Exam #2 prep Flashcards
Gut sounds in the horse
Borborigmus
can usually be prevented with a vaccine
Enterotoxemia
Found in between of SI villi - produce mucous
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Found on the wall in SI - produce mucous
Brunner’s Gland
Activate trypsinogen to trypsin
Enterokinase
villi vessel carries nutrients to the blood
Arteriole
Believed to house good bacteria, vestigial organ
Appendix
Villi vessel carries nutrients to the lymph
Lacteal
Brush border
Microvilli on villi
Toxic, carcinogen metabolite of alcohol
Acetaldehyde
Vit. B12 needed for function
Methylmalonyl Pathway
Low milk fat
low acetate
ketosis
hepatic lipidosis
Lack of rumen fill, too much concentrate
Displaced abomasum
Majority of digestion occurs
Jejunum
Mixing bowl, neutralization
Duodenum
Predominantly absorption
Ileum
Escaped rumen bugs
Parakeratosis
High fiber pellet diet over several years
malformed papillae
Halver Speaker
MAZURI
What is the reason ruminants need long stem hay?
scratch factor, papillae health
What is the reason horses need long stem hay ?
gut fill
What causes liver abscesses?
rumen microbes escape from rumen
Who has a longer small intestine? horse or cow and why ?
cow - fermentation happens before small intestine
Llama gastric stomach
Lower 1/5 compartment III
Avian gastric stomach
Proventriculus
Horse gastric stomach
Stomach
Sheep gastric stomach
Abomasum
Inability to eructate gas
Bloat
50:40:25
acetate:butyrate:propinate in forage diet
65:25:10
acetate: butyrate: propionate: in concentrate diet
Butyrate
4 carbon short chained fatty acid
2 carbon short chained fatty acid
acetate
3 carbon short chained fatty acid
propionate
Why do dairy producers place a small magnet in the reticulum of their animals?
Hardwear disease. nails, tiny pieces of metal
Source of PVT TIM HALL for ruminants ?
microbial proteins or microbes
Three microfauna ?
bacteria, protozoa, fungi
smallest but greatest number of microfauna?
bacteria
largest microfauna
protozoa
what microfauna is responsible for splitting fiber particles apart?
fungi
How does rumensin increase animal gain and performance ?
- increase propionate
- decrease gram positive, increase gram negative
How much absorption does villi provide
30x
microvilli absorption
60 x absorption
rumen villi
visual
duodenum- microvilli
microscopic
mucous function
protects from digestion
NAFL
non-alcoholic fatty liver
NASH
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis = inflammation
cirrhosis
scarring - not reversible
The liver is the…
HUB, all blood goes through the liver
stores bile from liver
gall bladder
endocrine internal
Glucagon & Insulin beta
exocrine external
Bicarbonate - neautralizes ph
Synergistic Relationship “Symbiotic”
ruminants and microbes
Salivary amylase stops working in
acidic stomach
what species dont have a gall bladder
horse, deer, parrots, rats
quick diet change
= bacteria change
Microbe population functions
ferment and produce gas and VFA’s
inoculating hindgut
starving horses and foals will eat feces
small intestine
digestion
cecum
fermentation
large intestine
resorption and absorption
Enterolith
mineral imbalance = rocks
high grain
founder, DOD, colic
Large intestine main function
Reabsorption of water from food and mineral uptake
e-coli
makes vitamin K
overall function of blood
maintain homeostasis of the body
colectomy
removal of colon
Gnotobiotic
no microbes
dietary fiber
in fruits and vegetables, microbes need fiber rich food to protect the gut
Amphibians
skin apart of their immune system
Dysbiosis factors
energy drinks, artificial sweeteners
carbohydrates
contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same proportion as water (2:1)
simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides
complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides
starch vs. cellulose
difference is the B 1-4 bond just flipping that bond
C6H12O6
glucose
what is the mammalian enzyme to breakdown cellulose?
there is none, only way to break down cellulose is fermentation
oxidation
breakdown of CHO
reasons for esophageal groove
- milk goes directly to omasum
2. development of the stomach
what is casein
milk protein
glucose equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
how to get energy from predominantly carbohydrate diet
oxidation
energy source for rumen wall growth
butyrate
mono
1 sugar, all water soluble, 5 to 6 carbons
xylitol
xylose sugar alcohol, kills dogs
energy source for calf growth
propionate and acetate
esophageal sphincter
allowing bolus into esophagus &
reverse peristalsis carries bolus to mouth
Reason for esophageal groove
- Nurse milk – suckling and casein stimulate
- Go directly to Omasum -Abomasum
- Form a clot in 10 minutes
a. Rennin and Pepsin
b. HCl - Lactose digested quickly
- Casein and Fat digest and absorb more
slowly 12-18 hours
Caesin
milk protein
protein digestion cascade
protein –> pyloric reason –> gastrin–> HCl (parietal cells stim.) –> increase in pH –> pepsinogen activate –> pepsin
Rennin
chymosin
avian stomach
proventriculus
butyrate
energy source for rumen wall growth
Propionate & Acetate
energy source for calf
growth
Hoatzin
Aka “Stinkbird
fermentation in their crop that is why they stink
what are enzymes
organic catalysts which alter the speed of chemical reactions without being used up or involved in the reaction
Enzymes
Enzymes are organic catalysts
which alter the speed of chemical
reactions without being used up or
involved in the reaction
functions of the stomach
storage, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown
Stomach functions
- Storage
- Mechanical Breakdown
- Chemical Digestion
chemical digestion
a. HCL
b. Proteolytic Enzymes – Pepsinogen
c. Mucous
d. Gastric Lipase – primarily carnivores
e. Gastrin – hormone (pyloric mucosal cells)
in response to HCl
a. Amylase/Urease
b. Chitinase
The true gastric stomach is where
HCl and proteolytic digestion occur
Chyme
food and gastric stomach juices leaving the stomach
Protein digestion cascade
protein in stomach -> pyloric region ->gastrin–> HCL -> decrease pH -> pepsin
the flow of a cow grazing the pasture
use their tongue to cut it off, make it bolus, regurgitate it and chew it until 1mm size
order of ruminant tract
reticulum, rume, omasum, abomasum
different microbes within a rumen
bacteria, protozoa, and fungi
bugs within the GIT are called the
microbe fauna
there is a symbiotic relationship between
microbes and ruminant
what are the microbes for
source of protein, source of VFAs, labor to ferment food, ability to ferment cellulose
what is the rumen for
water, warmth, grinding of food, anaerobic conditions
what do the microbes in the rumen papilla produce
Volatile Fatty Acids
ruminant stomach
within reticulum
What is rumensin and what does it do
they are single celled proteins that enhance gram negative bugs and inhibit gram positive bugs. This shift allow microbe population to increase amount of VFAs
change in diet=
change in microbial population
where do the microbes pull nitrogen from when they need to supplement
the environment
rumen protozoa swallow and ferment
bacteria, starch granules, some fiber, some lipids and they provide 20% of microbial protein
venule
small vein
lacteal
small lymphatic vessel
Rumen bacteria ferments majority of
sugar, starch, fiber, protein, microbial protein
what is the purpose of the rumen fungi
to open plant fibers to make it easier for bacteria to ferment it
what happens if you remove the fungi
incomplete fermentation
if you prevent eructation what will you cause
bloat which will lead to death
adding seaweed to the diet does what to digestion
decrease the amount of gasses emitted
tool used to release gas
trochar
a bloat guard like proloxalene prevents what
inhibits protein in alfalfa that causes frothy bloat
what is the need for long stem hay
scratch factor
what causes a ruminant to be combat deficient and what pathway will be inhibited due to this deficiency?
a lack of B12 will result in cobalt deficiency, it is needed to use the VFAs and the methylmalonyl pathway will be prevented
To maintain rumen health what do you need
long stem hay
How and why does parakeratosis occur, what happens to the liver?
when an animal has a high concentrate diet with no long stem hay for that scratch factor it results in matte papillae. This allows for the fermentation of grains (barley, wheat, etc.) between the papillae and the microbial bugs feast on grains resulting in the increase of lactic acid. it increases the pH and burns a hole within the rumen. Then the bugs travel to the liver resulting in a liver abscesses
why do horses need long stem hay for
they need it for gut fill to prevent a twisted gut
low fiber diets in ruminants results in what
displaced abomasum
peak lactations occur before
peak intake
low acetate =
low milk fat
challenges of high grain diets
acidosis, displaced abomasum, founder/laminitis, ketosis, milk fever
different parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
duodenum is considered what in the small intestine
mixing bowl, acid neutralization
function of the jejunum
bulk if chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here
function of ileum
vitamin B12 absorption
main function of the small intestine
chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients,
anatomical absorption vehicles
villi and microvilli
absorption vessel vehicle
arteriole, venule, lacteal
lacteal is
the lymph to thoracic duct and is the smallest lymph vessel
venule
portal blood to liver, smallest venous blood vessel
carbohydrates have to be broke down to
glucose for absorption
arteriole
smallest arteriole blood vessel
compare the papillae in rumen to villi in duodenum
papillae is visible whereas the villi are microscopic in the duodenum
small intestine
digestion
cecum
fermentation
large intestine
resorption and absorption
the membranes eof intestinal epithelial cells is folded to form microvilli
brush border and served to increase surface area
enterokinase in the crypts of lieberkuhn activates what
trypsinogen from pancreas
what does the crypts of lieberkuhn secrete
enterokinase, amylase, and mucous
what does the burners glands secrete
alkaline secretions, amylase and mucous
most metabolically active organ
liver
functions of liver
bile to break down fat control blood sugar levels make vit A make blood proteins store iron remove toxic substances produce heat to maintain body temp
what does the liver store and manufacture
glucose
alcohol is broken down into what
acetate
where is the bile from liver stored
gall bladder
what does the bile break down
large globules of fat
importance for lactose
stimulated acidity of gut that helps with absorption of Ca and Phosphorus
pancreas cells
endocrine and exocrine cells
endocrine cells secrete
glucagon, insulin, and other hormones
exocrine cells secrete
bicarbonate and different enzymes
primary hormones controlling the GIT secretions
gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastrin inhibitory polypepetide, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide
what is enterotoxemia and what causes it
overeating disease that is cause by making rapid dietary changes from lower quality to higher quality feed. clostridium prefringens type D bacteria enters system
65% of horses digestive tract is
large intestine
how close are the entrance and exit fo the cecum
2 inches apart
if quick diet change what will change
microbial bugs
low quality to high quality diets in equine result in what
colic pain
where does digestion occur in a hindgut fermentor
small intestine
where does fermentation occur in a hindgut fermentor
cecum
where does resorption and absorption occur
in the large intestine
lack of water in horse digestion result in
impaction
borborigum
gut sounds in a horse
high grain diet results in
foundering, DOD, colic
where does reabsorption of water occur in in GIT
large intestine
what else does the large intestine absorb
Vitamin K and B
what must you supplement in avian animals
vitamin B
colectomy
removal of colon
transport of nutrients
passive, active and pinocytocis
circulatory system
blood and lymph
what can blood indicate
anemia, ketosis, BW
digestion excretion
fecal and urine
gnotobiotic
no bugs/ no microflora
importance of microbiome
immunity, health and wellbeing, nutrition, vitamin K, fiber in diets
optimal immunity results in
improving host growth, nutrition and immunity and reduce the use of antimicrobial agents
where does all energy come from
the sun
impact of microbiome
need fiber to protect gut
lactose
stimulates acidity of gut that helps with absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and microflora
vitamin supplement for birds
vitamin b
what is dysbiosis
reduction in microbial diversity
what is dysbiosis
reduction in microbial diversity
