exam 1 prep Flashcards
1
Q
Beri Beri is the deficiency of
A
Thiamine, B1
2
Q
juice of liver
A
old cure for eye problems
3
Q
scurvy is the deficiency of what?
A
Vitamin C
4
Q
“Food is thy medicine” who said this
A
Hippocrates
5
Q
Linus Pauling promoted what
A
high doses of vitamin C
6
Q
Dr.Christiaan Eijkman
A
discovered what caused Beri Beri in Java
7
Q
Antoine La Voisier was the father of what
A
father of nutrition
8
Q
who conducted the first scientific nutrition experiment
A
Dr.James Lind
9
Q
what is the ultimate reason for nutrition
A
to get nutrients to the cell
10
Q
where can you find a source of polyphenols?
A
chocolate, apples, red wine , olive oil, turmeric
11
Q
What are the mechanisms of Nutrition in order
A
1.Digestion 2. absorption 3.circulation 4.metabolism 5.respiration 6.excretion
12
Q
Potential Energy of a Feed
A
Gross Energy
13
Q
Energy considering fecal, urine, & gas energy losses
A
Metabolizable Energy
14
Q
Measures % Nitrogen
A
Kjeldahl
15
Q
Measures Fat &/or Lipids
A
Ether extract
16
Q
Measures Gross Energy
A
bomb calorimeter
17
Q
What is digestion?
A
the process of reducing food to a molecular size or solubility that will allow for absorption
18
Q
the three different types of digestion
A
chemical (enzymes, gastric juices), mechanical (chewing, churning of stomach), fermentation(bacterial “digestion”)
19
Q
what is absorption?
A
the process of taking small molecules through GI tract to blood or lymph
20
Q
What are the two processes within metabolism
A
- Catabolism
2. Anabolism
21
Q
Gold standard of nutrient analyses
A
Proximate Analyses
22
Q
Respiration provides what for the breakdown of food stuff
A
oxygen
23
Q
Lingnin & Cellulose, suggests digestibility
A
Acid Detergent Fiber
24
Q
What is the need for excretion
A
rid the body of metabolic wastes
25
Need certification and calibration
NIRS
26
What is needed for a balanced diet
Carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamins, minerals, water
27
Determines individual intake
Calan Gates
28
Lab rat of fish
Zebra Fish
29
The first thing to check if an animal stops eating
check water
30
What are the 3 "R's" of animal research?
Reduce, Refine, Replace
31
what are the four functions of nutrients
structure- build and maintain body
energy- heat, work, fat deposition
regulation - body function/ heat/ cool
production-milk, eggs, meat, wool
32
What committee do you need approval from to do animal research?
IACUC
33
What two animal foods is considered a complete balance food source
milk and eggs
34
Formula for nutrient content of a feed?
DM + H2O
35
critical tool for nutrition when feeding any animal?
BCS
36
Insectivore Carnivore
Shrew
37
what animal is a Grazing Foregut Fermenter - with no methane lost
Kangaroo
38
Piscivorous Carnivore
California Sea Lion
39
what are changes associated with nutritional deficiencies
decreased performance, profitability downturn, decreased immunity, reproductive disorders
40
Sanguivore Carnivore
Vampire Bat
41
what is a global epidemic in humans and pets
obesity
42
Coprophagic Cecal Fermenters
Rabbit, Guinea, Pig
43
Grazing Hindgut Fermenter
Elephant & Horse
44
what are dietary requirements determined by?
physiological status
45
Grazing Foregut Fermenter - methane lost
Cow, Deer, Sheep
46
Small nylon pouches immersed/tied into rumen
In Sacco Digestibility
47
Using rumen liquor, artificial saliva flooded CO2
In Vitro Digestibly
48
Excrement "Feces" examined experimental
In Fimo
49
At what physiological status is it important to give the most vitamins and minerals
neonate, last trimester of gestation, and to an animal with intense performance
50
ultimate purpose of digestion and absorption of nutrient building blocks
to get nutrients to the cell
51
What does "weigh suckle weigh" measure?
measures amount of milk drank by calves
52
what is the result of fish in warming waters
leaves fish gasping for air and decreasing in size
53
Why saliva is important for ruminants?
* Recycles nitrogen
* Lubrication for bolus swallowing
* Mineral recycling
* Prevention of bloat
* Buffering
54
what is microbiota
bacterial population on/in animal
55
As an animal ages, what happens to the structural nutrient components?
we see a decrease in animal composition, protein content, water and fat as well
56
organization that promotes nutrition in veterinary medicine discussed in class
AAVN
57
what are some factors for youth having aggression/violence tendencies
Vitamin B, zinc deficiencies, fast food and poor diet
58
What species use Gross Energy (GE)?
no animal
59
What species use Digestible Energy (DE) ?
