breakdown cellulose?

A

there is none, only way to break down cellulose is fermentation

79
Q

oxidation

A

breakdown of CHO

80
Q

reasons for esophageal groove

A
  1. milk goes directly to omasum

2. development of the stomach

81
Q

what is casein

A

milk protein

82
Q

glucose equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

83
Q

how to get energy from predominantly carbohydrate diet

A

oxidation

84
Q

energy source for rumen wall growth

A

butyrate

85
Q

mono

A

1 sugar, all water soluble, 5 to 6 carbons

86
Q

xylitol

A

xylose sugar alcohol, kills dogs

87
Q

energy source for calf growth

A

propionate and acetate

88
Q

esophageal sphincter

A

allowing bolus into esophagus &

reverse peristalsis carries bolus to mouth

89
Q

Reason for esophageal groove

A
  1. Nurse milk – suckling and casein stimulate
  2. Go directly to Omasum -Abomasum
  3. Form a clot in 10 minutes
    a. Rennin and Pepsin
    b. HCl
  4. Lactose digested quickly
  5. Casein and Fat digest and absorb more
    slowly 12-18 hours
90
Q

Caesin

A

milk protein

91
Q

protein digestion cascade

A

protein –> pyloric reason –> gastrin–> HCl (parietal cells stim.) –> increase in pH –> pepsinogen activate –> pepsin

92
Q

Rennin

A

chymosin

93
Q

avian stomach

A

proventriculus

94
Q

butyrate

A

energy source for rumen wall growth

95
Q

Propionate & Acetate

A

energy source for calf

growth

96
Q

Hoatzin

Aka “Stinkbird

A

fermentation in their crop that is why they stink

97
Q

what are enzymes

A

organic catalysts which alter the speed of chemical reactions without being used up or involved in the reaction

98
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes are organic catalysts
which alter the speed of chemical
reactions without being used up or
involved in the reaction

99
Q

functions of the stomach

A

storage, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown

100
Q

Stomach functions

A
  1. Storage
  2. Mechanical Breakdown
  3. Chemical Digestion
101
Q

chemical digestion

A

a. HCL
b. Proteolytic Enzymes – Pepsinogen
c. Mucous
d. Gastric Lipase – primarily carnivores
e. Gastrin – hormone (pyloric mucosal cells)
in response to HCl
a. Amylase/Urease
b. Chitinase

102
Q

The true gastric stomach is where

A

HCl and proteolytic digestion occur

103
Q

Chyme

A

food and gastric stomach juices leaving the stomach

104
Q

Protein digestion cascade

A

protein in stomach -> pyloric region ->gastrin–> HCL -> decrease pH -> pepsin

105
Q

the flow of a cow grazing the pasture

A

use their tongue to cut it off, make it bolus, regurgitate it and chew it until 1mm size

106
Q

order of ruminant tract

A

reticulum, rume, omasum, abomasum

107
Q

different microbes within a rumen

A

bacteria, protozoa, and fungi

108
Q

bugs within the GIT are called the

A

microbe fauna

109
Q

there is a symbiotic relationship between

A

microbes and ruminant

110
Q

what are the microbes for

A

source of protein, source of VFAs, labor to ferment food, ability to ferment cellulose

111
Q

what is the rumen for

A

water, warmth, grinding of food, anaerobic conditions

112
Q

what do the microbes in the rumen papilla produce

A

Volatile Fatty Acids

113
Q

ruminant stomach

A

within reticulum

114
Q

What is rumensin and what does it do

A

they are single celled proteins that enhance gram negative bugs and inhibit gram positive bugs. This shift allow microbe population to increase amount of VFAs

115
Q

change in diet=

A

change in microbial population

116
Q

where do the microbes pull nitrogen from when they need to supplement

A

the environment

117
Q

rumen protozoa swallow and ferment

A

bacteria, starch granules, some fiber, some lipids and they provide 20% of microbial protein

118
Q

venule

A

small vein

119
Q

lacteal

A

small lymphatic vessel

120
Q

Rumen bacteria ferments majority of

A

sugar, starch, fiber, protein, microbial protein

121
Q

what is the purpose of the rumen fungi

A

to open plant fibers to make it easier for bacteria to ferment it

122
Q

what happens if you remove the fungi

A

incomplete fermentation

123
Q

if you prevent eructation what will you cause

A

bloat which will lead to death

124
Q

adding seaweed to the diet does what to digestion

A

decrease the amount of gasses emitted

125
Q

tool used to release gas

A

trochar

126
Q

a bloat guard like proloxalene prevents what

A

inhibits protein in alfalfa that causes frothy bloat

127
Q

what is the need for long stem hay

A

scratch factor

128
Q

what causes a ruminant to be combat deficient and what pathway will be inhibited due to this deficiency?

A

a lack of B12 will result in cobalt deficiency, it is needed to use the VFAs and the methylmalonyl pathway will be prevented

129
Q

To maintain rumen health what do you need

A

long stem hay

130
Q

How and why does parakeratosis occur, what happens to the liver?

