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Animal Nutrition 314 > exam 1 prep > Flashcards

exam 1 prep Flashcards

1
Q

Beri Beri is the deficiency of

A

Thiamine, B1

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2
Q

juice of liver

A

old cure for eye problems

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3
Q

scurvy is the deficiency of what?

A

Vitamin C

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4
Q

“Food is thy medicine” who said this

A

Hippocrates

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5
Q

Linus Pauling promoted what

A

high doses of vitamin C

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6
Q

Dr.Christiaan Eijkman

A

discovered what caused Beri Beri in Java

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7
Q

Antoine La Voisier was the father of what

A

father of nutrition

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8
Q

who conducted the first scientific nutrition experiment

A

Dr.James Lind

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9
Q

what is the ultimate reason for nutrition

A

to get nutrients to the cell

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10
Q

where can you find a source of polyphenols?

A

chocolate, apples, red wine , olive oil, turmeric

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11
Q

What are the mechanisms of Nutrition in order

A

1.Digestion 2. absorption 3.circulation 4.metabolism 5.respiration 6.excretion

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12
Q

Potential Energy of a Feed

A

Gross Energy

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13
Q

Energy considering fecal, urine, & gas energy losses

A

Metabolizable Energy

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14
Q

Measures % Nitrogen

A

Kjeldahl

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15
Q

Measures Fat &/or Lipids

A

Ether extract

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16
Q

Measures Gross Energy

A

bomb calorimeter

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17
Q

What is digestion?

A

the process of reducing food to a molecular size or solubility that will allow for absorption

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18
Q

the three different types of digestion

A

chemical (enzymes, gastric juices), mechanical (chewing, churning of stomach), fermentation(bacterial “digestion”)

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19
Q

what is absorption?

A

the process of taking small molecules through GI tract to blood or lymph

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20
Q

What are the two processes within metabolism

A
  1. Catabolism

2. Anabolism

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21
Q

Gold standard of nutrient analyses

A

Proximate Analyses

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22
Q

Respiration provides what for the breakdown of food stuff

A

oxygen

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23
Q

Lingnin & Cellulose, suggests digestibility

A

Acid Detergent Fiber

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24
Q

What is the need for excretion

A

rid the body of metabolic wastes

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25
Q

Need certification and calibration

A

NIRS

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26
Q

What is needed for a balanced diet

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamins, minerals, water

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27
Q

Determines individual intake

A

Calan Gates

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28
Q

Lab rat of fish

A

Zebra Fish

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29
Q

The first thing to check if an animal stops eating

A

check water

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30
Q

What are the 3 “R’s” of animal research?

A

Reduce, Refine, Replace

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31
Q

what are the four functions of nutrients

A

structure- build and maintain body
energy- heat, work, fat deposition
regulation - body function/ heat/ cool
production-milk, eggs, meat, wool

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32
Q

What committee do you need approval from to do animal research?

A

IACUC

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33
Q

What two animal foods is considered a complete balance food source

A

milk and eggs

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34
Q

Formula for nutrient content of a feed?

A

DM + H2O

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35
Q

critical tool for nutrition when feeding any animal?

A

BCS

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36
Q

Insectivore Carnivore

A

Shrew

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37
Q

what animal is a Grazing Foregut Fermenter - with no methane lost

A

Kangaroo

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38
Q

Piscivorous Carnivore

A

California Sea Lion

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39
Q

what are changes associated with nutritional deficiencies

A

decreased performance, profitability downturn, decreased immunity, reproductive disorders

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40
Q

Sanguivore Carnivore

A

Vampire Bat

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41
Q

what is a global epidemic in humans and pets

A

obesity

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42
Q

Coprophagic Cecal Fermenters

A

Rabbit, Guinea, Pig

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43
Q

Grazing Hindgut Fermenter

A

Elephant & Horse

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44
Q

what are dietary requirements determined by?

A

physiological status

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45
Q

Grazing Foregut Fermenter - methane lost

A

Cow, Deer, Sheep

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46
Q

Small nylon pouches immersed/tied into rumen

A

In Sacco Digestibility

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47
Q

Using rumen liquor, artificial saliva flooded CO2

A

In Vitro Digestibly

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48
Q

Excrement “Feces” examined experimental

A

In Fimo

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49
Q

At what physiological status is it important to give the most vitamins and minerals

A

neonate, last trimester of gestation, and to an animal with intense performance

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50
Q

ultimate purpose of digestion and absorption of nutrient building blocks

A

to get nutrients to the cell

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51
Q

What does “weigh suckle weigh” measure?

A

measures amount of milk drank by calves

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52
Q

what is the result of fish in warming waters

A

leaves fish gasping for air and decreasing in size

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53
Q

Why saliva is important for ruminants?

A
  • Recycles nitrogen
  • Lubrication for bolus swallowing
  • Mineral recycling
  • Prevention of bloat
  • Buffering
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54
Q

what is microbiota

A

bacterial population on/in animal

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55
Q

As an animal ages, what happens to the structural nutrient components?

A

we see a decrease in animal composition, protein content, water and fat as well

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56
Q

organization that promotes nutrition in veterinary medicine discussed in class

A

AAVN

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57
Q

what are some factors for youth having aggression/violence tendencies

A

Vitamin B, zinc deficiencies, fast food and poor diet

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58
Q

What species use Gross Energy (GE)?

A

no animal

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59
Q

What species use Digestible Energy (DE) ?

A

Horses, Dogs, cats, pigs, humans

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60
Q

What species use Metabolize Energy (ME)?

A

Birds, Reptiles, Kittens, Puppies, Foals

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61
Q

What species you Net Energy (NE)?

A

Ruminants

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62
Q

what species use (NEL)?

A

lactating ruminants

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63
Q

what are some factors that increases stress in an animal?

A

transportation, changes in diet, environment, management, diseases, genetics, predators

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64
Q

What species use Maintenance Energy (NEM)?

A

geriatric, castrated

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65
Q

What species use Productive energy (NEG)?

A

Feedlot ruminants

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66
Q

environmental impacts of producing animal protein

A

air quality, water quality, soil quality, local environment, waste management, compositing

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67
Q

How to find the mass of Crude Fiber?

A

CF = (CF+ASH) - ASH

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68
Q

what do cattle emit when ruminating

A

methane

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69
Q

strongest muscle of the body and 4 functions?

A
  • Tongue
    1. procurement of food
    2. manipulates food for mastication
    3. Taste- location of taste buds
    4. used to swallow follow
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70
Q

5 basic tastes

A

sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami

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71
Q

what will be the impact of a warming environment for production of animal protein?

A
  1. animal stress
  2. decreased yields and nutritional value of crops
  3. weed growth accelerated, pests, diseases
  4. Genetically modified crops
  5. genetically modified animals
  6. increased mycotoxins impacting animals..
  7. more
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72
Q

If an animal stops eating, what is the first thing you check?

A

water

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73
Q

what is a representative sample

A

many samples of feed mixed

74
Q

high sulfur in water affects ?

A

ruminants’ microbes

75
Q

what are the different parts within the GI tract, starting from the beginning?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, SI, LI

76
Q

what are the three parts within the small intestine

A

duodenum, ileum, jejunum

77
Q

Dry Matter formula

A

DM= CP + EE+CF + NFE + ASH

78
Q

what are eh two parts within the large intestine

A

cecum and colon

79
Q

Moisture Meter for Hay Bales

A

small bales - 22%
large bales - 18%

prevents mold

80
Q

NIRS

A

Near Infared Reflectance Spectrophotometry

- need certification

81
Q

fecal bag

A

collection for urine and fecal matter

82
Q

esophageal collection

A

collection of what they ate

83
Q

What does rumination fermentation produce and what happens when all of the rumen is removed?

A

Fermentation produces heat, and when the rumen is removed the ruminant animal will freeze.

84
Q

What are the 4 parts of the stomach in a ruminant?

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum abomasum

85
Q

Nitrogen free extract (NFE)

A

represents the soluble carbohydrate of the feed such as starch and sugar, calculated by difference and accumulates all of the errors that exists in other proximate components

86
Q

in vivo

A

testing with living subjects such as animals, plants, or cells
ex: fecal bag/ crate

87
Q

Ether extract is for …

88
Q

in vitro

A

testing done outside a living organism

ex: test tubes

89
Q

Lignin, Cellulose, % Hemicellulose; suggest intake

A

Neutral Detergent Fiber

90
Q

in sacco

A

is the artificial bag technique, nylon bags

91
Q

why is most research of fecal palates done on steers?

A

they are done mainly on steers because if done on heifers it would not only be collection of fecal matter but urine as well due to the position of the urethra

92
Q

in fimo

A

samples derived rom human and animal excrement and examined carefully

93
Q

what ways can you research and measure digestibility

A

in vivo, in vitro and in situ

94
Q

what type of acid is in bird manure

95
Q

what are kitten very articular about and why?

A

kittens are very particular about their mouth therefore they have a hard time with kibbles

96
Q

Five Freedoms

A

Freedom from :

  1. hunger and thirst
  2. discomfort
  3. pain, injury, disease
  4. express normal behavior
  5. fear and distress
97
Q

what does ideal canola measure

A

it measure the small intestine digestibility

98
Q

what does cecal canola measure

A

measures cecal digestibility

99
Q

What are 2 gender factors in research?

A

only using males and their response to caretakers in research

100
Q

What type of assays are used for B vitamins?

A

Animal assays

101
Q

High performance liquid chromatography

A

reveals amino acids, sugars, vitamins and more

102
Q

Who were Lulu and Nana and what were they resistant to?

A

They were CRISPR twins that’s genes were manipulated to be HIV resistant

103
Q

When do eggs flash and what do they release?

A

They flash when they meet sperm enzyme and release zinc and fluourecence

104
Q

What does the scanning electron microscopy do?

A

it electron beams scan surface

105
Q

What does the transmission electron microscopy scan

A

scan through sample

106
Q

Gender Factors in handlers

A

animals like gay men and women more

107
Q

In vivo research examples

A

fecal bag/ crate

108
Q

In vitro example

109
Q

What are the traditional digestive tracts

A

Monogastric, ruminant and avian

109
Q

What are the traditional digestive tracts

A

Monogastric, ruminant and avian

110
Q

In situ examples

A

Sacco - Nylon bags

111
Q

What are the different digestive systems

A

Carnivore, omnivore, herbivore ( foregut, handgun, and cecal fermentor)

112
Q

In fimo exmaples

A

fecal matter examples

113
Q

What is one thing you need to do to meet mental and physical needs in terms of nutrition

A

need to encourage natural eating behaviors

114
Q

what are piscivorous animals

A

Animals that are fish eater like California sea lions

115
Q

What is illeal ?

A

small intestine digestibility

116
Q

Sanquivore

A

animal that consumes blood, ex: vampire bat

117
Q

What is Cecal?

A

Measures cecal digestibility

118
Q

Neophobia

A

Animals adapt to captive diet and have a decreased aversion to new foods

119
Q

What animal is most like humans and is an omnivore?

120
Q

What animal is most like humans and is an omnivore?

121
Q

Different types of herbivore fermentors

A

foregut fermentor
hindgut fermentor
cecal fermentor

122
Q

Kangaroos have two stomach parts

A

sacciform and tubiform

123
Q

Merycism and its loss

A

mercycism is rumination in foregut fermentor (kangaroo), no methane loss as they burp out hydrogen

124
Q

how many stomachs does a llama have?

A

1 stomach with 3 compartments

125
Q

Mouth Feel

A

How food feels in animals mouth plays a role in if they will eat it

126
Q

what would increase or decrease saliva production in ruminant or horse?

A

amount of grazing time / chewing time / feedlot or concentration diet / frequency of feeding

127
Q

What does enzyme does saliva contain?

128
Q

Why should you feed ruminants often?

A

keep the pH stable

129
Q

What potential impacts affect mouth and teeth nutrition

A

environment, genetic breeding (inbreeding), age

130
Q

why shouldn’t you feed fine ground feed ?

A

Will lead to acidosis.

131
Q

Ph of ruminant stomach ?

132
Q

what can a fish mouth position tell you?

A

what part of water ecosystem they live and eat in

133
Q

what does GRAS mean?

A

Genetically recognized as safe

134
Q

omnivore, carnivore and ruminants incisors are what type of adult teeth

A

true teeth

135
Q

Arboreal

A

Climb in trees

136
Q

guinea pigs, rodents and swine tusks are examples of what type of teeth

A

continually growing teeth

137
Q

What are the three saliva types?

A

serosa - thin, watery strongly buffered
mucous - thick, slimy, less buffered
mixed - combination, less buffered

138
Q

horses teeth are needing to be grinned down due to what type of teeth

A

continually erupting

139
Q

Flehmen Response

A

senses pheromones

140
Q

what portion of ruminants mouth have teeth?

A

bottom portion, have molars

141
Q

Jacobsons Organ

A

Vomeronasal Organ - snake tongue

142
Q

incisors , canoes and premolars are for

A

cutting-holding-grinding

143
Q

Saliva functions

A
  1. Moisten food
  2. Form Bolus
  3. Mucin
  4. Taste
  5. Enzymes
144
Q

malocclusion

A

overgrowth of teeth

145
Q

Saliva enzymes

A
  1. salivary amylase

2. pre-gastric esterase

146
Q

actinomyces bovis/ actinomyocosis

147
Q

Salivary Glands

A

submandibular - base of tongue, mixed + mucous + salivary amylase
sublingual - mixed saliva, underneath tongue, mouth floor
parotid - below ear - serous saliva

148
Q

Problem with Racehorses Feeding

A

increase of stomach ulcers

149
Q

too much grain =

150
Q

total mixed ration

A

mix of concentration and grains

151
Q

bolus

A

mastication & swallowing

152
Q

esophagus

A

long muscular tube from pharyn to cardia of her stomach

153
Q

pharynx

A

shared tube of respiratory and digestive

154
Q

how does regurgitation/rumination occur

A

reticulum contraction, relax distal esophageal sphincter allowing bolus into esophagus and reverse peristalsis carries bolus to mouth

155
Q

reticular groove

A

will only stay when nursing

156
Q

aquaponics

A

fish and plant system

157
Q

borborygmus

A

gut sounds

158
Q

where is bile produced

159
Q

ventriculus

A

gastric stomach

160
Q

proventriculus

A

chicken teeth

161
Q

crop

A

crop extension for storage

162
Q

cecum

163
Q

vent

164
Q

chyme

A

food and gastric juices in and leaving stomach

165
Q

mucous

A

protects stomach from its own acids

166
Q

casein

A

milk protein

167
Q

NDF-ADF=

A

hemicellulose

168
Q

NIRS- near infrared

A

needs daily calibration

169
Q

colic

A

acute abdominal pain in horses

170
Q

glycogenesis

A

make new glucose form amino acids

171
Q

bloat

A

ruminant unable to eructate

172
Q

rennin

A

causes milk to clot

173
Q

cobalt function

A

vitamin B12

174
Q

eructation

A

normal daily release of rumen gas

175
Q

rumination

A

chewing cud to decrease particle size

176
Q

gastric torsion/bloat in prone in what type of dogs

A

deep-chested dogs

177
Q

cribbing is seen in and enhances what?

A

seen in horses with bad behavior, and increases saliva

178
Q

remensin

A

enhances gram negative bacteria

179
Q

trochar

A

relates rumen gas when bloated

180
Q

acetate

A

2 carbon volatile fatty acid

Animal Nutrition 314 (12 decks)

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