Horses, Dogs, cats, pigs, humans
60
What species use Metabolize Energy (ME)?
Birds, Reptiles, Kittens, Puppies, Foals
61
What species you Net Energy (NE)?
Ruminants
62
what species use (NEL)?
lactating ruminants
63
what are some factors that increases stress in an animal?
transportation, changes in diet, environment, management, diseases, genetics, predators
64
What species use Maintenance Energy (NEM)?
geriatric, castrated
65
What species use Productive energy (NEG)?
Feedlot ruminants
66
environmental impacts of producing animal protein
air quality, water quality, soil quality, local environment, waste management, compositing
67
How to find the mass of Crude Fiber?
CF = (CF+ASH) - ASH
68
what do cattle emit when ruminating
methane
69
strongest muscle of the body and 4 functions?
- Tongue
1. procurement of food
2. manipulates food for mastication
3. Taste- location of taste buds
4. used to swallow follow
70
5 basic tastes
sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami
71
what will be the impact of a warming environment for production of animal protein?
1. animal stress
2. decreased yields and nutritional value of crops
3. weed growth accelerated, pests, diseases
4. Genetically modified crops
5. genetically modified animals
6. increased mycotoxins impacting animals..
7. more
72
If an animal stops eating, what is the first thing you check?
water
73
what is a representative sample
many samples of feed mixed
74
high sulfur in water affects ?
ruminants' microbes
75
what are the different parts within the GI tract, starting from the beginning?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, SI, LI
76
what are the three parts within the small intestine
duodenum, ileum, jejunum
77
Dry Matter formula
DM= CP + EE+CF + NFE + ASH
78
what are eh two parts within the large intestine
cecum and colon
79
Moisture Meter for Hay Bales
small bales - 22%
large bales - 18%
prevents mold
80
NIRS
Near Infared Reflectance Spectrophotometry
| - need certification
81
fecal bag
collection for urine and fecal matter
82
esophageal collection
collection of what they ate
83
What does rumination fermentation produce and what happens when all of the rumen is removed?
Fermentation produces heat, and when the rumen is removed the ruminant animal will freeze.
84
What are the 4 parts of the stomach in a ruminant?
rumen, reticulum, omasum abomasum
85
Nitrogen free extract (NFE)
represents the soluble carbohydrate of the feed such as starch and sugar, calculated by difference and accumulates all of the errors that exists in other proximate components
86
in vivo
testing with living subjects such as animals, plants, or cells
ex: fecal bag/ crate
87
Ether extract is for ...
FAT
88
in vitro
testing done outside a living organism
| ex: test tubes
89
Lignin, Cellulose, % Hemicellulose; suggest intake
Neutral Detergent Fiber
90
in sacco
is the artificial bag technique, nylon bags
91
why is most research of fecal palates done on steers?
they are done mainly on steers because if done on heifers it would not only be collection of fecal matter but urine as well due to the position of the urethra
92
in fimo
samples derived rom human and animal excrement and examined carefully
93
what ways can you research and measure digestibility
in vivo, in vitro and in situ
94
what type of acid is in bird manure
uric acid
95
what are kitten very articular about and why?
kittens are very particular about their mouth therefore they have a hard time with kibbles
96
Five Freedoms
Freedom from :
1. hunger and thirst
2. discomfort
3. pain, injury, disease
4. express normal behavior
5. fear and distress
97
what does ideal canola measure
it measure the small intestine digestibility
98
what does cecal canola measure
measures cecal digestibility
99
What are 2 gender factors in research?
only using males and their response to caretakers in research
100
What type of assays are used for B vitamins?
Animal assays
101
High performance liquid chromatography
reveals amino acids, sugars, vitamins and more
102
Who were Lulu and Nana and what were they resistant to?
They were CRISPR twins that's genes were manipulated to be HIV resistant
103
When do eggs flash and what do they release?
They flash when they meet sperm enzyme and release zinc and fluourecence
104
What does the scanning electron microscopy do?
it electron beams scan surface
105
What does the transmission electron microscopy scan
scan through sample
106
Gender Factors in handlers
animals like gay men and women more
107
In vivo research examples
fecal bag/ crate
108
In vitro example
tubes
109
What are the traditional digestive tracts
Monogastric, ruminant and avian
109
What are the traditional digestive tracts
Monogastric, ruminant and avian
110
In situ examples
Sacco - Nylon bags
111
What are the different digestive systems
Carnivore, omnivore, herbivore ( foregut, handgun, and cecal fermentor)
112
In fimo exmaples
fecal matter examples
113
What is one thing you need to do to meet mental and physical needs in terms of nutrition
need to encourage natural eating behaviors
114
what are piscivorous animals
Animals that are fish eater like California sea lions
115
What is illeal ?
small intestine digestibility
116
Sanquivore
animal that consumes blood, ex: vampire bat
117
What is Cecal?
Measures cecal digestibility
118
Neophobia
Animals adapt to captive diet and have a decreased aversion to new foods
119
What animal is most like humans and is an omnivore?
Swine
120
What animal is most like humans and is an omnivore?
Swine
121
Different types of herbivore fermentors
foregut fermentor
hindgut fermentor
cecal fermentor
122
Kangaroos have two stomach parts
sacciform and tubiform
123
Merycism and its loss
mercycism is rumination in foregut fermentor (kangaroo), no methane loss as they burp out hydrogen
124
how many stomachs does a llama have?
1 stomach with 3 compartments
125
Mouth Feel
How food feels in animals mouth plays a role in if they will eat it
126
what would increase or decrease saliva production in ruminant or horse?
amount of grazing time / chewing time / feedlot or concentration diet / frequency of feeding
127
What does enzyme does saliva contain?
Amylase
128
Why should you feed ruminants often?
keep the pH stable
129
What potential impacts affect mouth and teeth nutrition
environment, genetic breeding (inbreeding), age
130
why shouldn't you feed fine ground feed ?
Will lead to acidosis.
131
Ph of ruminant stomach ?
6-7
132
what can a fish mouth position tell you?
what part of water ecosystem they live and eat in
133
what does GRAS mean?
Genetically recognized as safe
134
omnivore, carnivore and ruminants incisors are what type of adult teeth
true teeth
135
Arboreal
Climb in trees
136
guinea pigs, rodents and swine tusks are examples of what type of teeth
continually growing teeth
137
What are the three saliva types?
serosa - thin, watery strongly buffered
mucous - thick, slimy, less buffered
mixed - combination, less buffered
138
horses teeth are needing to be grinned down due to what type of teeth
continually erupting
139
Flehmen Response
senses pheromones
140
what portion of ruminants mouth have teeth?
bottom portion, have molars
141
Jacobsons Organ
Vomeronasal Organ - snake tongue
142
incisors , canoes and premolars are for
cutting-holding-grinding
143
Saliva functions
1. Moisten food
2. Form Bolus
3. Mucin
4. Taste
5. Enzymes
144
malocclusion
overgrowth of teeth
145
Saliva enzymes
1. salivary amylase
| 2. pre-gastric esterase
146
actinomyces bovis/ actinomyocosis
lumpy jaw
147
Salivary Glands
submandibular - base of tongue, mixed + mucous + salivary amylase
sublingual - mixed saliva, underneath tongue, mouth floor
parotid - below ear - serous saliva
148
Problem with Racehorses Feeding
increase of stomach ulcers
149
too much grain =
acidosis
150
total mixed ration
mix of concentration and grains
151
bolus
mastication & swallowing
152
esophagus
long muscular tube from pharyn to cardia of her stomach
153
pharynx
shared tube of respiratory and digestive
154
how does regurgitation/rumination occur
reticulum contraction, relax distal esophageal sphincter allowing bolus into esophagus and reverse peristalsis carries bolus to mouth
155
reticular groove
will only stay when nursing
156
aquaponics
fish and plant system
157
borborygmus
gut sounds
158
where is bile produced
liver
159
ventriculus
gastric stomach
160
proventriculus
chicken teeth
161
crop
crop extension for storage
162
cecum
blind sac
163
vent
trachea
164
chyme
food and gastric juices in and leaving stomach
165
mucous
protects stomach from its own acids
166
casein
milk protein
167
NDF-ADF=
hemicellulose
168
NIRS- near infrared
needs daily calibration
169
colic
acute abdominal pain in horses
170
glycogenesis
make new glucose form amino acids
171
bloat
ruminant unable to eructate
172
rennin
causes milk to clot
173
cobalt function
vitamin B12
174
eructation
normal daily release of rumen gas
175
rumination
chewing cud to decrease particle size
176
gastric torsion/bloat in prone in what type of dogs
deep-chested dogs
177
cribbing is seen in and enhances what?
seen in horses with bad behavior, and increases saliva
178
remensin
enhances gram negative bacteria
179
trochar
relates rumen gas when bloated
180
acetate
2 carbon volatile fatty acid