A

when an animal has a high concentrate diet with no long stem hay for that scratch factor it results in matte papillae. This allows for the fermentation of grains (barley, wheat, etc.) between the papillae and the microbial bugs feast on grains resulting in the increase of lactic acid. it increases the pH and burns a hole within the rumen. Then the bugs travel to the liver resulting in a liver abscesses

131
Q

why do horses need long stem hay for

A

they need it for gut fill to prevent a twisted gut

132
Q

low fiber diets in ruminants results in what

A

displaced abomasum

133
Q

peak lactations occur before

A

peak intake

134
Q

low acetate =

A

low milk fat

135
Q

challenges of high grain diets

A

acidosis, displaced abomasum, founder/laminitis, ketosis, milk fever

136
Q

different parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

137
Q

duodenum is considered what in the small intestine

A

mixing bowl, acid neutralization

138
Q

function of the jejunum

A

bulk if chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here

139
Q

function of ileum

A

vitamin B12 absorption

140
Q

main function of the small intestine

A

chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients,

141
Q

anatomical absorption vehicles

A

villi and microvilli

142
Q

absorption vessel vehicle

A

arteriole, venule, lacteal

143
Q

lacteal is

A

the lymph to thoracic duct and is the smallest lymph vessel

144
Q

venule

A

portal blood to liver, smallest venous blood vessel

145
Q

carbohydrates have to be broke down to

A

glucose for absorption

146
Q

arteriole

A

smallest arteriole blood vessel

147
Q

compare the papillae in rumen to villi in duodenum

A

papillae is visible whereas the villi are microscopic in the duodenum

148
Q

small intestine

A

digestion

149
Q

cecum

A

fermentation

150
Q

large intestine

A

resorption and absorption

151
Q

the membranes eof intestinal epithelial cells is folded to form microvilli

A

brush border and served to increase surface area

152
Q

enterokinase in the crypts of lieberkuhn activates what

A

trypsinogen from pancreas

153
Q

what does the crypts of lieberkuhn secrete

A

enterokinase, amylase, and mucous

154
Q

what does the burners glands secrete

A

alkaline secretions, amylase and mucous

155
Q

most metabolically active organ

A

liver

156
Q

functions of liver

A 
bile to break down fat
control blood sugar levels
make vit A
make blood proteins 
store iron 
remove toxic substances 
produce heat to maintain body temp
157
Q

what does the liver store and manufacture

A

glucose

158
Q

alcohol is broken down into what

A

acetate

159
Q

where is the bile from liver stored

A

gall bladder

160
Q

what does the bile break down

A

large globules of fat

161
Q

importance for lactose

A

stimulated acidity of gut that helps with absorption of Ca and Phosphorus

162
Q

pancreas cells

A

endocrine and exocrine cells

163
Q

endocrine cells secrete

A

glucagon, insulin, and other hormones

164
Q

exocrine cells secrete

A

bicarbonate and different enzymes

165
Q

primary hormones controlling the GIT secretions

A

gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastrin inhibitory polypepetide, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide

166
Q

what is enterotoxemia and what causes it

A

overeating disease that is cause by making rapid dietary changes from lower quality to higher quality feed. clostridium prefringens type D bacteria enters system

167
Q

65% of horses digestive tract is

A

large intestine

168
Q

how close are the entrance and exit fo the cecum

A

2 inches apart

169
Q

if quick diet change what will change

A

microbial bugs

170
Q

low quality to high quality diets in equine result in what

A

colic pain

171
Q

where does digestion occur in a hindgut fermentor

A

small intestine

172
Q

where does fermentation occur in a hindgut fermentor

A

cecum

173
Q

where does resorption and absorption occur

A

in the large intestine

174
Q

lack of water in horse digestion result in

A

impaction

175
Q

borborigum

A

gut sounds in a horse

176
Q

high grain diet results in

A

foundering, DOD, colic

177
Q

where does reabsorption of water occur in in GIT

A

large intestine

178
Q

what else does the large intestine absorb

A

Vitamin K and B

179
Q

what must you supplement in avian animals

A

vitamin B

180
Q

colectomy

A

removal of colon

181
Q

transport of nutrients

A

passive, active and pinocytocis

182
Q

circulatory system

A

blood and lymph

183
Q

what can blood indicate

A

anemia, ketosis, BW

184
Q

digestion excretion

A

fecal and urine

185
Q

gnotobiotic

A

no bugs/ no microflora

186
Q

importance of microbiome

A

immunity, health and wellbeing, nutrition, vitamin K, fiber in diets

187
Q

optimal immunity results in

A

improving host growth, nutrition and immunity and reduce the use of antimicrobial agents

188
Q

where does all energy come from

A

the sun

189
Q

impact of microbiome

A

need fiber to protect gut

190
Q

lactose

A

stimulates acidity of gut that helps with absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and microflora

191
Q

vitamin supplement for birds

A

vitamin b

192
Q

what is dysbiosis

A

reduction in microbial diversity

193
Q

what is dysbiosis

A

reduction in microbial diversity

Animal Nutrition 314 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions