exam 1 prep Flashcards
Beri Beri is the deficiency of
Thiamine, B1
juice of liver
old cure for eye problems
scurvy is the deficiency of what?
Vitamin C
“Food is thy medicine” who said this
Hippocrates
Linus Pauling promoted what
high doses of vitamin C
Dr.Christiaan Eijkman
discovered what caused Beri Beri in Java
Antoine La Voisier was the father of what
father of nutrition
who conducted the first scientific nutrition experiment
Dr.James Lind
what is the ultimate reason for nutrition
to get nutrients to the cell
where can you find a source of polyphenols?
chocolate, apples, red wine , olive oil, turmeric
What are the mechanisms of Nutrition in order
1.Digestion 2. absorption 3.circulation 4.metabolism 5.respiration 6.excretion
Potential Energy of a Feed
Gross Energy
Energy considering fecal, urine, & gas energy losses
Metabolizable Energy
Measures % Nitrogen
Kjeldahl
Measures Fat &/or Lipids
Ether extract
Measures Gross Energy
bomb calorimeter
What is digestion?
the process of reducing food to a molecular size or solubility that will allow for absorption
the three different types of digestion
chemical (enzymes, gastric juices), mechanical (chewing, churning of stomach), fermentation(bacterial “digestion”)
what is absorption?
the process of taking small molecules through GI tract to blood or lymph
What are the two processes within metabolism
- Catabolism
2. Anabolism
Gold standard of nutrient analyses
Proximate Analyses
Respiration provides what for the breakdown of food stuff
oxygen
Lingnin & Cellulose, suggests digestibility
Acid Detergent Fiber
What is the need for excretion
rid the body of metabolic wastes
Need certification and calibration
NIRS
What is needed for a balanced diet
Carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamins, minerals, water
Determines individual intake
Calan Gates
Lab rat of fish
Zebra Fish
The first thing to check if an animal stops eating
check water
What are the 3 “R’s” of animal research?
Reduce, Refine, Replace
what are the four functions of nutrients
structure- build and maintain body
energy- heat, work, fat deposition
regulation - body function/ heat/ cool
production-milk, eggs, meat, wool
What committee do you need approval from to do animal research?
IACUC
What two animal foods is considered a complete balance food source
milk and eggs
Formula for nutrient content of a feed?
DM + H2O
critical tool for nutrition when feeding any animal?
BCS
Insectivore Carnivore
Shrew
what animal is a Grazing Foregut Fermenter - with no methane lost
Kangaroo
Piscivorous Carnivore
California Sea Lion
what are changes associated with nutritional deficiencies
decreased performance, profitability downturn, decreased immunity, reproductive disorders
Sanguivore Carnivore
Vampire Bat
what is a global epidemic in humans and pets
obesity
Coprophagic Cecal Fermenters
Rabbit, Guinea, Pig
Grazing Hindgut Fermenter
Elephant & Horse
what are dietary requirements determined by?
physiological status
Grazing Foregut Fermenter - methane lost
Cow, Deer, Sheep
Small nylon pouches immersed/tied into rumen
In Sacco Digestibility
Using rumen liquor, artificial saliva flooded CO2
In Vitro Digestibly
Excrement “Feces” examined experimental
In Fimo
At what physiological status is it important to give the most vitamins and minerals
neonate, last trimester of gestation, and to an animal with intense performance
ultimate purpose of digestion and absorption of nutrient building blocks
to get nutrients to the cell
What does “weigh suckle weigh” measure?
measures amount of milk drank by calves
what is the result of fish in warming waters
leaves fish gasping for air and decreasing in size
Why saliva is important for ruminants?
- Recycles nitrogen
- Lubrication for bolus swallowing
- Mineral recycling
- Prevention of bloat
- Buffering
what is microbiota
bacterial population on/in animal
As an animal ages, what happens to the structural nutrient components?
we see a decrease in animal composition, protein content, water and fat as well
organization that promotes nutrition in veterinary medicine discussed in class
AAVN
what are some factors for youth having aggression/violence tendencies
Vitamin B, zinc deficiencies, fast food and poor diet
What species use Gross Energy (GE)?
no animal
What species use Digestible Energy (DE) ?
Horses, Dogs, cats, pigs, humans
What species use Metabolize Energy (ME)?
Birds, Reptiles, Kittens, Puppies, Foals
What species you Net Energy (NE)?
Ruminants
what species use (NEL)?
lactating ruminants
what are some factors that increases stress in an animal?
transportation, changes in diet, environment, management, diseases, genetics, predators
What species use Maintenance Energy (NEM)?
geriatric, castrated
What species use Productive energy (NEG)?
Feedlot ruminants
environmental impacts of producing animal protein
air quality, water quality, soil quality, local environment, waste management, compositing
How to find the mass of Crude Fiber?
CF = (CF+ASH) - ASH
what do cattle emit when ruminating
methane
strongest muscle of the body and 4 functions?
- Tongue
1. procurement of food
2. manipulates food for mastication
3. Taste- location of taste buds
4. used to swallow follow
5 basic tastes
sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami
what will be the impact of a warming environment for production of animal protein?
- animal stress
- decreased yields and nutritional value of crops
- weed growth accelerated, pests, diseases
- Genetically modified crops
- genetically modified animals
- increased mycotoxins impacting animals..
- more
If an animal stops eating, what is the first thing you check?
water